...of a dual porosity system may be very different from that of a primary porosity system.Table 1 (below) gives a general range of reservoir rock matrix porosities. Generally, reservoir rock martix porosities in the lower ranges are of commercial interest only when a secondary porosity system is present. Table 1--Rock matrix porosities (after Levorsen, 1967) : Negligible 0-5 Poor 5-10 Fair 10-15 Good 15-20 Very good 20-25+ Usually, the porosity enters into our reservoir calculations in estimating hydrocarbon volume in place in the reservoir. Its fractional value is multiplied by the bulk volume of the reservoir rock, and by the hydrocarbon fluid saturation (equal to one minus the water saturation) to determine the hydrocarbon pore volume. HCPV = V (1-Swc)...
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...Structure and Cell Transport-14 Name __ carson held__________________ Introduction: The cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms. The cell carries out the functions required for the organism to reproduce, protect itself, metabolize food, move, produce substances to support the entire organism. In this experiment, you will explore the cell membrane’s role in allowing materials to enter or leave the cell. This is a vital function of the cell membrane. Using the Physio Ex CD 9.0, you will be able to conduct experiments showing the important cell membrane processes of diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and active transport. The simulations will allow you to alter conditions to show the effect of concentrations, pore size, pressure, carrier, and ATP have on movements of materials through the cell membrane. Purpose: To conduct experiments showing the effects of concentration, ions, and particle size of movement through the cell membrane. Materials: Lab manual, PhysioEx 9.0 Procedure: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability in the lab manual. You will also need the PhysioEx 9.0 CD for this lab. Read over exercise overview and introduction. Complete the following questions from the exercise as you complete the simulation exercises. Go to Exercise 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability on the CD. Follow the directions and complete each part. Answer questions or fill in tables as you proceed through...
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...Experimental set-up and procedure 5 5-Results and calculations 7 6-Discussion and conclusion 8 6.1- Discussion of the results 8 6.2- Conclusion 8 7- References 9 1-Abstract The aim of this report is to be familiar with the basic procedures of preparing rock samples and to measure the density of and porosity of rock samples. Firstly the rock size and mass was measured to determine the density and bulk volume using an electronic ruler and mass balance. Then using the helium porosimeter the grain volume of each core plug sample was measured. Each of these measurements were repeated three times and then averaged for precision sake. The porosity was then calculated by subtracting the grain volume from the bulk volume, to determine the pore volume, and then dividing by the bulk volume. The porosity results for all the samples were reasonable except for sample 1 and 6 for which the porosity is calculated to be in negative % and make no logic. These possible reasons for these inaccurate results are that the group made high errors in reading the measurements or did the experiment in a wrong method. 2-Introduction For the storage of oil and gas in any reservoir rock presence of porosity is vital. However, the degree of porosity in any rock depends upon various factors. But quality of reservoir rock, either good or poor, rests largely on porosity. Porosity is the small voids and space between the grains of the rocks and often denotes with percent. Mathematically it is...
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...Course Teacher: Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman Professor Department of Civil Engineering DUET Soil Dynamics: Soil Dynamics is the branch of soil mechanics which deals with the engineering properties and behavior of soil under dynamic stress, including the analysis of the stability of earth supported and earth retaining structures. The study of Soil dynamics include the machine foundations, impact loadings, dynamic soil properties, slope stability, bearing capacity, settlement, vibratory compaction, pile driving analysis and field testing, ground anchor systems, seismic design parameters, liquefaction, sheet pile walls and laboratory testing. Nature/sources of types of dynamic loading: * Dynamic loads on foundation and soil structure may act due to * Earthquake * Bomb blast * Operation of reciprocating and rotary machines and hammers * Construction operation such as pile driving * Quarrying * Fast moving traffic including landing aircraft * Wind * Loading due to wave action of water * Etc * The nature of each of these loads is quite different from the nature of the loads in the other cases. * Earthquakes constitute the single most important source of dynamic loads on structures and foundation. * Every earth quake is associated with a certain amount of energy released at its source and can be assigned a magnitude (m) which is just a number. * Table gives an idea of the energy associated with a particular...
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...porous material to transmit fluid. 3. Theories for petroleum origins: the origins of petroleum come from the two different sources, which are organic and inorganic. The inorganic is the process when oil and gas were formed when the solar system was created and the organic is the process when plants and animals were transformed into oil or gas because of the high temperatures and pressure deeper from the floor. 4. Saturation of a fluid: is defined as the ratio of the fluid volume to the pore volume or the rock. If for example the total pore volume is 100 bbl. and the volume of the pores occupied by a fluid is 20 bbl., so the saturation of fluid is 0.2 5. Darcy’s law: is a phenomenological derived constitutive equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand. 6. The three types of sound sources for marine seismic methods are: Explosive charges, air gun, and steam 7. Reservoir evaluation: the evaluation of reservoir properties from log, pressure transient data. It also includes the interpretation of open hole, buildup tests...
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...Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences PORE-SCALE IMAGING AND LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODELING OF SINGLEAND MULTI-PHASE FLOW IN FRACTURED AND MIXED-WET PERMEABLE MEDIA A Dissertation in Energy and Mineral Engineering by Christopher James Landry © 2013 Christopher James Landry Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 The dissertation of Christopher James Landry was reviewed and approved* by the following: Zuleima T. Karpyn Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Li Li Assistant Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering Russell T. Johns Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Maria Lopez de Murphy Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Luis Ayala Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Associate Department Head for Graduate Education *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Three investigations of pore-scale single-phase and multiphase flow in fractured porous media and mixed-wet porous media are presented here. With an emphasis on validating and utilizing lattice Boltzmann models in conjunction with x-ray computed microtomography. The objective of the first study is to investigate fracture flow characteristics at the pore-scale, and evaluate the influence of the adjacent permeable matrix on the fracture’s...
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...TRANSFER IN ROCKS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ROCKS Thermal conductivity of a rock (������) is defined as the heat flow across a surface per unit area per unit time when a particular temperature difference exists in a unit length perpendicular to the surface. It depends on following factors:- Chemical composition of the rocks (rocks are aggregates of minerals) 1. Water content of the rock 2. Temperature 3. Pressure 4. Radioactive decay (if any) etc. Thermal conductivity has units of W/(m℃) Heat is transported through a saturated porous medium in a combined mechanism: by conduction through its solid matrix and liquid in its pores as well as by convection of the moving liquid. By applying the law of conservation of energy to a control volume, an equation for heat transfer in the saturated porous medium can be expressed as: ρc∂t∂τ+ ρwcwV·∇t =∇ · (k∇t) (2) where k denotes the effective thermal conductivity of the porous medium; ρc is the volumetric specific heat of the porous medium, including both the solid matrix and water in its pores, ρwcw the volumetric specific heat of water. Note in the equation that heat is stored and conducted through both the water and soil matrix, but only water takes part in convection of heat here. The average linear groundwater velocity V over a cross-section of the medium may be determined by the hydraulic head distribution according to the Darcy’s law if the hydraulic conductivity of the medium is known. The effective...
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...heavy oil- exploration and exploitation is pertinent task before geoscientist . Shale gas is natural gas from shale formations which acts as both the source and the reservoir for the natural gas. Each Shale gas reservoir has unique characteristics. Shale has low matrix permeability, so gas production in commercial quantities requires fractures to provide permeability. For a given matrix permeability and pressure, gas production are determined by the number and complexity of fractures created, their effective conductivity, and the ability to effectively reduce the pressure throughout the fracture network to initiate gas production. Understanding the relationship between fracture complexity, fracture conductivity, matrix permeability, and gas recovery is a fundamental challenge of shale-gas development. Shale gas reservoirs almost always have two different storage volumes (dual porosity) for hydrocarbons, the rock matrix and the natural fractures .Because of the plastic nature of shale formations, these natural fractures are generally closed due to the pressure of the overburden rock. Consequently, their very low, matrix permeability, usually on the order of hundreds of nanoDarcies (nD), makes unstimulated, conventional production impossible. Almost every well in a shale gas reservoir must be hydraulically stimulated (fractured) to achieve economical production. These hydraulic fracture treatments are believed to reactivate and reconnect the...
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...costs to users, is urgently needed to assess the benefits of using geotextile in secondary road flexible pavement. Two design methods were used to quantify the improvements of using geotextiles in pavements. One was developed at Virginia Tech by Al-Qadi in 1997, and the other was developed at Montana State University by Perkins in 2001. In this study, a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis framework was developed and used to quantify the initial and the future cost of 25 representative low volume road design alternatives. A 50 year analysis cycle was used to compute the cost-effectiveness ratio when geotextiled is used for the design methods. The effects of three flexible pavement design parameters were evaluated; and their impact on the results was investigated. The study concludes that the cost effectiveness ratio from the two design methods shows that the lowest cost-effectiveness ratio using Al-Qadi’s design method is 1.7 and the highest is 3.2. The average is 2.6. For...
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...Abstract Because of its high strength to weight ratio aluminium alloys are in great demand and extensively being used in aerospace industires. The addition of alloying elements such as silicon along with other minor elements increases its mechanical strength. In this study we evaluate the effect on casting quality of an ultrasonic method for treating the melt. An experimental set up was built for the degassing of hydrogen and other inclusions from aluminium melt. First an impeller is rotated in an inert gas environment to draw out hydrogen bubbles by increasing the surface area to volume ratio. Then using ultrasonic vibrations at a frequency of 20 kHz and power of 1.5 kW, cavitation bubbles induces dispersion and degassing action. Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties was done using SEM (scanning electrom microscopy) and brinnels test. Various relationships such as the melt temperature, volume melt, grain size and their effects on degassing efficiency have also been established. Origin Of The Problem Porosity is as serious issue in casting process. It’s an unavoidable defect, that no matter, how many precautions are taken, the slightest of the traces will still be left. The defects not only leave the surface uneven but also have adverese effect on the strength of the material. Gas porosity which mainly takes place due to entrapment of small air bubbles (the main being Hydrogen gas). Scientists and the expermentalists have been looking for the best of the methods...
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...SURFACE CASING DESIGN OF AN OIL WELL By MANISH PANT (R270307017) SANDEEP BAHUGUNA (R270307032) College of Engineering studies University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Dehradun May, 2011 Surface casing design of an oil well A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Applied Petroleum Engineering, upstream) Under the Guidance of ……………… Mr. Arun Chandel (Mentor) Approved …………..... Dean College of Engineering University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Dehradun May, 2011 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Manish pant and Sandeep Bahuguna, students of B.Tech (APE)+ MBA(UAM) has written their thesis on “surface casing design for an oil Well” under my supervision and have successfully completed the project within stipulated time. They have demonstrated high performance levels and dedication during the completion of their thesis. …………… Mr. Arun Chandel (Mentor) Acknowledgement We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Dr. Shri Hari, Dean, COES, UPES for allowing us to perform the project work. We have received maximum co-operation and help from UPES faculty members. We would also like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Sabyasachi Maiti, Course Coordinator, B.Tech (APE Upstream+ MBA (UAM)), for giving his full support during our project work. Lastly, we would like to thank our mentor, Mr. Arun Chandel...
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...------------------------------------------------- March 2013 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled “Utilization of Characterized Activated Carbon Prepared from Corn Cobs in Sugar Decolorization”, prepared by Dyle Angellowe B. Mapagu, Aurilyn A. Ramirez and Roxanne L. Soriano, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, is hereby recommended for oral examination. Approved by the Tribunal on Oral Examination with a grade of _________. Engr. Ma. Haidee A. Mabborang Member Engr. Monico U. Tenedor Member Engr. Marianne DC. Calica Member Engr. Caesar P. Llapitan Chairman Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. Engr. Ernesto D. Marallag Dean, College of Engineering ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, the authors, convey our gratefulness and appreciation to the people who have given valuable assistance in the completion of this study. To Engr. Policarpio Mabborang, Jr. for providing a perceptive and logical evaluation of our research, for his corrections and suggestions in the improvement of the study, and for his patience towards us; To Engr. Caesar Llapitan, Engr. Marianne Calica, Engr. Monico Tenedor, and Engr. Ma. Haidee Mabborang, who served as our panelists in the defense, pointed out mistakes and gave good suggestions in revising our thesis; To Engr. Gina Consigna, head of the Feed Laboratory...
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...sIntroduction - Heavy rains saturate the Portland, Oregon area. Slick, debris-filled mud slides down steep slopes blocking the scenic Columbia River Gorge Highway. - Warm rains rapidly melts snowpack. Snowmelt-induced debris flow threatens lives and damages property. - A major earthquake hits the West Coast. It triggers numerous landslides in a 200-mile radius. Each of these events represents some type of slope failure. Slope failure, also referred to as mass wasting, is the downslope movement of rock debris and soil in response to gravitational stresses. Three major types of mass wasting are classified by the type of downslope movement. The types of movement, falls, slides, and flows, will be covered in this module. In addition, another type of ground failure, subsidence, will be covered. Take a Virtual Field Trip to the Slumgullion landslide. Links to Good Landslide and Slope Failure sites: | USGS Landslide News and Information - http://landslides.usgs.gov/html_files/landslides/hawaii99.html | | http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/elnino/landslides-sfbay/photos.html contains a computer-simulated landslide | | Landslides at Hagerman Fossil Beds, Idaho - http://www.nps.gov/hafo/landslides.htm | | Yosemite landslide News - http://landslides.usgs.gov/html_files/landslides/Yosemite99.html | SLOPES Material is constantly moving downslope in response to gravity. Movement can be very, very slow, barely perceptible over many years. . . . . Or, movement can be devastatingly...
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...CONVERSION FACTORS FROM ENGLISH TO SI UNITS Length: 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 ft2 1 ft2 1 ft2 1 in.2 1 in.2 1 in.2 1 ft3 1 ft3 1 in.3 1 in.3 1 in. 1 in.3 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/sec 1 ft/sec 1 in./min 1 in./sec 1 in./sec 3 0.3048 m 30.48 cm 304.8 mm 0.0254 m 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 929.03 10 4 m2 929.03 cm2 929.03 102 mm2 6.452 10 4 m2 6.452 cm2 645.16 mm2 28.317 10 3 m3 28.317 103 cm3 16.387 10 6 m3 16.387 cm3 0.16387 0.16387 10 mm 10 4 m3 5 3 Coefficient of consolidation: Force: 1 in.2/sec 1 in.2/sec 1 ft2/sec 1 lb 1 lb 1 lb 1 kip 1 U.S. ton 1 lb 1 lb/ft 1 lb/ft2 1 lb/ft2 1 U.S. ton/ft2 1 kip/ft2 1 lb/in.2 1 lb/ft3 1 lb/in.3 1 lb-ft 1 lb-in. 1 ft-lb 1 in.4 1 in.4 6.452 cm2/sec 20.346 103 m2/yr 929.03 cm2/sec 4.448 N 4.448 10 3 kN 0.4536 kgf 4.448 kN 8.896 kN 0.4536 10 3 metric ton 14.593 N/m 47.88 N/m2 0.04788 kN/m2 95.76 kN/m2 47.88 kN/m2 6.895 kN/m2 0.1572 kN/m3 271.43 kN/m3 1.3558 N · m 0.11298 N · m 1.3558 J 0.4162 0.4162 106 mm4 10 6 m4 Area: Stress: Volume: Unit weight: Moment: Energy: Moment of inertia: Section modulus: Hydraulic conductivity: 0.3048 m/min 30.48 cm/min 304.8 mm/min 0.3048 m/sec 304.8 mm/sec 0.0254 m/min 2.54 cm/sec 25.4 mm/sec CONVERSION FACTORS FROM SI TO ENGLISH UNITS Length: 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm2 1 mm2 1 m2 1 cm2 1 mm2 1m 1 cm3 1 m3 1 cm3 1N 1 kN 1 kgf 1 kN 1 kN 1 metric ton 1 N/m 3 2 3.281 ft 3.281 10 3.281 10 39.37 in. 0.3937 in. 0.03937 in. 2 Stress: 2 3 ft ft 1 N/m2 1 kN/m2...
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...CONTENT NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION | 2 | 2 | OBJECTIVE | 3 | 3 | APPARATUS AND MATERIAL | 4-5 | 4 | PROCEDURE | 6-13 | 5 | DATA | 14 | 6 | ANALYSIS | 15-16 | 7 | DISCUSSION | 17 | 8 | CONCLUSION | 18 | 9 | REFERENCES | 19 | 10 | APPENDIX | 20 | INTRODUCTION Theory This test is performed to determine the consolidation – drained shear strength of a sandy to silty soil. This shear strength is one of the most important engineering properties of a soil, because it is required whenever a structure is depended on a soil shearing resistance. The shear strength is needed for engineering situation such as determining the stability of slopes or cut, finding the bearing capacity for foundation and calculated the pressure exerted by a soil retaining wall. Significance The direct shear stress is a strain – controlled test: the rate at which the soil will be strained is controlled. A specimen of soil will be placed into a shear box, and consolidated under an applied normal load. The shear box is made of two separate halves, an upper and lower. After the application of the normal load, these two halves of box will be moved relative to one another, shearing the soil specimen on the plane that is separation of the two halves. The direct shear test imposes stress condition on the soil that force the failure plane occur at a predetermined location ( on the plane that separates the two halve of the box). One this plane there two force (or stresses) acting...
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