...Bio 101 Review Sheet Test #1 (Chapters 1-3) Chapter 1 1. Cell is basic unit of life 2. Hierarchy of life figure 3. 3 Energy categories and examples of each Producer-plants and some microbes Consumer-humans and other animals Decomposer-fungi and other animals 4. Energy transfers are not 100% efficient – why? Cant capture all of the energy supplied by one source a. Where does all energy for biology come from? sun 5. Homeostasis- state of internal consistency or equilibrium 6. 2 types of reproduction asexual and sexual b. Benefits to sexual reproduction benefit of tremendous variation 7. Adaptation inherited characteristics or behaviors that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment c. How it contributes to natural selection and evolution individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce 8. Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population 9. Why it’s important to take all your antibiotics so all of the bacteria can be eliminated, some of the bacteria can become stronger. 10. Taxonomy classification of life’s diversity 11. What our species name is homo sapiens 12. Order of taxonomic categories – mnemonic device! Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 13. 3 domains bacteria, archaea, eukaryote d. Basic differences e. What our domain is f. What domain universal ancestor likely is in archaea ...
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...Base/mode of production HM Economic base/infrastructure: forces of production: raw material, social creations necessary for the society to engage in economic production, technology, natural resources related skills and knowledge. Relations of production: owndership of the forces of prod, some owned communally, others were private ownership and compel others groups to work for it superstructure HM all aspects of society not included in the base, religion, philosphy, politics, the fam, law, art CHANGE IN ECON BASE CHANGE IN SUPERSTRUCTURE Simple Societies Not dependent on any other society; little political organization, division by gender Compound Societies Greater division of labor, stratification, composite groups formed Doubly compound All doubly compound societies are settled, non-nomadic, political organization more elaborate, caste system, towns and roads Trebly compound societies Extensive territorial scope of society; Great civilizations, productive, distributive capcity, regular exchange with other societies Historical Materialsm was also a reaction to important contemporary societal and intellectual developments: Lenski: Technology used to adapt to environment; Outcomes: Surplus production, Population growth, Stratification, occupational specialization Harris: Cultural Materialsm (best for preindustrial) Theory Mechanism: Population growth & technological processing deplete the environment, cause decline in living standards...
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...PROCESSED & PACKAGED MILK INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN (IN THE CONTEXT OF ENGRO FOODS) Introduction Pakistan is the fourth largest milk producer in the world. Pakistan produces 45 billion liters of milk annually. However, only 36.2 billion liters of milk are usable, as 20 % of this milk goes waste owing to inappropriate methods of storage and lack of timely transportation. Engro Foods is asubsidiaryof Engro Corporation.In 2005,Engro decided to diversify their business by venturing into the food business by establishing Engro Foods Limited. Engro Foods offers a number of products namely, Olpers, Tarang, Olwell, Omore, Owsum, Olfrute, etc., with representative market share of 33% in Pakistan. Engro Foods has two production plants situated at Sukkur and Sahiwal with different combination of products manufactured at each plant. Dairy Milk Industry in Pakistan Milk is amongst the most important consumable and marketable commodities of the world with enormous demand in domestic and international markets. Buffalo is the main source of milk in domestic dairy industry, whereas cow is the main source of milk in international market. Pakistan is the fourth largest milk producing country in the world. 80% percent of milk is produced by farming families from small herds of buffaloes using locally produced feed. They account for 11 % share in the Gross Domestic Product, employ 30-35 million rural people, and constitute 30-40 % of their income. Almost all rural families, especially...
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...galactosidic bond = lactose glucose + glucose = maltose Polysaccharide: 4 common types Starch: alpha 1,4 & 1,6 bonds btwn glucoses. amylose and amylopectin Glycogen: different branching than starch. Found in animals Cellulose: beta glucose polymer. Plant cell walls Chitin: similar to cellulose with extra nitrogen containing group. Fungus cell wall and exoskeleton Lipids Triglyceride 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Phospholipid One fatty acid in triglyceride replaced with a R containing phosphate group Steroids 4 carbon rings. 3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane Proteins Primary structure AA sequence Secondary 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding btwn amino and carboxyl group. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary Hydrogen bonding btwn R groups Ionic bonding btwn R groups Hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects Disulfide bonds btwn Cysteine Quaternary Multiple tertiary structures come together. H-bond, disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number of H-bonds A-G: Purine - two rings C-T: Pyrimidine - one ring C-G: 3 h-bonds A-T: 2 h-bonds RNA vs DNA 2' extra OH in RNA; Single stranded; U instead of T Chemical reactions in metabolic processes Breakdown/synthesis of products is called Catabolism/anabolism(synthesis) *************************************...
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...Grass- Fed vs. Grain Beef Daniel Ray Meek Hotel, Restaurant, and institutional meat 10/10/13 Chef Bradley Randoplh-Adams Today, the cow was fed can have a major effect on the nutrient in the beef. The cattle was often fed in grains, the animal we ate have been evolution by roamed free and ate grass. Many studies that had shown the nutrients in beef can be varying depending on how cow eat. It not only important how we eat, it is important the food we eat. What the different between grass-fed and grain-fed cow? All cow starting live similar life. Once calves were born, they start drink milk from their mother. Calves starting to roam and eat grass, shrub or whatever edible plants they find in their environment. This continues for about six to eighth month, and then the farmer will conventionally raise cows to feedlots. Large feedlot are called Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ( CAFOs). That where the crowing cow is and their dung on their feet. The farmer has feeding grain-based to the cow to rapidly fatty up. The grain-based was base of soy or corn. The conventionally of cow grow faster by given drugs and hormones to grow faster, and antibiotic to survive the unsanitary living condition. The cow will be staying there for few month then move into factory for slaughtering. Grain-fed beef does not contain appreciable levels of carotenoids, for the simple reason that grains don’t contain them. Compare that to grass-feeding cow, which the cow may continue to live...
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...up as surgeons. Even today Western medicine is indebted to indigenous medicine for the most commonly used anaesthetic derived from Coca .A plant that South American Indian doctors have used for this purpose since pre-Colombian times. Indeed there are numerous plants of both south and North American Native origin that have enriched modern western herbalist and medicine. However, in Native traditions it is not just the plant that makes the medicine, but foremost the power of the spirit that governs the plant. A plant as such would be considered useless unless it were gathered and prepared with due respect, prayer and rituals with which the healer seeks the support of the plant spirit to help him affect a cure. Native American Medicines: Even though, Native American Medicines have no real threat to our bodies. Are Native American Medicines better for us than Traditional medicines with no side affects because Native American Medicines have been around for years and are still being used today and Native American Medicines have no real side affects like traditional medicines do. The most important reason are Native American Medicines better for us than traditional medicines, like pain killers, or others is because Native American Medicines have been around for years and are made from plants and roots from their region. In conclusion, although Native American Medicines have not real threat to our Bodies. Are Native American...
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... 3. Comparative Studies- woodland caribou -Food limited -Predator limited D. Optimal Foraging theory: how do predators choose their diets? (see chapter 3) *What is the optimum strategy? = Energy maximization or time minimization Max En/T Assumptions about the predator (forager): -Eating and searching for the next food (prey) item are mutually exclusive activities. -Items are found sequentially, items are found one at a time. Energetic Value of prey: EACH PREY ITEM HAS AN ENERGENTIC VALUE (ei) Handling time: A HANDLING TIME (hi) Profitability: : e/h= profitability of each prey item (such that prey can be ranked) Rule: optimal foraging rule (prediction) – always eat the most profitable prey and eat the next most profitable prey if the gain is greater than the gain from rejecting it and searching for a more profitable prey. Predictions of Optimal Foraging Theory: The highest ranked prey type should always be eaten when encountered. 1) Predators with small handling times and long search times should be GENERALISTS. 2) Diets should be broad in pre-poor (unproductivr) environments. 3) The abundance of low ranking prey types is unaffected by the a abundance of the low-ranking prey is irrelevant. Herbivory and mutualisms (Chapter 12) A. Introduction -Herb ivory: animals feeding on plants. -Only part of the prey item is eaten base of many food webs B. The world is green. Thus, herbivores...
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...Polymerase- replication 5) Polymerase chain reaction is a “synthetic” version of this 6) RNA polymerase is used - transcription 7) Ribosomes are used- translation 8) tRNA is used - translation 9) mRNA is produced - transcription 10) mRNA is read - translation 11) Important when a cell divides- replication 12) Uses a start codon - translation 13) A stop codon is involved - translation 14) Ends with a termination sequence - translation 15) Begins at a promoter region - transcription 16)What are the two main types of cells? * Eukaryotes: animals, plants, yeast, algae, most multicellular organisms; yes nucleus * Prokaryotes: bacteria, archaebacteria, simpler organisms; no nucleus; no membrane enclosed organelles 17) Approximate size scale of bacterial cell (1 micron) vs. animal cell (10-100 microns) vs. molecules vs. virus 18) How does the cell fit 6 feet of DNA into each cell of our body? 19) How many chromosomes do humans have? What’s the difference between male and female chromosomes? 23; XX (female) versus XY (male) 20) Plasmids are the most important entity for biotechnology. They allow the insertion of foreign DNA 21) What was the first protein biotechnology to be produced in E. coli? 22) DNA: fingerprint of cell; coding material for everything in our body; way we look and act; genetic material of an organism 23) Nucleus: 24) Ribosome: Produce proteins, form muscles in...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t synthesize...
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...microorganisms, conditioned by relief, acting on parent material over a period of time” Importance of Soil • "Essentially, all life depends upon the soil .... There can be no life without soil and no soil without life; they have evolved together." Charles E. Kellogg • "The nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself." Franklin D. Roosevelt • "While the farmer holds the title to the land, actually it belongs to all the people because civilization itself rests upon the soil." Thomas Jefferson Importance of Soil • Medium in which plants are grown for food and fiber. • Mechanical support for plant roots, such as trees. • Physical support for structures, roads, sidewalks, etc. • Home for millions of organisms. • Air-storage facility. • Mineral supplement for people (in some regions of the world) • Earth’s compost pile. Soil Sphere Theory • Pedo = Soil • Bio = Plant • Litho = Rock • Hydro = Water • Atmo = Air Can you see how all of these are interrelated? A Few Definitions • Unconsolidated material: refers to loose materials • • Typically soil profiles consist of layers (horizons) of unconsolidated material over a parent material such as bedrock Soil Profile: A vertical section of soil through...
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...Water pollution Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Introduction Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted...
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...Marketing In The Service Sector FSSM 1001: Services Marketing 1 Nikolas Price 1691 words Table of Contents Introduction 3 PepsiCo International 3 Market segmentation 3 Niche Marketing 3 Bases Of segmentation 4 Target Market 4 Market Positioning 4 Analysis of the Macro and Micro Marketing Environments 5 Macro Marketing Environment (Refer To Appendix 1) 5 Micro Marketing Environment ( Refer to Appendix 2) 5 Conclusion 6 Appendix 1 7 PESTLE ANALYSIS 7 Political 7 Economic 7 Social 7 Technological 7 Legal 8 Environmental 8 Appendix 2 9 SWOT ANALYSIS 9 STRENGHTS 9 WEAKNESSES 10 OPPORTUNITIES 10 THREATS 11 References 13 Bibliography 13 Introduction This report provides an analysis and an evaluation on PepsiCo and how they apply the concepts of marketing and there customer segmentation models. This analysis includes Market segmentation, market targeting, Market positioning. PepsiCo International PepsiCo is a world leader in the convenient snacks, beverages and also the foods. The company has revenues of more than $39 billion and has over 185,000 employees. The company consists of PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Americas Beverages, and PepsiCo International. Besides owning the Pepsi brands the company owns many brands such as Walkers Crisps, Tropicana, Gatorade, Mountain Dew and Quaker Oats. The company’s products are really highly recognised as well as recognised across the world. The company has attained a position of being...
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...Plants General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase) Main Division: 1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses 2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves * Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) ...
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...their actual business practices are contrary to those standards. Chipotle, one of the fastest growing chain restaurants, is no stranger to this controversy. The company has made great strides in offering “Food with Integrity” yet it still lacks in credibility. This paper will analyze Chipotle’s CSR and how its standards have led many to question the company’s core values. Chipotle's CSR: Mission or Marketing? The heightened media attention on CSR is at least partially in response to society’s interest in socially conscious businesses. Consumers are willing to pay a premium price for environmentally-friendly brands. At the same time, there is much skepticism as to whether companies are intentionally or accidently misleading consumers. Chipotle, one of the fastest growing fast-casual restaurant chains in the world, declares it serves “Food with Integrity”. What does that mean? The company’s reputation has taken some hits in recent years due to lack of transparency. Lessons have been learned along the way yet there is still a credibility gap. Many wonder if Chipotle is telling the public a feel-good story or the truth. This paper will take a look at the company’s CSR: intent vs. execution vs. depiction. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’s are plants or animals who have been inserted with a gene from an unrelated species in order to take on specific characteristics (Lee, 2014, p. 1). The push to label GMOs in ingredients has become an escalating, passionate national...
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...Chapter 1: • Name four properties that all life forms have. Order, Regulation, Growth and Development, and Energy Processing 2. Briefly discuss Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection. The process of descent with modification is Darwin’s take on evolution. The mechanism he proposed for this was called natural selection, which is another way of saying unequalled reproductive success. First, he observed overproduction and competition. Next, he observed individual variation. Finally Darwin concluded unequalled reproductive success, or those best suited for the surroundings survived. 3. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? A hypothesis is an uncertain answer to a question, therefore untrue, and able to be tested. Another way to look at it is a judged explanation. A theory has a much broader scope than a hypothesis. An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction Chapter 2: Chemistry for Biology • What is the difference between and element and a compound? An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction. Compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio. 2. Draw a picture of an atom. Label the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons 3. What is a covalent bond? A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. 4. Why does ice float? In liquid water, hydrogen bonds...
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