...Politeness has been well defined as benevolence in trifles. Like benevolence on a larger scale, it includes a feeling in the mind as well as the performance of those outward actions by which that feeling is manifested. The internal feeling, which is an essential part of true politeness, is the same all over the world, however much its manifestations may differ. It is the desire to put those whom we meet perfectly at their ease, and save them from every kind of petty discomfort and annoyance. Benevolence in its ordinary sense implies love of our fellow-men and a desire to do all we can to promote their permanent happiness. The limited part of benevolence called politeness requires only an inclination to make them happy temporarily, while they are in our presence, and when this can be done without any sacrifice on our part or only with a slight sacrifice of personal comfort. It is possible that politeness may be dissociated from general excellence of character, as in the case of Charles II., who exhibited his remarkable urbanity of manner even on his death-bed by apologising for being “a most unconscionable time dying.” In certain cases there may even be a conflict between politeness and ordinary benevolence. For instance, a doctor may, by politely sacrificing his place in a conveyance to a lady, arrive late at a sickbed where his presence is urgently required. In such cases, of course, politeness should yield to the higher obligation. The particular actions in...
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...POLITENESS AND INTERACTION I. Introduction As human being, we need to do the interaction with other people. Every interaction will has different sense depend on the people who do it. Particularly, when we talk about linguistic interaction. A linguistics interaction is necessarily a social interaction. Interaction occurs when speaker and listener are active. We will know if there are many factors that relate to social distance and closeness are established prior to an interaction. To get the sense of interaction we should look at various factors that relate to social distance and closeness. Typically, social distance and closeness involve the relative status of the participants, based on social values tied to such things as age and power. However, there are other factors, such as amount of imposition or degree of friendliness, which are often negotiated during an interaction. These are internal to the interaction and can result in the initial social distance changing and being marked as less, or more, during its course. These internal factors are typically more relevant to participants whose social relationships are actually in the process being worked out within the interaction. Both types of factors, external and internal, have an influence not only on what we say, but also on also how we interpret (Yule, 1996). Every interaction that people do usually got the impact from their culture and behavior. So when we do the interaction with them. We will think how to show our politeness...
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...Nobility and aristocracy have always been associated with etiquette and eloquence – they have perpetually been regarded as the epitome of politeness in their day-to-day dealings. It is thus not surprising that Shakespeare’s characters in The Merchant of Venice copiously demonstrate examples of modals and politeness maxims that are “…[C]losely connected to the speaker’s attitude…[and] play an important role in language interactions (Nakayasu, 2013: 6).” throughout the play. Politeness theory, therefore, refers to the choices that are made in language use – the linguistic expressions that acknowledge that we have awareness of the public self-image or sense of self of the people that we address, also known as “face (Cutting, 2008:43).” The focus of this essay falls on the use of modals, principles of politeness and politeness maxims in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice to establish the attitude of the characters by means of their linguistic communications. Modality – the grammatical category that is characteristically represented by the use of modals and the status of the proposition which expresses the event (Nakayasu, 2013: 8) – can be more straightforwardly described as indicating the attitude of the speaker towards what has been proposed. Examples of epistemic modality (belief in the factual status of the proposition) include: “I should not see the sandy hourglass run but I should think of shallows and of flats (Act I.i.25-26),” “Shall I have thought to think on this,...
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...Rashid Whittaker Mr. Chaemsaithong English 1302 2/21/10 Midterm Essay In option 1 the two conversations portray different styles of indirect complaints that involves a third party. While looking similar, essentially the politeness strategies implemented in this are not all the same, seeing as how the level of familiarity between the two parties is different. The party discussing the hotel give the impression of two strangers having a conversation, while those discussing the airport security guard seem to be acquainted with each other. I will be investigating the politeness strategies used in these two conversations, their differences and their similarities. As I stated above this exchange seems to be conducted between two strangers seeing as how the person complaining is using positive politeness in order to feel like he is not the only one who felt appalled by the bugs and living conditions inside of the hotel. Victor is constantly stating his opinions on things and exclaiming that he can’t believe he’s in London. This indicates that Victor is hoping that Luda will agree with his opinions. He does this so that he can feel more comfortable with his rant about the hotel and to feel as if he isn’t alone in this conversation. Victor is also constantly talking familiarly with Luda going so far as to use grammatically incorrect English when conversing. At one point Victor interrupts Luda in the middle of her saying something. This shows that Victor is openly announcing...
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...It is a broad term that covers almost all the aspects of life and the Chinese culture is considered very rich. Culture is defined as “the ideas, beliefs, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a society” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1995). In every culture, one aspect is considered essential and that is politeness. It goes the same with the Chinese culture where politeness is hardly regarded and one element under politeness is highly crucial, which is the importance of ‘face’ or face work. Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. Politeness can vary from one culture to another and what is considered polite in one culture might be considered not in another. Politeness includes behaving and speaking correctly with consideration of other people’s feelings. For example, giving your seat to a disabled person in the LRT. Since culture is considered the institution of life, politeness is highly dependent on its culture. It goes the way the culture goes and it shapes the society under that particular culture through the family up-bringing and also education. Politeness can be divided into three main elements which are the importance of ‘face’, terms of address and also speech acts. Discussion “Face” It is known that the ‘face’ or mian in its Chinese term is very important in the Chinese culture. Every Chinese, from the individuals that holds the highest position to the ones with the lowest in the...
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...Sheelagh and Zachary have all their wants fulfilled. My mother raised her biological children to be polite and courteous to others. This was the way both of my parent’s were raised. The result of our politeness often made us targets of bullying and teasing by our peers. Being polite and courteous is still important to my mother but she has also taught her youngest children to stand up for themselves.... We had our imaginations and public television. Now my parents are financially stable and only have two dependent children at home. Therefore, Sheelagh and Zachary have all their wants fulfilled. My mother raised her biological children to be polite and courteous to others. This was the way both of my parent’s were raised. The result of our politeness often made us targets of bullying and teasing by our peers. Being polite and courteous is still important to my mother but she has also taught her youngest children to stand up for themselves.... We had our imaginations and public television. Now my parents are financially stable and only have two dependent children at home. Therefore, Sheelagh and Zachary have all their wants fulfilled. My mother raised her biological children to be polite and courteous to others. This was the way both of my parent’s were raised. The result of our politeness often made us targets of bullying and teasing by our peers. Being polite and courteous is still important to my mother but she has also taught her youngest children to stand up for themselves.......
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...recalled his grandfather, Konstantin Makaritch, who was night watchman to a family called Zhivarev. He was a thin but extraordinarily nimble and lively little old man of sixty-five, with an everlastingly laughing face and drunken eyes. By day he slept in the servants' kitchen, or made jokes with the cooks; at night, wrapped in an ample sheepskin, he walked round the grounds and tapped with his little mallet. Old Kashtanka and Eel, socalled on account of his dark colour and his long body like a weasel's, followed him with hanging heads. This Eel was exceptionally polite and affectionate, and looked with equal kindness on strangers and his own masters, but had not a very good reputation. Under his politeness and meekness was hidden the most Jesuitical cunning. No one knew better how to creep up on occasion and...
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...room." I different social situations, we are obligated to adjust our use of words to fit the occasion. It would seem socially unacceptable if the phrases above were reversed. According to Brown and Levinson, politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers' "face." Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintaining that "self-esteem" in public or in private situations. Usually you try to avoid embarrassing the other person, or making them feel uncomfortable. Face Threatening Acts (FTA's) are acts that infringe on the hearers' need to maintain his/her self esteem, and be respected. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with these FTA's. What would you do if you saw a cup of pens on your teacher's desk, and you wanted to use one, would you a. say, "Ooh, I want to use one of those!" b. say, "So, is it O.K. if I use one of those pens?" c. say, "I'm sorry to bother you but, I just wanted to ask you if I could use one of those pens?" d. Indirectly say, "Hmm, I sure could use a blue pen right now." There are four types of politeness strategies, described by Brown and Levinson, that sum up human "politeness" behavior: Bald On Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-Record-indirect strategy. If you answered A, you used what is called the Bald On-Record strategy which provides no effort to...
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...self-identification, the number of turns, interruptions, overlaps, back-channeling behavior, pauses, side comments, small talk, breaks, distribution of talk, meeting structure, and length of conferences. The findings show that because of the lack of body language signals, there are differences in most of these features, for example, fewer interruptions, overlaps, and pauses in concalls than in face-to-face meetings. Small talk is restricted to the end or beginning of calls if it happens at all, side comments do not happen among the participants but may occur with people outside the conference. Back channels occur more frequently in conference calls, as they constitute the only means of communicating attention. The latter highlights the concerns for politeness to secure good working relationships in business relations. Keywords: business meetings; discourse analysis; qualitative; workplace interaction INTRODUCTION Two factors have greatly influenced the business world: globalization and technology. Both have opened new vistas as well as...
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...The Impact of Globalization on Higher Education Abstract: Education is undergoing constant change under the influence of globalization. Globalization brings many positive changes on education. It changes the roles of students and teachers, and shifts society from industrialized society towards an information-based society. It has a great effect on culture and brings about a new form of cultural imperialism. The rise of new cultural imperialism is shaping children, the future citizen of global citizens. Intelligent people with a broad range of skills will be more competitive in this information-based society. With the development of globalization, higher education has to be internationalized in order to cater for this information-based society. Externally, the labor market requires for more knowledgeable and skilled workers, and workers with deeper understanding of foreign language and culture and business methods all over the world. Therefore, education is becoming invaluable to individuals. Today, education provides individuals with more chance of employment which in turn leads to a better life style, power, and status. This paper will discuss the impact of globalization on education. And it will find out the way how China higher education adapts to the changing environment under the context of globalization. 1. Introduction Globalization is a process, which affects a lot on human life, especially its great affection on education. In the twentieth century, many developing...
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...The rhetorical situation Rhetorical problem: The rates of cigarette smoking among high school students in America are higher than those of adults. Teens are easy targets for the tobacco industry. Having cancer may not seem like real concerns, teens don’t think much about future health outcomes. Purpose: The purpose is to engage and convince high school students to stop smoking. A change in the young peoples attitude and action could help them minimize their chance of getting cancer. Audience: The audience is a group of young people, 17-18 years old, from an American high school class. The speaker: I am a young representative of “American Cancer Society”. Recently done a “stop smoking” campaign. They know who I am because they asked me to come so they must acknowledge my competences. Circumstances: The setting is in a classroom in an American high school – around 35 people present. There will be used a PowerPoint show to visualize the main points and capture the young audience’s attention. Language: The speech is in an informative tone (direct) because of the young audience. The main speech act is the expressive speech act and the main appeal form is pathos because of the purpose to engage them. Structure Introduction: I am an expressive speaker and I will introduce my education, campaign and experience (ethos). Acknowledge the fact that they asked me to come (expressives), thank them and underline the importance of them focusing on this topic for their own...
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...Abstract This paper focuses on the motivational concerns that underlie the management of relations. In linguistics, the management of relations has been discussed extensively within politeness theory, and so the paper starts by identifying four key issues of controversy in politeness theory: a) should „polite‟ language use be explained in terms of face (e.g. Brown and Levinson, 1987), conversational maxims (e.g. Leech, 1983), and/or conversational rights (e.g. Fraser, 1990); b) why are speech acts such as orders interpersonally sensitive – is it because they are a threat to our autonomy (Brown and Levinson, 1987), or because of cost–benefit concerns (Leech, 1983); c) is Brown and Levinson‟s concept of negative face too individually focused, and should a social identity component be included (Matsumoto, 1988); and d) is face just a personal/individual concern or can it be a group concern (Gao, 1996)? The paper then uses reports of authentic rapport sensitive incidents to throw light on these controversial issues and to find out the relational management concerns that people perceive in their everyday lives. It maintains that such data is important to politeness theory, because linguistic politeness needs to be studied within the situated social psychological context in which it occurs. The paper ends by presenting and arguing for a conceptual framework that draws a fundamental distinction between face and sociality rights, and that incorporates an independent/interdependent...
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...5gendpolite4.doc; Oct 2002 word count: 13,276 Chapter 5: Gender and Politeness Introduction Given the model of gender described in the last chapter where gender is dispersed into practices and contexts/communities of practice, and is oriented to by individuals in relation to their perceptions of race and class stereotypes, rather than being located at the level of the individual, and also given the model of linguistic politeness as described in Chapters 2 and 3, where politeness/impoliteness is considered to be a matter of assessment within a context and the result of complex negotiations with perceptions of appropriacy norms and stereotypes, it is difficult, if not impossible, simply to approach the relation between gender and politeness as a question of an investigation of the production, by individual men or women of a number of linguistic features which are assumed to be unequivocally polite or impolite. What I would like to do instead is to consider the complexity of the relationship between gender and politeness, so that the common-sense nature of gender and politeness and their relation to each other is troubled. Here, I aim to analyse the way that certain practices which are considered to be polite or impolite are, within particular communities of practice, stereotypically gendered. As I discussed in Chapter 4, these stereotypes do not actually exist as such, but are hypothesised by particular speakers and hearers within communities of practices, on the...
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...The play ” Oleanna” by David Mamet This piece is about one student named carol who take this course, she just cannot understand. As she is about to dump this profession, she tries to talk with the teacher, called John, if he could help her learn and explain it better so she could understand it. During their conversation there are a lot of misunderstandings, which in the end gives many consequences on the teacher. In the first act has carol arranged a meeting with her teacher John. The purpose of this meeting is that she should explain to him that she has problems with the course and that she stands to dump. As she sits in his office John’s telephone suddenly began to ring and it was his wife who were ringing. He takes the phone and talks for awhile. She almost hears the entire conversation. As he turns his telephone off, she asks him directly what “the terme of art" means, he tries to answer her but like her he doesn’t know what it means either, and they talk a bit about that. When she tries to explain to him that she has difficulty in his profession, and that she would like to get some more help, he began to constantly interrupt her. An example for that you can see on page 2 when Carol has her 3 line when she starts saying: “You don’t do that”…. That interrupting could you put under the category positive face threatening acts, and that is the first example of him trying to get the power over the situation. He constantly tries and changes topics, and it also manages him. Since...
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...throughout my AS level. In the data I have collected, I will be specifically looking at conversations between Doctors and Interns as a way of identifying the clear line of division when it comes to language and power. I will also be looking at the differences between male and female characters, to hopefully show a contrast between genders and to come to a conclusion to whether woman use less negative face than men. I also intend to look at conversations between just the interns themselves in order to show a contrast between language used in the workplace and language used in social situations. The final thing I will be looking at is the choice of language used, for example I will look at imperatives and other language features, to show politeness strategies and use of face threatening acts in order to assert power in a work situation. My hypotheses are as follows: * Doctors will assert power over the Interns * Interactions between Doctors and Interns will be clearly asymmetrical...
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