...Marketing 46:1 (1982:Winter) p.94 Summary of Gorn, Gerald J., The effects of Music in Advertising on Choice Behavior: A Classical Conditioning Approach, Journal of Marketing 46:1 (1982:Winter) p.94 The research conducted by Gerald J. Gorn is connected with Consumer Behavior through the general topic of learning: how do consumers’ behavior can be influenced by experience. In this case experience can be assimilated with music during advertising or more generally sensory features, which leads us more in depth of the Behavioral Learning Theories that emphasizes the learning process that occurs as consumers are facing external events. Its is to say do these external factors such as music during advertising influence the attention and the process of information, or do they directly takes part of the forming attitude process. Then we can especially focus on the Classical conditioning approach and effects on attitude (if there is) as Gerald J. Gorn does in his research. But before explaining the theory, on which the research is based, let focus on its objectives. As explained earlier, the purpose of the two experiments are to demonstrate if there is a scientific connection between the sensory features added to information in an advertisement and the attitude(s) and preference(s) shaped toward the attitude object (and attitude advertisement). Using the classical approach, to look for proofs of the influence of music (as colors…) on the...
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...BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Introduction: Decision making is a daily activity for any human being. There is no exception about that. When it comes to business organizations, decision making is a habit and a process as well. Effective and successful decisions make profit to the company and unsuccessful ones make losses. Therefore, corporate decision making process is the most critical process in any organization. In the decision making process, we choose one course of action from a few possible alternatives. In the process of decision making, we may use many tools, techniques, and perceptions. In addition, we may make our own private decision or may prefer a collective decision. Usually, decision-making is hard. Majority of corporate decisions involve some level of dissatisfaction or conflict with another party. Let us have a look at the decision making process in detail. Steps of Decision Making Process: Following are the important steps of the decision making process. Each step maybe supported by different tools and techniques. Step 1: Identification of the purpose of the decision: In this step, the problem is thoroughly analyzed. There are a couple of questions one should ask when it comes to identifying the purpose of the decision. What exactly is the problem? Why the problem should be solved? Who are the affected parties of the problem? Does the problem have a deadline or a specific time-line...
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...Thinking and Decision Making MGT/350 March 4, 2010 Thinking and Decision Making Thinking Styles Emotional Thinkers Emotions are a vital part of the decision making process and the human experience. Emotional thinkers begin with a thought that translates to their behavior. An emotional thinker reaction is in connection to their personal belief system of the environment or culture that they were raise in. Emotions and behavior are the two main characters of an emotional thinker,which drives thoughts. Emotional thinkers can have a positive effect on the decision making process. These thinkers can be compassionate toward others, which a logical thinker may only rely on facts. Whereas emotions can be used as a positive tool to how others how much a person cares, it can also have negative consequences. Emotions limit the ability to apply critical thinking toward the thinking process. Anger has ruined countless relationships, cause many fights, and motivates leaders into makingbad decisions. This happens when a person allows his or her emotions to impair their judgmentduring the thinking process; it limits their ability to think critically. Kirby and Goodpastor (2007) points out that no matter what the underlining factors, when a person display emotions with anger, it is important not to make decisions. Pessimistic Thinking Pessimistic thinking is negative thinking. A person who thinks pessimistically rarely has anything positive to say and is always looking...
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...Decision Making Process Ashley Lopez MGT 230 University of Phoenix September 26th, 2013 The decision making process used by the student is one which focuses on the pros and cons of the decision needed to be made and potential consequences of the decision whether they are positive or negative. When purchasing a new vehicle the student had to base her decision on the financial obligations it would take in order to be able to afford the new car and whether or not it would take from other financial obligations she already had. The first process in the student’s decision making process was to identify the pros and cons of purchasing a new car. the pros were that the student would have better and more reliable transportation than her current vehicle, the costs of repairing her current vehicle would decrease to none because the vehicle would be new and the potential for the vehicle to break was slim to none, the new vehicle would have more space and a warranty as well. The cons of purchasing a new vehicle for the student was that the new vehicle’s payments would be more than her current vehicle which meant less money for luxury items and the increase in cost of insurance for the new vehicle. The pros clearly outweighed the cons in this matter. The second step was to determine which vehicle would be most suitable for the student and hr child. Once the student chose the vehicle she wanted, she then searched the area for the best deal, although not sacrificing quality for price...
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...Decision-Making Process People should make decisions nearly every day, some of those decisions are easy to make, while others are quite difficult to implement. Appropriately combined and organized decision-making process will help to control this issue and bring positive outcomes for people enrolled in it. In this paper I will provide decision-making process when I had to make a personal decision, such as enrolling in college. People face a wide range of opportunities every day, as well as certain challenges supporting this process, and the most difficult thing in the life of a person finishing school is to become enrolled in college of his or her dream. The decision-making process may become challenging for people due to “the lack of structure and entail risk, uncertainly and conflict” (Bateman and Snell, 2012, p. 86). That is why people trying to make some important personal or professional decisions should have some appropriate model to follow in order to avoid such challenges. Bateman and Snell identified six steps or stages pf decision-making process which may be attached to any problem or decision. First, it is necessary to identify and analyze the problem. My problem was the enrolling in college, as I wanted to enter some specific college helping to build my future professional career. In order to diagnose this problem, I analyzed my past, present and future implications and experiences helping to make the right choice. I took into consideration not only my preferences...
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...organisations that enhance intellectual capital and efficiency, productivity, and storage and communication of information. Xero™, for example, is a software company which offers financial, accounting, and inventory management packages which automate and generate financial reports as well as various other functions. The creation of these types of systems has had a profound impact on the decision making process within the contemporary dynamic workplace. As stated in Stata, R, 1989, “The new information system is helping managers on both sides to understand their business better and to make better decisions” This wave of new information technology brings new responsibilities and skill requirements for employees as well as presenting novel challenges and opportunities for organisations. With automation of many traditional roles, employees may find themselves either redundant or in need of retraining to deal with the influx of new technology. Modern managers are put in situations in which they must make ethically difficult and challenging decisions. In this instance this essay will look at the decision making process used to evaluate whether new information technology should be invested in, and in this circumstance whether the employee whose job will be made...
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...Support positive risk taking in everyday life Explain ways in which risk is an integral part of everyday life, Risk for most people is an accepted part of everyday life e.g. catching a bus or walking to the shop etc... will carry some element of risk. Risk is associated with our health, safety, security, well being, employment, education, daily activities, using resources and equipment and community participation. Some adults such as those who are disabled or who are older are usually discouraged from taking risks with their budgeting, planning, employment and their daily living skills usually because people fear for their limitations or that they might hurt themselves or others. Everyone has the right to take risks and make decisions about their own lives, a balance should be found between service users participation in everyday activities and the carers duty of care. Social care and health policies are encouraging residents to increase their independence by being involved in the wider society such as leisure and work. It should be noted that it is impossible to eliminate risk completely, however minimising and being prepared for risk by preventative action. Supporting people to live independently by taking part of their lives means accepting that there are risks that cant be avoided but can be prepared for. Explain why individuals may have been discouraged or prevented from taking risks, For some services, approaches to risk have been a problem because they have...
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...Name: Kelvin Oaihimire Date: 10/29/14 Online Buying Process. The online product that I am familiar with and have purchased in the past is a pair of Nike running shoes. The evaluation of the buying process from the marketers point of view using the five stages of the buying process 1. Problem Recognition 2. Search and determination of alternatives 3. Evaluation of Alternatives 4. Purchase Decision 5. Post Purchase Decision Problem Recognition: This was the initial stage, in this initial stage I realized that I have a need for a pair of running shoes, then I begin the important step of the decision process. The need for the pair of running shoes arise as a result of me needing a comfortable and fancy shoe that I can use to work and stand long hours at the laboratory, thus prompting the decision process to purchase a running shoe A purchase cannot take place without the recognition of the need. I recognized the problem of the need for a running shoes then I start looking for the solution. The problem recognition stage was the first stage of the online buying process for a pair of running shoes. The problem recognition stage cannot be skipped in the buying process. Search and Determination of Alternatives: This is the second stage of the purchase process where I started looking for best and possible solutions to purchase the running shoes, after identifying the need for a pair of running shoes, that I have identified. The role of the internet or online search...
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...Behaviour Based On Facial Expressions ! ! ! Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of BITS C421T/422T ! Thesis By Utkarsh Agarwal, 2010A4TS312H ! ! Under the supervision of ! Mr. Durgesh Chandra Pathak ! ! BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS ! 12th March, 2014 ! ! ! ! Table Of Contents ! Abstract Introduction Universal Emotions Enjoyable Emotions Other Universal Emotions Decision-Making Process Consumer Psychology Facial Expressions in Marketing Conclusion 3 4 6 8 9 10 13 16 16 ! ! MID SEMESTER THESIS REPORT PAGE "2 OF "16 ! ! ! ! ! Abstract This thesis investigates the possibility and applications of measuring universal emotions and customer behaviour in retail environments from a marketing and advertising point of view using automated computerised systems. ! We start by exploring the theoretical findings from scientific literature, and describes the essence of universal emotions and their effect on decision-making process, examining how far emotions influence customers ́ purchases, recommendations and product evaluation. ! ! ! Then we explore some of the existing research done on automated facial expression and consumer behaviour recognition techniques and finally their implications and applications in various fields. The research might interest retail companies, particularly their marketing and sales professionals, as it demonstrates how focusing on customers emotions...
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...|Harvard ManageMentor — MAKING BUSINESS DECISIONS TOOLS | |Communications Notification Form* | |Once your team makes a decision, you need to communicate it to those responsible for implementing it and to everyone affected by it. Use this form to: | |Document the decision making process. | |Consider the impact of the decision on the culture of the organization (from an individual team member perspective). | |List the team members names and roles: | |1. Erin Tartaglia – Team Leader | |2. Christos Stavrakis – Content Expert | |3. Jillian Stephens – Devil’s Advocate | ...
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...cessful decisions make profit to the company and unsuccessful ones make losses. Therefore, corporate decision making process is the most critical process in any organization. In the decision making process, we choose one course of action from a few possible alternatives. In the process of decision making, we may use many tools, techniques, and perceptions. In addition, we may make our own private decision or may prefer a collective decision. Usually, decision-making is hard. Majority of corporate decisions involve some level of dissatisfaction or conflict with another party. Let.s have a look at the decision making process in detail. Step 1: Identification of the purpose of the decision: In this step, the problem is thoroughly analysed. There are a couple of questions one should ask when it comes to identifying the purpose of the decision. Step 2: Information gathering: A problem of an organization will have many stakeholders. In addition, there can be dozens of factors involved and affected by the problem. Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives: In this step, the baseline criteria for judging the alternatives should be setup. When it comes to defining the criteria, organizational goals as well as the corporate culture should be taken it to consideration. Step 4: Brainstorm and analyse the different choices: For this step, brainstorming to list down all the ideas is the best option. Before the idea generation step, it is vital to understand the causes of the...
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...The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process. Your name Name of Institution The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process Perception is more important than reality. It doesn’t matter what is reality if a person views it differently. One’s behavior is a direct result of the way he or she sees things. Two people may experience an event together, a car accident, for example; when interviewed there will be similarity in their accounts, but each will have a unique interpretation of the details. Why is this? According to Stephen P. Robbins, “The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important,” (Robbins, 2005, p. 134). Because people act on their perceptions, each person’s perception is his or her reality. This explains how reality can be different for different people. Perception must be considered in organizational behavior. Perception effects management decisions, whether deciding to hire a new employee, giving a performance review, or making a major decision regarding the direction to take their business. Perception also determines an employee’s job satisfaction and performance. Factors influencing perception are threefold, the perceiver, the situation, and the target or subject (Robbins, 2005, p. 135). One interprets situations or information in light of his or her own attitudes and experiences. If a person has had positive experiences in a similar situation, or with a similar type of manager...
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...to be served to customers. Then the whole team will cooperate, serve as regional offices on a mission to identify and secure rooms that meets those specific criteria. Everyone in the team have to remember their part of information in order to make sound decisions. The whole team will decide which rooms is prepared to be served and which are not. What we may not realize right away is that every move the team makes will have an effect on the final outcome. Choosing a room that does not meet the all requirements is costly, and will cause the decrease to the total revenue. The team which have the highest accuracy of getting the prepared room served to public will make the highest revenue and win the whole game. The challenge is for the team to make quick and quality decisions while confronting organizational problems. Although the whole process of the Leadout game is really fun, during the decision-making process, conflicts raised due to team members’ different level of risk taking, our regional managers were transferred, trust is undermined sometime and we doubted the decision. Risk must be considered and measured before making a decision, with the demand for quick decisions, team members were put into a dilemma to make decisions. However, this dilemma situation helped and taught our whole team to learn what the determinants of successful collaboration are. From a perspective of behavioral observation and emotional reaction, team...
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...Lecture №1. Introduction, Definition and History Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychologists use systematic scientific methods to understand behavior and human thought processes. Different branches of psychology have emerged to explore different topics and perspectives. Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology is the specialty area within psychology that studies human behavior in work settings. It is concerned with: - The study of behavior in work settings. - The application of psychology principles to change work behavior. Therefore I/O psychology has two objectives: 1. To conduct research in an effort to increase our knowledge and understanding of human work behavior. To apply that knowledge to improve work behavior, the work environment, and the psychological conditions of the worker. Roots and History of Industrial/Organizational Psychology The Beginnings. Around the turn of the 20th century, Frederick Taylor, an engineer, believed that scientific principles could be applied to the study of work behavior. “One best method” Time-and-motion studies - work tasks are broken down into simple movements. Scientific management, a movement started by Taylor, was a method of using scientific principlesto improve the efficiency and productivity of jobs. Drawbacks of Taylor’s philosophy: - Complex jobs, demanding sophisticated skills. - Fewer and fewer people are engaged in physical labor. - For some jobs there is no “one best...
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...and Archeology King Saud University ABSTRACT The theories of consumer decision-making process assume that the consumer’s purchase decision process consists of steps through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. However, this might not be the case. Not every consumer passed through all these stages when making a decision to purchase and in fact, some of the stages can be skipped depending on the type of purchases. The reasons for the study of consumer’s helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as: • The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); • The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); • The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; • Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; • How consumers’ motivation and decision strategies differ between products, that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and • How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. 2. Consumer Behavior The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related...
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