David Bayley and Clifford Shearing: The New Structure of Policing: Descriptions, Conceptualization and Research Agenda
Policing is being reconstructed worldwide. Its distinguishing features are (a) the separation of those who authorize policing from who do it and (b) the transference of both functions away from government
The change in policing cannot be understood in customary terms. It is often mischaracterized for example as privatization. Because the distinction between public and private domain becomes problematic in the new policing, the more appropriate description for what is occurring is multilateralization—as host of non governmental groups have assumed responsibility for their own protection, and a host of nongovernmental agencies have undertake to provide security services
Crucial distinction is made between the auspices and providers of policing. Auspices are groups (and sometimes individuals) that explicitly and self-consciously take upon themselves the responsibility for organizing their own protection. Providers are groups that actually do the policing. In the old paradigm of policing government had responsibility for articulating security needs and for developing institutions to meet them. This has changed auspices can either be public (govt) or private (nongovt)
Governments were the organizational auspices for formulating demand for policing, and they were the providers who supplied it. These two functions have become separate it has become acceptable for groups other that governments both to take control of their owm policing and to select the providers of it
Policing is authorized currently under five auspices; economic interests, both legal and illegal; residential communities; cultural communities, individual and government
Policing is provided by commercial companies, nongovernmental authorizers of policing, individuals, and government