...REPORTING DATE CIA 1003 INTERMEDIATE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING CAEA 1214 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING II Semester 2, 2015/2016 Learning outcome • Determine the different types of events after the reporting period in accordance with MFRS110. • Apply MFRS 110 to account for events after the reporting period either to: • Make adjustments in the financial statements • Prepare the necessary disclosures • Present the different types of events after the reporting period in the financial statements in compliance with MFRS110. Lecture outline • Introduction • Definitions • Types of Events -Adjusting Events -Non Adjusting Event • Other Issues -Date of authorization for issue -Dividends -Going concern -Disclosure Introduction • Bursa Malaysia requires large publicly traded companies to lodge their unaudited financial statements within 2 months of fiscal year-end and full financial statements within 4 months • Business continues during this “subsequent period” and events could take place that have an impact upon the firm’s financial statements for the preceding year • These events are referred to in the accounting literature as subsequent events or post-balance sheet events. Introduction • The IASB has released IAS 10, dealing specifically with the accounting for subsequent events. • IAS 10 requires that companies adjust the reported amount of assets and liabilities if events occurring after the balance...
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...Empathy is a very important trait in people because it shows that you care about the other person. It shows that you care even if you have went through the same thing. There's also a lot of different kinds of empathy. First of all, there's different kinds of empathy. First there is effective empathy, that is where you can share the emotions of others. Then their is cognitive empathy where you understand the emotion but don’t share them. Like a psychologist who who gets the emotion in a rational way even though client tells them. Last their is emotional regulation in this you can regulate someone’s emotion like a surgeon needs to control their emotions during operating on a patient. Secondly, we need to have empathy to feel someone's emotions....
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...Going concern concept The going concern concept assumes that an enterprise or the accounting entity has an indefinite or unlimited life or existence. It means that the intention of the business is to carry for a sufficiently long period of time to carry out its existing activities and commitments. It will not be liquidated or dissolved in the immediate future unless there is clear evidence or a specific instruction to the contrary. For Example: - where the venture is for a specific purpose like setting up a stall in an exhibition or fair or the construction of a building or bridge etc. under a contract, the business comes to an end on the completion of the project. Experience indicates that in spite of several business failures, enterprises have a fairly high continuance rate; certain entities have been in existence for more than a century even though the owners have changed. The business entities are therefore going concerns in the majority of the cases and it has proved useful to adopt continuity assumption for accounting purposes. Advantages 1. It provides a sound basis for the income or profit measurement. It means that the items which provide future economic benefit or which are used for more than one year are recorded a fixed assets rather than as expenses only because of the going concern assumption. 2. The going concern assumption facilitates the classification of assets and liabilities into short-term and long-term respectively 3. It is due to the...
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...Fundamental Design Principles Separation of concerns • To prevent overlapping between components of the system, all “concerns” (aspects and mechanisms) of the system should be separate. The codes for each concern should be separated from the other to prevent co-locating. This also prevents interdependency within the system and helps to maintain the system easily. • This is beneficial in architecture because separation of concerns promotes organization. Each application of a software has a specific code, and separation of these codes leads to an effective and organized layered effect. A software may have business aspects, user interfaces, structure and design codes, etc., there may be more than one application of the software working together. As long as the codes of these mechanisms are separated, there will not be an overlap leading to malfunctioning. Also if each section of a system consists of a specific set of features, going back and modifying or repairing a certain feature is easily done without disturbing other aspects of the system. Single responsibility principle • In a software or system, each module should only have one task or responsibility. Responsibilities can also be described as “reasons for change.” • Each mechanism of the system should only be responsible for one task. Providing multiple tasks for one module can overload that aspect of the system and lead to faults. In an example of opening a browser page, there is a functional aspect and the cosmetic...
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...'Definition of the 'going concern' concept The 'going concern' concept directs accountants to prepare financial statements on the assumption that the business is not about to go broke or be liquidated (i.e. where the business closes and sells all the assets for whatever price they can get). So, unless there is significant evidence to the contrary, accountants will base their valuations and their reporting of financial data on the assumption that the business will remain in existence for an indefinite period. An indefinite period means the foreseeable future or long enough for the business to meet its objectives and to fulfill its commitments. It is important to note that the 'going concern' concept does not imply or guarantee that the business is profitable and will remain so for the foreseeable future. So, the 'going concern' concept assumes that the business will remain in existence long enough for all the assets of the business to be fully utilized. Utilized assets means obtaining the complete benefit from their earning potential. (i.e. if you recently purchased equipment costing $5,000 that had 5 years of productive/useful life, then under the going concern assumption, the accountant would only write off one year's value $1,000 (1/5th) this year, leaving $4,000 to be treated as a fixed asset with future economic value for the business). The 'going concern' concept supports the assumption that when a business buys assets like land, equipment, and buildings, it does...
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...Modularization, Commodization Modularity Definition: Modularity is a very general set of principles for managing complexity. By breaking up acomplex system into discrete pieces—which can then communicate with one another onlythrough standardized interfaces within a standardized architecture (Langlois, 2000) * Modularity is based on a systems theory view of organizations and their processes. It seeks to investigate how a system’s components are ‘coupled’ together and how tight these bonds are. * Modularity is important today because of the increased complexity of modern technology. * The driving normative basis for the investigation is that increased modularity enables the parts of a system to be separated and combined with much greater flexibility, and that such flexibility is desirable. * What is new is the application of the idea of modularity not only to technological design but also to organizational design. * A complex modern society might be made more productive through a modular design of social and economic institutions. * In a world of change, modularity is generally worth the costs. The goal is to find the modularization that minimizes interdependencies and most cleanly decomposes the system. * Innovation that takes place through change in the modules we can call modular innovation. * Handling complex systems become easier if break them up into sub-systems. * Complex product or process composed of smaller sub-systems that can be...
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...Going Concern issues in financial reporting: a guide for companies and directors Published in 2009 by: Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) Level 2 255 George Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (+61 2) 8248 6600 Facsimile: (+61 2) 8248 6633 www.companydirectors.com.au publications@companydirectors.com.au Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB) Level 7 600 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Telephone: (+61 3) 8080 7400 Facsimile: (+61 3) 8080 7450 enquiries@auasb.gov.au www.auasb.gov.au © Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) © Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB) © Financial Reporting Council (UK) 2009. Portions of this publication have been adapted and reproduced from an Auditing Practices Board Bulletin: Going Concern Issues During the Current Economic Conditions (December 2008) with the kind permission of the Financial Reporting Council (UK). All rights reserved. For further information please visit www.frc.org.uk or telephone +44 (0)20 7492 2300. © Portions of this publication have been adapted and reproduced from a KPMG Flash Report: How Concerned Should Directors be with Going Concern? (February 2009) with the kind permission of KPMG. All rights reserved. Typeset by Endnote design Printed by Ligare Pty Ltd National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Going Concern issues in financial reporting: a guide for companies and directors/AICD, AUASB ISBN 9781876604158 (pbk.). 9781876604172...
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...What does the architecture of Lord Burlington owe to political concerns? It is said that from 1721 onwards Lord Burlington began erecting one important building after another. In order to determine what the architecture of Lord Burlington owes to political concerns it is necessary to briefly examine both the political situation in the early 1700s and Burlington’s political stance. Lastly, in order to draw a conclusion as to how much of Lord Burlington’s architecture owes to political concerns, an analysis of Chiswick House and its political representation is particularly essential. Thus this essay will be roughly divided into two parts: the first being a brief narrative of the political life and situation of Lord Burlington, followed by a system of analysis and conclusion. The latter will focus specifically on the Chiswick House and what symbols there exist that may help us to examine the impact of politics on Lord Burlington’s architecture. Lord Burlington, though being a man of arts and beauty, was hardly politically inactive. Up until 1932 he was said to have been a supporter of the Whig administration. He became a supporter of the new Hanoverian king, George I in 1715 and that same year he was appointed Lord Treasurer of Ireland, lieutenant of the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire and Vice-Admiral of the County of York. By 1721 Burlington became a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole and was a close friend of the Prince of Wales. When in 1727 the Prince succeeded as George...
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...Biodiversity in the Boreal Forest • Biodiversity can be defined as the variation of life within a biome or ecosystem. Unfortunately, Biodiversity around the world is at risk due to human interference and climate change. However changes within these forest and/or ocean ecosystems also impact the human population, as we depend on these crucial bionetworks for our very own existence. • The Boreal forest is a band of forest that stretches across the northern hemisphere, which includes the following countries: Canada, Russia, United States and the northern countries of Europe such as Sweden, Norway etc… (Green displays the areas where the Boreal forest is situated) • Within Canada, the Boreal forest region covers more than 290 million hectares. •This forest is primarily dominated by coniferous trees, namely: Jack Pine, Balsam Fir, Red Pine, White Pine, Black Spruce, White Spruce, Tamarack, Paper Birch, Eastern White Cedar, etc… • The leading cause of most threats upon ecosystem biodiversity is climate change; such is the case in Canada’s the Boreal forest. • Climate change also has an effect on the number of forest fires. • Invasive alien species are also a huge factor in destroying biodiversity in the Canadian Boreal forest. • The Boreal forest is the largest intact forest and wetland ecosystem remaining on earth. • One of, and perhaps the biggest threat to biodiversity in the Boreal Forest is Human infringement. • In summation the best way to preserve the Canadian...
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...Focal Concerns Perspective Focal Concerns Theory The focal concerns theory was developed by Stenonlzxd and his fellow colleagues in 1980. The basis of this theory argues that judges presiding over trials base there decisions around three focal concerns of blameworthiness, practical constraints, consequences, and protection of the community. For example, if a defendant is viewed as blameworthy, dangerous and less likely to have practical constraints and consequences, they would receive much harsher or severe sentences. The first focal concern focus' on the blameworthiness of the defendant. The focus specifically reflects on the seriousness of the offenders involvement with the crime and the offender previous record. In other words, the more serious the offense and the more criminal offenses the offender posses, the more blameworthy the offender appears. The next focal concern is the protection of the community. Judges tend to based their perception of recidivism or re-incarceration by dangerousness of the offender. The more dangerous a offender appears, they will have a higher rate of recidivism is which will cause them to receive a longer than an average sentence length and severity. The last focal concern that a judge considered are the practical constraints and organizational restraints. Organizational constraints are considered to be things like flow of court cases and overcrowding of correctional organization. The practical constraints refer to the offender...
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...Plant Succession - Definition Plant Succession Definition Stages Tolerance • The orderly process of one plant community gradually or rapidly replacing another – Can result from the developmental changes in the ecosystem itself – Or from disturbances such as wind, fire, volcanic activity, insects and disease or harvesting • In a particular environment, there is a characteristic sequence of biotic communities that successively occupy and replace each other over time following disturbance Stages of Succession • Primary succession – Initiated by disturbances that expose substrates and are left with essentially no plant growth at the beginning – Examples: glacial retreat; volcanic ash deposition Mt. St. Helens May 18, 1980 Gilkey Glacier, Alaska from www.geophot.de • Secondary succession – Established plant community has been destroyed but without severe disturbance of the soil – Example: forest succession following wildfire - pioneer forest re-establishes and is eventually replaced with climax forest wildfire from www.us.gov 1 Plant Succession • Seral stages • Climax stage Stages of Succession • Seral communities: The various “temporary” communities in the succession • Seral species - those that will ultimately be replaced • examples: annual plants, shrubs, intolerant trees Stages of Succession • Climax community: The “final” stage of the succession consists of those plants that can reproduce successfully beneath their own shade and therefore maintain...
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...International political economy (IPE), also known as global political economy, is an academic discipline within the social sciences that analyzes international relations in combination with political economy. As an interdisciplinary field it draws on many distinct academic schools, most notably political science and economics, but also sociology, history, and cultural studies. The academic boundaries of IPE are flexible, and along with acceptable epistemologies are the subject of robust debate. This debate is essentially framed by the discipline's status as a new and interdisciplinary field of study. Despite such disagreements, most scholars can concur that IPE ultimately is concerned with the ways in which political forces (states, institutions, individual actors, etc.) shape the systems through which economic interactions are expressed, and conversely the effect that economic interactions (including the power of collective markets and individuals acting both within and outside them) have upon political structures and outcomes. IPE scholars are at the center of the debate and research surrounding globalization, both in the popular and academic spheres. Other topics that command substantial attention among IPE scholars are international trade (with particular attention to the politics surrounding trade deals, but also significant work examining the results of trade deals), development, the relationship between democracy and markets, international finance, global markets, multi-state...
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...Political corruption, as been defined by the World Banks, is the abuse of public office for personal or private gain (worldbank.org 1). This is definition is both objective and sufficiently enough to describe and to summarize all types of political corruptions that are happening all around the world. The keyword is private gain which include monetary or non-monetary benefits that the officer will receive whenever he or she misuse his or her power to disturb the competitive advantage of the free market system. Political corruption exists in various ways such as bribery, theft, bureaucratic corruption, system corruption and many more, which often executes in the most profound but complex ways. The causes of corruption is hard to simplify since political corruption always have deeply rooted in a region’s policies, bureaucracies, systems and not surprisingly history. However, the costs of it can be easily identify by looking at the most of the time below-par performance of both public and private sector. This happens when government interfere when they do not need to, therefore undermine implementation of both public policies and free market system. By the standard of irrefutable of a great nation, who can believe that the great nation of United States of America is corrupt? There sure have been couples of financial scandal in the past but there have never been a time where United States senator or other political officers to be involved in side dealing, vote-trading, log rolling...
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...Phase 1 Individual Project OB 1 * Describe situations and organizational variables that impact employee morale. * Explain, using examples, the impact of individual perception on morale. * Discuss how employee empowerment and decision-making autonomy impact morale. * Develop recommendations for initiative that organizations can implement to positively affect employee morale. Organizational Politics, It's Moderators and Impact on Work Attitudes, Work Outcomes and at large on the Organization. 1. Introduction: Organizational politics fulfills the self-serving interests of the employees sometimes even at the cost of organizational performance. The literature review looks at the different aspects and impacts of the organizational politics. The company politics decreases the first-rate management, good quality schedules, and good spirits or morale. These things are directly and positively related to some other things too, hence when these (the above-mentioned) things are adversely affected; they also impact good communication, quality of individual performance, technical success and eventually commercial success. Another interesting finding of which the managers need to be well aware of is that politics can emerge due to the increase in the commercial success and hence more commercial success leads to more politics, which (politics) in turn through different routes reduces the commercial success and therefore the decrease in the commercial success causes lower...
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...is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months, amidst serious domestic and foreign policy concerns such as the ongoing war in Kosovo. Politicians should be able to make difficult decisions without fear that selecting one option will lead to their incarceration By the most popular definition, a state is the entity with the monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. Politicians, as the government of that state, necessarily wield...
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