...Fred Shuttlesworth formulated the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights to protest the city's segregation regulations through lawsuits towards the city. The courts overturned the segregation policies however the city responding by immediately closing them. In 1962 Shuttlesworth violated Birmingham’s segregation policies and was arrested and jailed. While in jail Shuttleworths continued to fight to segregation writing letter to the mayor asking that public premises be desegregated the mayor responded by informing Shuttlesworth his letter was thrown in the trash. Shuttlesworth immediately began looking for outside help and sent out an invite to Martin Luther King to assist him in fighting civil rights in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1962 the...
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...Maldonado v. City of Altus 433 F. 3d 1294 Facts The City of Altus instituted an English-only policy for its employees. Hispanic employees of the City of Altus sued the City claiming that this policy was discriminatory. The US District Court granted the City’s motion for summary judgment (i.e. ruled in favor of the City without going to trial). The employees appealed. How it all started: In the spring of 2002 the City's Street Commissioner, Holmes Willis, received a complaint that because Street Dept. employees were speaking Spanish, other employees could not understand what was being said on the City radio. Willis informed the City's HR Director of the complaint, and she advised Willis that he could direct his employees to speak only English when using the radio for City business. Plaintiffs claim that Willis instead told the Street Dept. employees that they could not speak Spanish at work at all and informed them that the City would soon implement an official English-only policy. On June 18, 2002, one of the senior employees, Tommy Sanchez, wrote a letter to the HR Director and the City Administrator, Michael Nettles, expressing concerns about the new policy. Sanchez felt that employees had not been given proper notice of the new policy under the City’s Personnel Policies & Procedures Manual and proper procedures were not followed when implementing this policy. Sanchez reported that Willis had told him that Hispanics speak Spanish because of “insecurities” and that...
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...Baptist press, Dan Cathy made his view clear without mentioning same-sex marriage. As soon as people heard, Dan Cathy’s interview there was boycotting in restaurants and many college students began petitions in hope of kicking Chick-fil-A out of their campuses. The ones who made more of an uproar were Mayor Thomas Menino from Boston and Mayor Joe Moreno and Rahm Emanuel from Chicago. Boston mayor Thomas Menino has urged Chick-fil-A to “back out” of its plans to locate to Boston making it very clear in a letter to Chick-fil-A that their views are not supported and that its penchant for expansion isn’t wanted in his town (Scherer, time magazine, paragraph 2). Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel says Chick-fil-A’s values, are not Chicago values. They are not respectful or our residents, our neighbors, and our family members. And if you’re going to be part of the Chicago community, you should reflect Chicago values, “Emanuel said(Scherer, Time magazine, paragraph 3).Chicago Joe Moreno said he will seek to block a permit for Chick-fil-A in Chicago's Logan square neighborhood “same-sex marriage, same-sex couples that are the civil rights to fight for our time. To have these discriminatory policies from the top down is just something we are open to Moreno said ....
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...Kilgore City Council Meeting The City of Kilgore became a “Home Rule” city in 1960, thus they have the right to pass any law or ordinance they deem necessary as long as it complies with the Texas constitution. Kilgore is considered a council-manager form of government, which is a form of government where an elected council is vested with the power to control laws and ordinances, but appoints a city manager to run the city's everyday activities. In the case of the City of Kilgore Josh Selleck holds this position. Among the many duties of the City Council the enactment of local legislation, the adoption of budgets, the determination of policies, and the appointment of the city manager are included. The City Council is the governing body of the City and is responsible for the policy direction as opposed to the City Manager who is responsible for the administration portion. The City Council holds meetings during which the public can express their concern about a multitude of issues along with the discussion and approval of proposed ordinances....
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...Observation of Policy Making: City Commission Meeting The city commissions serve as leading body of the City; they regulates policies and rules by which the City is operated, including launching City goals and target issues, as well as setting City tax rates. On March 14, 2012, I had attended a city commissioner meeting. It was held in Tallahassee city hall. Nearly 150 people from the general public were present. Furthermore, it was handicapped accessible. The officials include John Marks, Andrew Gillum, Nancy Miller, Mark Mustian, and Gil Ziffer. John Marks is the Mayor of the City of Tallahassee. He is Tallahassee's fifth African-American mayor to be elected, and won his proposal for a third term in the 2010 elections. He received his B.S. degree in 1969 from the Florida State University School of Business and his Juris Doctorate in 1972 from the Florida State University College of Law. Likewise, Commissioner Andrew D. Gillum, an African American is recognized statewide and nationally as an emerging leader. At the age of 23, Gillum became the youngest person ever elected to the Tallahassee City Commission in February 2003. Commissioner Nancy Miller grew up in Asheville, North Carolina, graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has an M.S. in Biology from Northeast Louisiana University. Miller is a self-employed urban planning consultant who has been an independent business person all her life. She has made a long-term commitment to...
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...Chapter Six EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE Art. 157. Evasion of service of sentence. — The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon any convict who shall evade service of his sentence by escaping during the term of his imprisonment by reason of final judgment. However, if such evasion or escape shall have taken place by means of unlawful entry, by breaking doors, windows, gates, walls, roofs, or floors, or by using picklocks, false keys, deceit, violence or intimidation, or through connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its maximum period. Art. 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorder, conflagrations, earthquakes, or other calamities. — A convict who shall evade the service of his sentence, by leaving the penal institution where he shall have been confined, on the occasion of disorder resulting from a conflagration, earthquake, explosion, or similar catastrophe, or during a mutiny in which he has not participated, shall suffer an increase of one-fifth of the time still remaining to be served under the original sentence, which in no case shall exceed six months, if he shall fail to give himself up to the authorities within forty-eight hours following the issuance of a proclamation by the Chief Executive announcing the passing away of such calamity.chanrobles virtual law library Convicts who, under the circumstances mentioned...
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...Table of Contents: Dedication Acknowledgement Introduction PART I: Course Description Course Objectives PART II: PUP * History of PUP * Vision * Mission * Core Values * Philosophy PART III: About the Company * History * Vision * Mission * Office Layout * Organizational Chart PART IV: Office Training * Training Objectives * Endorsement Letter * Training Memorandum * Duties and Responsibilities * Nature of Office Work * Problems Encountered and Solutions Given PART VI: About the Trainee * Resume * Office Attire * Daily Report / Everyday Tasks * Weekly Tasks Checklist PART VII: Attachments * Job Proficiency Rating * Daily Time Record * Time Card * Trainee’s Identification Card * Certificate * OJT Directory * Photos in action and with your Supervisors Dedication Acknowledgement The completion of this manual could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. However, I would like express my deep appreciation and indebtedness particularly to the following: First, to the Almighty God for giving me the strength I need in order to survive the odds that came in my way and for keeping me healthy to wake up in my daily life...
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...CONTRACEPTIVES IN HIGH SCHOOL Are contraceptives and birth control appropriate or inappropriate to offer high school students ? Recently The Department of Education has inaugurated a pilot program called CATCH { Connecting Adolescents To Comprehensive Health} made to curb the alarming rates teen pregnancy here in New York City . Although students throughout the nation has had condoms at their dispense people are now outraged by program which allows the school nurse to administer plan B an emergency contraceptive known as the morning after pill as well as birth control through the form of injection and orally . This can be done without the consent of the parents unless they’ve chosen to opt their children out of the program. People like the executive director Greg Pfundstien, of the Chiaroscuro Foundation, one of the anti- abortion groups feel it’s unethical and doubts that this program will work. Says Jonathan Allen of the Reuters an online news source . Although abortion groups may view the morning after pill as a form of abortion when in essence it is simply a high dosage of the actual birth control pill , which can be taken up to seventy-two hours after intercourse , to halt pregnancy . The morning after pill is a freedom of women’s right’s even though high school students are minor’s they should still have access to contraceptives that are safe to use and are preventive measures against...
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...Decentralization and Devolution: Educational Implications of the Praetorian Interpretation By Baela Raza Jamil Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi Public Trust September 2002 Decentralization and Devolution: Educational Implications of the Praetorian Interpretation Pakistan has a diverse ethnic population of 142 million people, with 32.2 percent people living below the poverty line (I-PRSP, 2001). It is a federation with four provinces and four federally administered territories[1]. For three decades the country experienced a process of increasing centralization in decision-making, resource management and service delivery. During that period, governments were set up under Islamic Socialism, martial law, experiments with democracy by eight governments, and another military take over. Democratic institutions and service delivery eroded at each reconstruction of the state. To offset poor governance, a process of devolution has been initiated through establishment of local governments across Pakistan. The principle of inclusion through political decentralization was meant to provide institutional entitlements for voice and action. Direct elections were held at the union council level (encompassing a population of 25,000, covering 5-7 villages or more settlements) in 2000 for 21 representatives. As the result of a countywide mobilization drive thirty-three percent seats were reserved for women, an unprecedented accomplishment in Pakistan’s history. In addition, six seats...
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...America in 1942 Initially, the outbreak of World War II did not bring about any large changes in the German economy. Germany had spent six years preparing for war, and a large portion of the economy was already devoted to military production. During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Fiction as Reconstruction of History: Narratives of the Civil War in American Literature by Reinhard Isensee Even after more than 140 years the American Civil War continues to serve as a major source of inspiration for a plethora of literature in various genres. While only amounting to a brief period in American history in terms of years, this war has proved to be one of the central moments for defining the American nation since the second half of the nineteenth century. The facets of the Civil War, its protagonists, places, events, and political, social and cultural underpinnings seem to hold an ongoing fascination for both academic studies and fictional representations. Thus, it has been considered by many the most written-about war in the United States. The War That Never Goes Away: The Significance of the Civil War for the Cultural Imagination in the United States Despite the overwhelming body of academic work on the Civil War produced in the United States (and...
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...Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1053-8720 print / 1540-4056 online DOI: 10.1080/10538720903332578 Advocacy Coalitions and Punctuated Equilibrium in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: Learning from Pro-LGBT Policy Changes in Minneapolis and Minnesota LAKE DZIENGEL St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota Policy change to actualize same-sex marriage requires planning and practices that can be most effective to advance marriage equality. This case study examines how building and maintaining strong coalitions aided in attainment and preservation of civil rights and protections for same-sex couples in Minnesota. As a historical policy analysis, it dissects collaborative strategies and events that led to a municipal domestic partner ordinance and state civil rights protections for sexual minorities in Minnesota during 1983–1995. Viewed through the lens of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Punctuated Equilibrium theory, findings support and highlight the importance of strategic planning of developing capable leaders, building strong coalitions, and capitalizing on events to garner public support and advance public policy toward civil rights protections and legal recognition for same-sex couples. KEYWORDS advocacy coalitions, punctuated equilibrium, policy, lesbian, gay, domestic partner benefits INTRODUCTION The city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, a large urban community, passed a Domestic Partner Ordinance in 1991 as the result of intensive lobby efforts by community...
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...Letter from Birmingham Jail After Martin Luther King Jr. was imprisoned in Birmingham city jail for a peaceful protest, eight white clergymen from Alabama wrote an article entitled “A Call for Unity”. In it they agreed with the need for desegregation and acknowledged the common social injustices in Birmingham, but ultimately criticized King’s approach and called direct action “unwise and untimely”. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” is a response to these criticisms as King states in the opening paragraph of the letter addressed to “My Dear Fellow Clergymen”. He has written “Letter from Birmingham Jail” as a response to eight white men who share in his faith, his cause, but dismiss his approach. The audience, also, extends to African Americans at this time, members of the Christian church, and even segregationists willing to read it. It was made public in the June 12, 1963 edition of the Christian Century. The audience, throughout the years, has grown to encompass historians, students, and anyone who has studied the civil rights era. The purpose behind...
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...Social Policy Paper War on Drugs: Take A Stand: Yes, No. Maybe! Learning Team B Kathy Bell Shamlin, Kenneth Fishman, Shorunda Hinton: Instructor: Ms.S BSHS / 355 September 4, 2015 Social Policy Paper War on Drugs; Take A Stand: The Case for Reforming Drug Policy: Most of us cannot imagine a place where it is legal to sell, buy, and use drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, crystal meth, ecstasy. The mere thought of these substances being legal like tobacco and alcohol seems absurd since the War on Drugs, the prevailing approach to drug policy in the United States is in its fifth decade. Yet there are advocates, many of them well respected authorities and government officials, of drug policy reform, the decriminalization of drugs, and even legalization. Has the War on Drugs been lost? Do we need to look at drug use and addiction as a public health problem instead of a crime problem? Should we focus attention and funds on those who use drugs or fight to keep drugs from coming into the United States from other countries? “ We believe the Global War on Drugs is Now Causing More Harm Than Drug Abuse Itself.” That was the half-page headline of a two-page add in The New York Times on June 8th, of 1998. The heading was followed by a letter to the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan. The letter pointed out that “U.N. agencies estimate the annual revenue generated by...
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...When women in power take on a city’s beloved sports institution, shocking things can happen. Earlier this month, the five women who make up the first female majority on Seattle’s nine-member city council in nearly two decades voted against a street-use ordinance that would have helped bring a new basketball arena to the city. The women immediately faced a wave of misogynistic attacks, violent threats, and charges of gender-based incompetence.* Some writers simply called the women names: “I fucking hate those BITCHES ,THERE NOT GONNA BE IN OFFICE IN 2 YEARS AND THEY SAY NO .. THEY CAN BURN IN HELL,” said one letter. Others said the council members lacked the intelligence to understand how important sports are to the city: “This is why women...
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...Since 1997 England’s uncodified constitution has seen a significant amount of change. Westminster has devolved some of its power, an Act protecting and stating human rights has been established and a referendum is due to be held in 2014 on whether or not Scotland should have a codified constitution. While one could argue that discussions as to whether the upper house should be elected or appointed have not yet reached a decision, and it has taken over a decade for a devolved assembly to have the chance to be independent, it would appear that constitutional changes have gone as far as they are ever going to, however it ... gone far enough. Parts of the British political system were seen as undemocratic, especially during Labour’s terms in office in the late 1990’s, in particular the House of Lords (HOL). The Labour government set out to remove all hereditary peers in 1999; instead they abolished all but 92 and now promoted life peers as an alternative. Many Lords and Ladies are offered a place in the HOL either for service, such as previous MP’s, or due to their particular knowledge in a field, such as Alan Sugar as he has a vast amount of knowledge in business. However this was the last reform made, no more hereditary peers have been abolished, the question on whether or not to make the upper house elected is still on-going and previous conservative MP’s still hold more seats than any other party thus making the HOL unrepresentative and undemocratic. Therefore many argue this...
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