...In 9th December 1799 Napoleon managed to seize power of France. Between his seizure of power and the resumption of the war in Europe, Napoleon introduced several important domestic reforms. His policy focused on the law, education, the church and economics. Peace, prosperity and an administration characterised by vigour were the hallmarks of the consulate and for these Napoleon is often given a lot of praise. Although he did introduce many lasting reforms many of the consulate's 'achievements' were becoming apparent before Brumaire. Through his reforms Napoleon aimed to end the disorder and discontent produced by the revolution. He moved progressively towards a dictatorship of the political right wing. His new reforms occasionally went against the revolutionary principles and his rule was more one of enlightened despotism than the revolutionary democracy. As emperor Napoleon ensured he had a firm grasp on the law and used it to silence his opposition. He nominated magistrates for life and this gave him a firm control over the judiciary. In 1800 the Council of State began a scheme to codify and simplify the law. This codisation rejected the liberty of the revolution and this gave Napoleon greater power over all his subjects. In 1804 the Civil Code was introduced. This confirmed the rights of individual property. This reassured the bourgeois who had gained land during the revolution, which used to belong to the nobles. It gave Napoleon greater support and paved the way for him...
Words: 293 - Pages: 2
...IO: To analyze the effects of the United States role in WWII on the European and domestic front. Do Now: Please answer questions 10 -14 from the Howard Zinn handout : “War Is the Health of the State (5 min) (can also go over more of the questions in class and assign the guided reading exercises as H.W.” Motivation (5 min): 1) Why were industrialists called merchants of death? 2) Why was Schwab being investigated for wartime profiteering? Key terms: Selective Service Act, American Expeditionary Force, Convoy, Zeppelin, armistice, Genocide, Liberty Bond, Price controls, Rationing, Daylight saving time, Sedition, Vigilante. Activities: 1. Complete and review answers to Do Now and Motivation. 2. Complete guided reading exercise on what prompts the U.S. to go to war. This shall be placed on the board in a Venn diagram (10 min maybe tell students what page and do as a shared group assignment). 3. Students working in groups will complete Ch 19 sec 3 and 4 guided reading exercises (15 min). 4. Students will complete questions 20-26 from the Howard Zinn handout 20-26. Pivotal Point: How could the United States avoid entering into WWI? IO: To analyze the role of the United States as a global peace maker. IO: To analyze the political and cultural changes caused by the spread of the enlightenment throughout Europe. Do Now: Students will find the following words and express how they relate of the spread of enlightenment...
Words: 556 - Pages: 3
...'PETERSON DESIR PROF: SMITH-PETER CLASS: HST- 275 Catherine the Great was and remains one of the most important figures in Russian history. During her thirty-four-year reign Russia has greatly prospered not only materially , but more importantly intellectually, which played a vital role in the modernization or the westernization of Russia a couple centuries later. Evidently, analyzing her long reign through the prism of what is considered as democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested...
Words: 1245 - Pages: 5
...Case 1.1 1a. Whether or not dumping should be permitted is a moral question. 1b. "Are dangerous products of any use in the third world?" is a nonmoral question. 1c. "Is it proper for the U.S. government to sponsor the export of dangerous products overseas?" is a moral question. 1d. Whether or not the notification system works as its supporters claim it works is a nonmoral question. 1e. "Is it legal to dump this product overseas?" is a nonmoral question. 2. Dumping is a method of getting rid of unwanted products or substances that are harmful to people, animals, or the environment by exporting them to other countries in order to make a profit or mitigate a loss. An example used in the text is the flame resistant pajamas that were recalled because they contained Tris. These pajamas were dumped in overseas markets to help negate the company’s loss. 3. Dumpers dump because they want to either make a profit or avoid a loss in profit. I am sure some of the companies employees may have second thoughts on dumping, but not “making your number” can be quite a motivator to sidestep your moral beliefs. If I were one of the manufacturers of the Tris pajamas, I would have a hard time sending a product that I know to be toxic to a market with less restrictive regulations, but I think ultimately, I would do it if all information was disclosed not only to the government, but to the end purchaser as well. 4. Just because no laws may be broken does not mean it is always...
Words: 778 - Pages: 4
...Question 1 By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic | a. | saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. | | b. | established a system of male democracy. | | c. | suffered a decline in economic prosperity. | | d. | permanently expelled the House of Orange. | | e. | continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. | 1 points Question 2 The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her _______ accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. 1 points Question 3 The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century | a. | occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. | | b. | was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. | | c. | showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. | | d. | was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin. | | e. | resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. | 1 points Question 4 In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a | a. | gerrymander. | | b. | tenured seat. | | c. | sinecure. | | d. | pocket borough. | | e. | good job. | 1 points Question 5 Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was | a. | Russia. | | b. | Prussia. | | c. | Great Britain. | | d. | Austria...
Words: 1440 - Pages: 6
...My ethical perspective: (Beginning of course) Committing suicide, abortion and school violence- these are just a few headachy problems that school along with society are currently dealing with. However, the question here is: “Are they morally correct? “ Being at the age of a high school student and working in the student council, I already have and will surely further have difficulty involving with this challenging question. I was always curious and interested in the difference between ethics and morals. When I was making decision, there had been several aspects and sources helping me to figure out why I did that, it sometimes was from my family, or religion, even situation. In my opinion, I believe that I don’t really make moral decision and form values within a culture that affects me as well as formed system of thinking that I have developed for years. As the book, “Moral of the story”, explains the origin and the arising question of what is moral, committing suicide is one of the issues that I have already faced. Through secondary and now high school, I usually was told and read about the phenomenon of students themselves dying recklessly. When I was at 11th grade, I saw a boy jumping out from the fourth floor, because of the pressure of study that his parents expected from him. It saddens me to think that one could possibly want to choose death over life and I still don’t quite understand it. For me, it is a foolish and moral action. The shortest definition I’ve heard...
Words: 1007 - Pages: 5
...'PETERSON DESIR PROF: SMITH-PETER CLASS: HST- 275 Catherine the Great was and remains one of the most important figures in Russian history. During her thirty-four-year reign Russia has greatly prospered not only materially , but more importantly intellectually, which played a vital role in the modernization or the westernization of Russia a couple centuries later. Evidently, analyzing her long reign through the prism of what is considered as democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested...
Words: 1245 - Pages: 5
...future. For many their ethics and morals are things that they learn through their upbringing and their life experiences. Others also apply their faith to their already instilled ethics and morals. In the paragraphs below I will be defining unqualified absolutism, conflicting absolutism, and graded absolutism and give examples of different scenarios involving all three ethical systems. Then finally I will conclude by identifying which ethical system that I use most often when making ethical decisions. Unqualified absolutism is defined by the book as the view that there are many moral absolutes that never actually conflict; all alleged conflicts are only apparent, but not real. Under unqualified absolutism it states that we are able to avoid doing wrong. Under this system it states that right and wrong is determined by Gods laws and those laws are what we should follow in order to not do wrong. Under this system lying is not permitted because it is wrong. Under no circumstance should you lie to solve any issue that you might incur. The philosophy of this system tells us that there are no true moral conflicts, because God always provides us with the solution to our problem (Geisler, 2010). To me the best example of unqualified absolutism would be a young child. I say this because as a child I could not lie to my Father. I told the truth no matter what it was just who I was and how they raised me. I was always told even if you do something bad you tell the truth, because if you lie...
Words: 1487 - Pages: 6
...Ethics Essay Edenn James ETH/316 June 2, 2014 Mary Carter Ethics Essay For my paper I want to start off with what I believe to my understanding of each of the theories and then give the similarities and difference and then a personal experience using one of the theories. VIRTUE ETHICS-this theory is about your character and how others might see you as being moral or nonmoral. It is sometimes called agent-based or character ethics. It is you striving for excellence in what and how you do things in your life. (Boylan, 2009) DEONTOLOGY-this theory is about doing one’s duty of a particular action because that action is right and not because of any other calculations of the action such as what the consequences of the action might be. (Boylan, 2009) UTILTARIANISM-this theory is where you put the needs of the team before your own needs for the betterment of the team. Your actions are morally right because it produces a more total unity for the team. (Boylan, 2009) The similarities of each of these theories are that it involves how you act in your everyday life to follow what you believe to be the right thing to do. In all three theories your moral beliefs play a significant role. The difference would be the outcome of any particular situation in which you are involved in and how you come to the conclusion. With virtue ethics being about you character your goal is to strive for excellence whereas in deontology your goal is to perform your duty as other might...
Words: 553 - Pages: 3
...Theories There are many different theories that have been introduced to us by different people. This paper will explain and define three theories which are the virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. These theories are all based on valid points but not all people agree with them which is why there is more than one theory. The virtue theories origin is Greek and is also referred to as the agent-based or character ethics (Boylan, 2009, Chapter 11). The virtue ethics series is based on the belief that every person in the world should be excellent in all aspects of life and in everything they do. While everybody wishes they could be perfect at everything this theory is just not possible. Some people are born with physical and mental disabilities and others are born with better talent than others which makes this theory impossible, but to some degree understandable in the thought process of the theory. “The utilitarianism theory suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative” (Boylan, 2009, Chapter 12). This theory is an excellent idea and can work sometimes depending on the size of the group and what the group’s objective or goal is. However, many times when dealing with several people in a group it is difficult to have every person share the same beliefs or act a certain to please the group. There is normally a person or people within the group that would...
Words: 484 - Pages: 2
...Moral relativism vs Moral absolutism Moral Relativism Moral relativism is the insight that there are no obvious ethical truths and that moral facts are only relative to a given individual. According to this theory what is morally good for one person or culture might be morally bad for another, and vice versa: there are no moral absolutes. Moral relativism holds that ethical truths are of this latter kind. According to moral relativism, ethical truths are subjective rather than objective. This means that whether lying is wrong, for example, can vary from person to person or from culture to culture. It may be that for some people, or in some cultures, it is wrong, but that for other people, or in other cultures it isn‘t. In one mild form, moral relativism can seem obvious. Of course different people have different moral obligations: I have a duty to pay my credit card bill; you do not. Each of us is in different circumstances, and those circumstances affect what we ought and ought not to do. Morality is therefore relative to circumstances. Moral truths are relative to people or groups of people. Moral relativism holds that two different people in identical circumstances can, for no other reason than that they are different people, have different obligations. This is a much stronger claim than that morality is relative to circumstances. Moral absolutism Moral absolutism is the ethical theory which believes that there are always absolute rules of which moral questions can be judged...
Words: 506 - Pages: 3
...Explain the difference between moral absolutism and relativism (25) There are two different ways in distinguishing whether something is right or wrong within ethics. Absolutism is a deontological theory, which determines whether an action is intrinsically right or wrong. Whereas relativism is a teleological theory, which determines whether an action is right or wrong based on the outcomes of the action, on its consequences, this is linked with situation ethics and consequentialism. They are two different ways in approaching ethics. Absolutism is a moral command that is objectively and universally right or wrong for all people, in all times, places and cultures. It can be said to be deontological and so something is either right or wrong intrinsically (in itself) and therefore consequences have no bearing. Whereas, relativism is a subjective theory and believe that all truth is relative and dependent upon the values of an individual or society or even situation. Relativism is a teleological approach and therefore takes into account the consequences of a situation. Therefore there are many differences between moral absolutism and relativism. An example of absolutism would be the Ten Commandments, that Natural Law portrays, which are absolute, ‘do not murder’, as this is a law that applies to everyone. Therefore an absolutist would say that it is always wrong to murder in every, and any situation. In contrast, a relativist might argue that in some situations, given the outcome...
Words: 656 - Pages: 3
...ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM Enlightened despots believed that political change could best come from above; from the ruler. However, they were encouraged by the philosophers to make good laws to promote human happiness. How did these monarchs differ from earlier unenlightened monarchs of the past? The difference lay in tempo. These new despots acted abruptly and desired quicker results. They were impatient with all that stood in the way of their reforms. In addition, they justified their authority on the grounds of usefulness, not divine right. These new monarchs were rational and reformist and they regarded political change as possible and desirable. Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II are good examples of Enlightened Despots. Frederick II (Frederick the Great), the most famous Prussian absolute monarch and a military genius, pursued an aggressive foreign policy. In 1740 he seized from Austria the province of Silesia. His action culminated in a major European conflict, the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), in which he was pitted against a powerful European coalition of Austria, Russia, and France. Frederick, aided only by England, barely managed to retain Silesia. In 1772 Frederick shared in the first partition of Poland by annexing western Poland. Frederick the Great was an almost perfect example of the enlightened despot. He was familiar with the ideas of the eighteenth-century reformers and a friend of Voltaire. Many of the philosophers, including Voltaire...
Words: 720 - Pages: 3
...Unit 1 Assignment 2: Ethics Statement Jeremy Robinson A fundamental decision in communication ethics concerns how absolute or relative your ethical standards will be. Will you use the same absolute standards for every communication interaction or will your ethical choices be relative and depend on each situation? Absolute ethical standards mean exactly what they sound like and represent an absolute or unchanging standard for ethics in every situation. Telling the absolute truth in every situation would be an example of absolute ethical standard because no matter the situation you never change how you would handle it. A relative ethical standard is when you choose your ethics based on the independent situation. In some situations you choose to be truthful but in others you choose to omit the truth or choose not to speak at all because the consequences of doing so would be far more damaging than just letting the situation go. I believe that my ethical standards are more relative due to the fact that no situation is the same and being that no situation is the same no outcome is the same. Life itself is relative therefore you must bend and twist with it. If you hold absolutists ethical standard you will give the same answers to every situation but receive wildly different outcomes, most probably not being in your favor. It is an essential part of your life to try to engineer it to fit your purposes and to receive the outcomes with the greatest gains in your...
Words: 253 - Pages: 2
...Moral absolutism is the ethical belief that there are rules that are absolute and should be followed under all circumstances. Moral absolutist do not take into consideration the context of the act, as having the absolute rules allows them to judge the moral question fairly. Moral absolutism is a deontological belief. This means that there a set rules and one action must either be intrinsically right or wrong. Intrinsically wrong means there is no information or circumstances that can be provided to a wrong doing to make it right at all. Killing/ murder/ euthanasia is an example of something that is intrinsically wrong. Even if the person where slowly dying and were in large amounts of pain and asked you to help them by stopping they’re suffering, even done with the right intent to do something good, it is intrinsically wrong. Intrinsically wrong is the opposing of intrinsically wrong. In the eyes of a theist, absolute laws come from God. For Christians, the Ten Commandments are an example of absolutes. They believe that these are the laws that god told us to follow and so are absolute. The ten commandments reads ‘do not steal’, so for a Christian following the 10 commandments, stealing will always be wrong, even if it were the only option and you had to do so in order for you and a loved one to survive. Christians also follow a believed hierarchy of absolutes. There is a duty of god, then the duty to others and lastly the duty to property. ...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4
