...Rhode Island, after the local stamp distributor failed to resign. The protests and disorder that broke out in the American colonies in 1765 marked the beginning not only of the American struggle for independence, but of over half a century of popular protest, revolution, and war across the western world. From the Ural Mountains in Russia to the Alleghenies and the Andes in the Americas, rioting, revolutions, and popular struggles against undemocratic rule took place in areas as diverse as France (in 1789), Geneva in Switzerland, Ireland, and Mexico. Revolution took on an entirely new meaning in 1791, when civil war erupted in San Domingue (Haiti) and slaves in the French colony's northern province rose in revolt. In 1770, a French philosophe, the Abbé Raynal, had called for a "Black Spartacus" to overthrow slavery. Spartacus was a Thracian slave and gladiator who led a great slave revolt against the Romans, in southern Italy in 73-71 B.C.E. Under the leadership of a new Spartacus, Toussaint Louverture, Haiti's slaves defeated the armies of France, Spain, and Britain, and, in 1801, adopted a constitution prohibiting slavery forever. Haiti became independent in 1804 after expelling a second French expeditionary...
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...under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia Plan). 4. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. 5. Nullification- in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. 6. Oklahoma/Indian Country- are used to describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas who held Aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded...
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...which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." 1 The principle behind Manifest Destiny has been around since Christopher Columbus first discovered the Caribbean. Many years after Columbus' discovery of the New World, Europe and Mexico were wanting to expand, and control new territories in North America. This want for new territory, would cause boundary issues and fears to arise soon after the Revolutionary War with the fledgling government of the United States. These boundary issues and fears would help the supporters, who wanted to expand the United States borders, to push for acquiring new territories in North America. Not long after the Revolutionary War, the government of the United States began to want to expand into territories that were occupied by European and Native American peoples. Using a Doctrine of Discovery, which was an international law that was started in the 15th century and was used in Colonial America, any land that was discovered or found was turned over to the United...
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...A Journey Inside the French and Indian War Dave Matthews once observed, “The saddest part of the human race is we're obsessed with this idea of 'us and them,' which is really a no-win situation, whether it's racial, cultural, religious or political” (Brainyquote.com). The French and Indian War plays an important role in the history of North America. The French and their Native American allies battled against the British and their Native American allies over land. The war solicits many undertones of hate and racism (Levernier). Hawkeye and his band of Native Americans lead the British group through trials and tribulations to Fort William Henry. In the Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper presents the ideas of nature, identity, and conflict in the French and Indian war through the main characters and settings. The theme of nature is prevalent in the Last of the...
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...“Man is by nature a political animal, it is his nature to live in a state.”- Aristotle Politics 335 BC. He means that human kind is always interested in the government, doesn’t matter if he or she accepts or denies the government. 1. Government A. Government Government: An institution that creates and enforces public policy. Public Policy: Is where the Government dedicates its energy and effort. Eg. Social Security, Medicare, Education B. Powers 3 Powers: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. 1. Executive: enforces laws 2. Legislative: Creates laws 3. Judicial: Interpret the law. 2. State Components and Formation A. Components 1. Sovereign (rules with power and is independent.) 2. Government 3. People A. China is biggest population B. India is next C. Allegiance/ loyalty/ patriotism. 4. Territory with recognized boundaries. A. Russia has the most territory. B. Theories on Formation 1. Force->Strength->weapon or physical- conqueror 2. Evolutionary A. Family – male is the head of the house B. Family+family= tribe/village C. Village+Village=city D. City+City=State E. State+State= Country 3. Divine Right- Monarchy A. God or Supreme Being gave the right to rule. 4. The Social Contract Theory A. Thomas Hobbes- The Leviathan 1. People: Everybody only cares for themselves, always live in a hostile situation. 2. People surrender their rights to the...
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...and its scale was much smaller than in the southern colonies. Slavery was part of the northern economy but not to the same extent as in the south. Also present in the colonies were two groups that formed direct links with other world societies: the British colonial government, consisting of both administrators and soldiers, and members of Indian nations living both outside and within the boundaries of the colonies themselves. CAUSES In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European states passed laws to protect their own commercial interests. These laws, taken together, formed an economic system called mercantilism. The mercantilist system of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries benefited colonial elites while enriching European governments. But by the second half of the eighteenth century, many colonists began to resent the restrictions the mercantilist system placed on their economic activity. This was true among both the increasingly-wealthy elites and the laboring classes. Resentment intensified in British North America after the 1763 British victory in the Seven Years’ War, which the colonists called the French and Indian War. The British imposed a series of taxes and policies on the colonies to...
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...The American Revolution was the uprising of the existing thirteen American colonies to gain independence from Britain in the mid 1700’s. The American colonists began questioning Britain’s authority as early as the French and Indian War. During the French Indian War, the colonies wanted to defend themselves against the French in North America. They asked King George for permission to raise armies in order defend themselves. Although their reason to raise an army was sincere, George II was suspicious of the intentions of the colonial government and disapproved their petition. After the French Indian War, Britain decided to raise money by taxing the American Colonists for reparations. Taxes such as the Stamp and Tea Acts created controversy throughout the citizens. Some thought that Britain stepped over the boundary with taxes and some reacted violently. The Boston Tea Party as well as the Boston Massacre arose from such actions. With Britain’s Intolerable acts, the colonists made a daring proposition. The colonists, in the First Continental Congress sent a letter to King George declaring war. Although the British government likely procured strong reasons for limiting the opportunities, rights, and freedoms available to American colonists under British rule, the American Colonists were justified in their desire to claim independence from the British government due to taxation without representation in government meetings, limitations by laws that restricted their freedom and the...
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...Questions Classes 5 -14 1. What major social and political upheavals occurred in the colonies during the late seventeenth century OR what are historians’ varying opinions about the New York conspiracy trials? By the mid-1600s, less than half a century after the English had opened the way for full-scale European settlement, serious crises were brewing in the American colonies. At first tensions were caused by a steadily increasing population: massive numbers of settlers required more land, additional dwellings and other accommodations, greater food supplies, and expanded trade and transportation networks. The immediate victims were Native Americans, who suffered mistreatment at the hands of colonists scrambling to grab land and natural...
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...AMERICAN REVOLUTION ALSO KNOWN AS UNITED STATES WAR OF INDEPENDENCE REFERS TO THE UPRISING OF 13 OF BRITAIN'S NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES. IT IS THESE COLONIES THAT FIRST WON POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND WENT ON TO FORM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THIS CAME AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN 1763, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO MAKE ITS NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES PAY MORE OF THE COSTS OF GOVERNING AND DEFENDING THEM BECAUSE BRITAIN’S VICTORY OVER FRANCE HAD BEEN WON AT A GREAT COST. BRITISH EXPENDITURE AMOUNTED TO NEARLY £6,5 MIL BEFORE THE WAR AND ROSE TO £14 MIL DURING THE WAR. AS A RESULT THE BURDEN OF TAXATION IN ENGLAND WAS PROBABLY THE HIGHEST IN THE COUNTRY'S HISTORY, MUCH OF IT BORNE BY THE POLITICALLY INFLUENTIAL LAND OWNING CLASS. FURTHERMORE, WITH THE ACQUISITION OF THE VAST DOMAIN OF CANADA AND THE PROSPECT OF HOLDING BRITISH TERRITORIES BOTH AGAINST THE VARIOUS NATIONS OF NATIVE INDIANS AND AGAINST THE SPANIARDS TO THE SOUTH AND WEST, THE COSTS OF COLONIAL DEFENSE COULD BE EXPECTED TO CONTINUE INDEFINITELY. IT THEREFORE SEEMED REASONABLE TO BRITISH OPINION THAT SOME OF THE FUTURE BURDEN OF PAYMENT SHOULD BE SHIFTED TO THE COLONISTS THEMSELVES--WHO UNTIL THEN HAD BEEN LIGHTLY TAXED. OVER THE NEXT 12 YEARS BRITAIN IMPOSED A SERIES OF NEW TAXES AND OTHER REVENUE-RAISING MEASURES ON THE COLONIES THAT AROUSED HEATED OPPOSITION. THE AMERICAN COLONISTS RESENTED THE TRADE REGULATIONS BY WHICH BRITAIN UTILIZED AMERICAN ECONOMIC...
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...implicitly positing the uncontaminated aborigine as its hero, anthropology increasingly studies cultural impurity and hybridity, and the dominant normative discourse in the field has shifted from defending the cultural rights of small peoples to combating essentialism and reifying identity politics. While this development has been important and necessary for a variety of reasons, the perspectives 154 CREOLIZATION developed risk being one-sided and inadequate.1 A focus on mixing and flows that does not take continuity and boundedness into account ends up undermining its own social theory: Every social scientist knows that cultural meaning is being reproduced and transmitted between generations and that natives do classify and create boundaries, often amidst powerful...
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...Fast Facts on George Washington * Born: February 22, 1732 Pope’s Creek, Virginia * Children: no natural children (Adopted the children of Martha Custis) *Grandfather by marriage of Confederate General Robert E. Lee * Military Service: Commander General, Revolutionary War * Profession: Surveyor/Planter * Political Party: Federalist * Home State: Virginia * Political Offices: Chairman of Constitutional Convention * Died: December 14, 1799 (Age- 670 Last Words: “I die hard, but I am not afraid to go. “Tis well.” Buried: Mount Vernon, Virginia * Term of Office: April 30, 1789 – March 3, 1797 * Number Of Terms Elected: 2 Terms * Nickname: “Father of Our country” * First Lady: Martha Dandridge Custis * George Washington quote: “I walk on untrodden ground. There is scarcely any part of me conduct which may not hereafter be drawn into precedent.” * Major Events While In Office: * Elected to first term with a unanimous electoral vote. (1789) * First United States census(1790) * District of Columbia Established(1791) * States Entering Union While in Office: * Vermont(1791) * Kentucky(1792) * Tennessee(1796) Childhood and Education Washington was born on February 22, 1732. He lost his father at age 11 and his half-brother, Lawrence, took over that role. Washington’s mother was protective and demanding, keeping him from joining the British Navy as Lawrence wanted. Lawrence owned Mount Vernon...
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...1. Namethe French artist who made a series of paintings visualizing his dreams of democracy republic? Ans. Frederic Sorrieu 2. What had the French artist visualized as world made of democratic social republics? Ans. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. 3. What are absolutist’s regimes? Ans. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised is known as an absolutist regime. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive. 4. What is a utopian society? Ans. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist 5. What is a plebiscite? Ans. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 6. What was the concept of European...
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...Last name 1 First name Last name Instructor's Name Course Number 15 February 2016 SECTION 1 Describe the economic, social and political importance of water in the historical narrative from 1500 through the 1790's. Introduction The use of water in the history of the United States impacted the everyday life of the various inhabitants presents during the vast period from early 16 century to the 1790's. Before the colonist and settlers ever migrated to this region, the natives who were the Indians were able to grow a few crops and conduct regular fishing as part of their diet. Upon the arrival of the white people, they were able to trade with them in exchange for their products like kitchenware and clothes. They were able to live sustainably because they understood the climate and the weather pattern having lived here for longer. Without their help, the immigrants would found the land very tough to inhabit and possibly they might have turn back away discouraged. Water is essential in every part of the human life, for example, cooking, cleaning, growth of crops and animal rearing. As it shapes individual livelihood, so does it shape families and communities. The white people who had experienced civilization centuries earlier were able to expel forcefully the natives and begin massively controlling the land all the way from the coast to the inland. The presence of good harbors and ports contributed to the influx of foreigners while the good productive land and adequate rainfall provided...
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...foundation. He served in the army under George Washington’s command. 4. Federalists- Supported a strong central government that was superior of state governments. They say that the nation’s economy was in bad shape and wanted to do business with England. 5. Republicans- Believe that states should hold the power to make budgets. They see government rule and heavy on cooperation develop a poor market job. 6. Treaty of Greenville- a treaty of peace between Americans and Indian tribes. It was to end a destructive war and to settle disputes. 7. Alien & Sedition Acts- The acts helped to assist the government’s sense of security. Immigrants had to live in America for five years before they could get citizenship at the time. 8. John Adams- He’s best known for maintaining peace between the United States and France. Adam’s was a member of the Federalist Party. 9. Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions- They was written a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. The government was overstepping its boundaries and disrespects the idea of a contract with people. 10. Deism- Believe in God and God created the physical universe, but doesn’t intervene in its normal operation. Embrace scientific ideas. Chapter 8 Essay 1. Discuss the ethnic diversity of the United States in...
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...How the European Alliance Helped Cause World War 1 Historians have spent many years analyzing the origins of World War 1. Many factors are considered by historians when asked this question; nationalism, imperialism, militarism, etc. However all of these factors are influenced and tied together by the alliance system in place at the time tensions in the Balkans erupted. In this time period the Ottoman Empire had lost much of its control and power in the corridor to Europe. Many of the leading nations of Europe sought to emplace their influence in this region to serve as an economical attributor to its powerbase. With land being the primary means of travel between the East and West, having control of the corridor would be extremely favorable for any leading power to impose taxes, control the flow of goods, and serve as a barrier against future invaders. Before 1914 the five Great Powers; Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia controlled Europe. In order to avoid conflict early on, the major powers went through great lengths to maintain a balance of power constructed from a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent. Germany was the chief orchestrator of these alliances when is first made a secret alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 (Duffy, "The Causes of World War One"). Three years later Italy joined this “Dual Alliance” to form the Triple Alliance because it was annoyed with France for stopping its plans to colonize...
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