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Picot

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The PICOT question format is a consistent "formula" for developing answerable, researchable questions. Writing these questions is deceptively simple! When you write a good one though it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward. As strange as it sounds deciding what you are looking for related to your outcome can be one of the hardest parts! When you determine the outcome it helps you hone the process of searching for evidence. Remember evidence is not just what you want the outcome to be... it is evaluating the evidence supporting or refuting what influences the outcome. If you are interested in getting to the heart of the effect of testing Foley balloons on the rates of UTIs then you need to find evidence on the pros and cons of testing the balloon!

Question Templates for Asking PICOT Questions:

P: Population/disease (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder)

I: Intervention or Variable of Interest (exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor)

C: Comparison: (could be a placebo or "business as usual" as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B)

O: Outcome: (risk of disease, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome)

T: Time: The time it takes to demonstrate an outcome (e.g. the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed).

Note: Not every question will have an intervention (as in a meaning question) or time (when it is implied in another part of the question) component.

For an intervention/therapy:

In _______ (P), what is the effect of _______ (I) on ______ (O) compared with _______ (C) within ________ (T)?

For etiology:

Are ____ (P) who have _______ (I) at ___ (Increased/decreased) risk for/of_______ (O) compared with ______ (P) with/without ______ (C) over _____ (T)?

Diagnosis or diagnostic test:

Are (is) _________ (I) more accurate in diagnosing ________ (P) compared with ______ (C) for _______ (O)?

Prevention:

For the hospitalized patient (P) does the increased use of patient care staff on the unit floor (I) reduce the risk of patient falls (O) compared with the current amount of staff on the unit floor (C)?

Prognosis/Predictions

Does __________ (I) influence ________ (O) in patients who have _______ (P) over ______ (T)?

Meaning

How do ________ (P) diagnosed with _______ (I) perceive ______ (O) during _____ (T)?

Based on Melnyk B., & Fineout-Overholt E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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