...Health Inquiry, Global Health Inequities Introduction: The Millennium Development Goals (or MDG) are a set of 8 goals set by the world’s nations in hope of reducing poverty by 2015. These 8 goals address poverty, education, equality, disease and the environment. Each goal has a targets and indicators we are aiming to achieve by 2015. The purpose of this report is to report on the history, objectives and constitution of the MDG’s and the success and effectiveness of the MDGs. History of MDGs: In the 1990’s the United Nation (UN) member states went through a historically extraordinary UN press conference process. This conference was aimed at building consensus on development priorities for the 21st century. However, at the end of the 1990’s the governments of the conference experienced conference fatigue and feared the process launched by the conferences was losing steam. In September 2000 in New York there was a large gathering of world leaders called the Millennium Summit. This was the largest gathering of world leaders in history including 189 UN member-states. At the Millennium Summit the United Nation Millennium Declaration was adopted as a result of a series of global conferences held during the 1990’s. The UN saw the Millennium Summit as an opportunity to bring back the development of priorities for the 21st century. It was at this Millennium Summit that the Millennium Declaration set in motion a global partnership and was signed by 147 heads of states....
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...Literature on the determinant of poverty is well established. However, there is a growing uncertainty on how to measure poverty. As previously noted in the introduction, there are studies that have used the money-matric approach (see for example, Glewwe, 1991; Meyer et al., 2003; Mukherjee and Benson, 2003; Datt and Jolliffe, 2005; Guzman et al., 2006; Muller, 2007; Akerele and Adewuyi, 2011), while other studies have applied the none-monetary approach ( see for example, Booysen, 2002; Sahn and Stifel, 2003; Sricharon and Buchenriede, 2006; Vyas and Kumaranayake, 2006; Simelani, 2007; Booysen et al., 2008; Bouhadi et al., 2008; Simelani, 2009; Achia et al., 2010; Ahmed and Sikande, 2011; Jawad et al, 2011; Epo and Baye, 2012; Tsehay and Bauer,...
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...Social Problems Chupical Shollah Manuel HIV is a long term social problem in most underdeveloped countries. This takes us directly beyond the epidemiological aspects of the disease to the social and economic dimensions. Many social studies have revealed that HIV and AIDS is fast becoming a social cancer and it can be understood if one was to assess the social structure and the availability of resources in the society. The most affected persons are those who live in the lower strata of the social stratification due to inequalities that comes with social structure. This paper serves to explain that HIV and AIDS is a social problem of poverty and it also looks at other factors such as religion, promiscuity and child rights which also result in the spread of the disease. It is undisputed to say that poverty is implicated in the prevalence in most developing world. Because these countries are generally poor people are normally forced to engage in activities that end up putting them at the risk of HIV. United Nations (2004) revealed that in South Africa more than 6 million people where living with HIV. The paper also revealed that the majority number who were affected were blacks who are generally poor who have no proper housing facilities, mal-nutritional, lack of safe water. Further research has suggested that Botswana and Zimbabwe have high prevalence of the disease due to the poor conditions which prevails in these countries. In Zimbabwe around 2 million people are said to...
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...with the aid of examples assess the view ethnicity in Africa serves to polarize otherwise connected groups. A conclusion based on the data used, and the analysis of material used will be given at the end of this academic work. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including history, tradition, myth, and origin. Scholars have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to ethnicity and ethnic conflict for a long time. Some, like Donald Horowitz, Ted Gurr, Donald Rothschild and Edward Azar, agree that the ethnic conflicts experienced today-- especially in Africa -- are deep rooted. These conflicts over race, religion, language and identity have become so complex that they are difficult to resolve or manage. Ethnicity has a strong influence on one's status in a community. Ethnic conflicts are therefore often caused by an attempt to secure more power or access more resources. The opinion of this study is that conflict in Africa is synonymous with inequality . Using Nigeria and South Africa as case studies, it compares the management of ethnic conflicts in both countries and shows the difficulties in managing deep-rooted and complex conflicts. The governments of Nigeria and South Africa have taken bold constitutional steps to reduce tension, but the continuing ethnic and religious conflicts raise questions about the effectiveness of these mechanisms. This study proposes, among other things, that ethnic conflict has...
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...practiced as polygyny, meaning one man having more than one wife; or as polyandry, meaning one woman having more than one husband. In sociobiology, polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. In a narrower sense, used by zoologists, polygamy includes a pair bond, perhaps temporary. Polygamy as stated earlier is the situation in which one man is either married to or involved in sexual relationships with a number of different women at one time (Magubane, 2003). This was the most common form of polygamy practiced by Mormons in the 19th century, and practiced today by self-identified fundamentalist offshoots (West and Jean, 2002). Polygamy existed all over Africa as an aspect of culture or religion. Plural marriages have been more common than not in the history of Africa. Many African societies saw children as a form of wealth thus the more children a family had the more powerful it was. Polygamy was and still is thought of as a part of empire building. It was only during the colonial era that plural marriage was perceived as taboo. Esther Stanford, an African focused lawyer states, “this decline was encouraged because the issues of property ownership conflicted with European colonial interest” (Douglas, 2006). This paper discusses polygamy in its entirety and how African women are affected by it. It explores social, emotional, psychological and physiological components of the group. Beginning a new life is a crucial part of life that can be...
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...the third world countries especially Africa. Globalization can be said to be a unitarization factor of the world hence making the world look like one whole entity. Globalization has both positive and negative impacts to Africa as a continent. It is no doubt that globalization has promoted greater respect for human rights, democracy, liberalized trading, technology, and contributed to the development of African press. This has strongly opened African countries to far greater scrutiny than in the past, making life hard for African governments to get away with excessive and blatant abuses of democratic leadership governance and transparency. Moreover, the technological revolution presupposes the free movement of goods, information, and people across national boundaries. It has an effect on employment patterns worldwide by the contribution to a great deal of outsourcing which is one of the best organizational and industry structure shifts these changes the way business operates. Further, Globalization is changing organizational structures where expenses can move up or down as the business climate dictates. In terms of positive economic opportunities globalization is the establishment of new economic opportunities for corporations, small businesses, through the access to global markets. Kenya has benefited from globalization by increasing the share of exports especially to the more industrialized African countries, for example; South Africa and Zimbabwe represent small markets for...
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...Introduction to Events (EV 201) Mr Grero Course Work 01 Effects of the FIFA 2010 World Cup on South Africa Visylia Ng (2B) ngvi110792 Sabrina Müller (2B) musa180688 October 06, 2011 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 2. Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 3 3. Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 3 4. Socio-Cultural Impacts............................................................................................................. 4 5. Developmental and Environmental Impacts ............................................................................ 5 6. Tourism and Economy Impacts ................................................................................................ 8 7. Political Impacts ................................................................................................................... 10 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 12 9. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 13 Page 2 Introduction The FIFA World Cup is...
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...AFRICAN POVERTY Duncan Kennedy* Abstract: African extreme poverty is probably a function (although not solely) of the balkanized post-colonial geopolitics of Africa. It is also probably a function (although not solely) of the income distribution generated by a typically perverse African political economy, through its effect on the allocation of resources to development. As between these two causes, the second is probably much the more important. This reinterpretation puts considerably more of the blame for African poverty on the Western great powers than does the “poverty trap” analytic that is a common contemporary way of thinking about the African economic situation. INTRODUCTION This essay, which really is an essay rather than a sustained scholarly encounter with the problem, proposes an alternative to the “poverty trap” analytic for understanding extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. The poverty-trap idea is well instantiated by the following quotation from Jeffrey and Lisa Sachs, and it is common among liberal Western commentators on African economy. For the world’s poorest people, daily life is a struggle for survival, with millions of impoverished people each year losing that struggle to famine, disease, environmental catastrophes, and violent conflicts that arise in conditions of extreme deprivation. . . . One basic point, not always remembered, is that impoverished countries lack their own budgetary resources needed to supply vital—indeed life-saving—services such...
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...GIRL-CHILD EDUCATION IN AFRICA BY PROFESSOR GRACE CHIBIKO OFFORMA DEAN, FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA KEYNOTE ADDRESS PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF THE UNIVERSITY WOMWNE OF AFRICA HELD IN LAGOS-NIGERIA ON 16TH – 19TH JULY, 2009. Introduction In this presentation, we will first of all try to explain the key concepts in the title, namely, girl-child and education. Then we will present and discuss the issues/factors in the girlchild education, citing examples from some African countries. Such issues include: access, equity, enrollment, retention/drop-out, and achievement in school subjects. Solutions of the constraints raised will be proffered. This conference is timely and apt. On Monday July 20, 2009, the President of Nigeria, President Musa Umaru Yar’Adua, GCFR, will flag off the National Campaign on access, while the Federal Minister of Education will launch the Roadmap for the Nigerian Education sector, which includes: Access and Equity Standards and Quality Assurance Technical and Vocational Education and Training, and Funding and Resource Utilization. In the course of this conference, we are going to discuss some of these and proffer recommendations which will be useful to the Federal Ministry of Education for effective implementation of the Minister’s roadmap. The Girl-Child The girl-child is a biological female offspring from birth to eighteen (18) years of age. This is the age before one becomes young adult. This period...
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...OVERALL FEEDBACK “For the first time CSI will tread where no man has trod before, and pave the way to the social reformation of South Africa.” The congress has become a reality and manifested a resounding success as we received excellent feedback from delegates who attended this event. The demand of our country has definitely changed from conferencing and workshops to active dialogues and practical outputs. This was accurately displayed when the panel discussions and dialogues superseded the conventional manner of conferencing. There was a remarkable shift from proclamation to accurate application. The CSI Congress has provided a moral order and accurately confronted specifics that will result in the eradication of systems in which the exploitation of resources leads to the poverty of the country. The CSI Congress primarily identified both the theoretical and practical strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches to measuring freedom, and clarified on which techniques are most suited for building sustainable systems towards excellence and to chart concrete directions for future research that will add value to SA`s sustainable corporate social development. This interactive dialogue was well attended by leaders in the Social & Development industry. We have joined forces and will together build a multidimensional economic framework for reducing poverty, improve service delivery and good governance along with redemptive freedom. DELEGATE REPRESENTATION: The congress started...
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...African Journal of History and Culture Vol. 3(5), pp. 65-72, June 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC ISSN 2141-6672 ©2011 Academic Journals Review A critique of modernization and dependency theories in Africa: Critical assessment J. Matunhu Department of Development Studies, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe. E-mail: matunhuj@msu.ac.zw. Accepted 6 April, 2011 The way states and development specialists rationalize how to commit economic resources to development is influenced, to a greater extent by their level of persuasion towards specific development theories. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on Africa’s development. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop Africa. The discourse pins hope on the African Renaissance theory of development. Key words: Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, African renaissance. INTRODUCTION Africa houses plentiful economic resources. Paradoxically, the continent languishes in poverty as evidenced by high prevalence of famine, disease and ignorance (Buthelezi, 2007). This presentation attributes the poverty to theories of development because the way society deals with underdevelopment is influenced by development theories. The presentation assesses the effect of modernity and dependency theories on Africa’s development and concludes by recommending the adoption of the African Renaissance theory to Africa’s development. In this presentation...
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...INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the study Increasing income to poor people has the vital importance in the development of any country. In this new era of globalization poverty is still a worldwide problem unlikely over and the past decades whereby inspite of increasing inequality in wealth between different part of the world the problem of spreaded localized war was dominant and the newly issues such as environmental degradation, international debt, religious fundamentalism and other form of competing, collectively identify both the potential the social dislocation turning to worldwide chaos. The concept of poverty is still debatable and this result into various dimension as far as the conceptual complexity has been understood in a series of fault line including individuals or household measures private consumption only or private consumption in plus publicly provided goods, monetary or monetary plus non-monetary components of poverty, snapshots or timeline, actual or potential poverty, stocks or flow measures of poverty, in put or output measures, absolute or relative poverty. The world bank target of reducing by one-half the portion of people on extreme poverty by 2015 requires the criterion for deciding if an individual or household is poor, it does this in economic term by measuring the persons income and establishing poverty line which represent an income level below which a person is held to be in extreme poverty (Allen etal, 2004) Poverty means lack of development while...
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...1. SOUTH AFRICA: NATIONALISATION AND THE MINING SECTOR As of late, the political atmosphere has been clouded with varying judgements on the great issue of whether South African mines should be nationalised or not. The camp in favour of nationalisation, Former President of ANC Youth League, Julius Malema echoes the words of the Freedom Charter in that “The National Wealth of our country… the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and the monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole”. The camp not in favour sees this vision in a different light. Nonetheless, this essay investigates the feasibility of nationalising the country’s mining sector from both a theoretical and empirical stand point. 2. WHERE IT’S ALL STARTED Nationalisation of mines has been called for in order to give back to the country as the government will have direct control over the sector. This, they believe, will present more employment opportunities, better working conditions for miners, a more efficient distribution of income and overall improvement in service delivery. Julius Malema (the main instigator behind the call for nationalisation), proposes that the state take a controlling share of 60% in all private mines, all which will be managed by a state owned mining firm (LeadershipOnline, n.d). According to Malema, nationalisation will achieve the following: ➢ Increase the State’s budget for social development objectives; ➢ Be a basis from which the...
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...DESTINATION REPORT TOWNSHIP TOURISM IN CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA BY XENIA FONG BSc (Hons) International hospitality Management TOURISM PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT CW2 NOVEMBER 2015 word count: 2714 TABLE OF CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IN NATIONAL 4 2.1 BEFORE 2000s 4 2.2 FROM 2000s-2010s 5 2.3 AFTER 2010s 6 3. TOWNSHIP TOURISM 7 3.1 TOWNSHIP TOURISM IN SOUTH AFRICA 7 3.2 TOWNSHIP TOURISM IN CAPE TOWN 8 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 10 5. REFERENCE 11 6. APPENDICES 13 6.1 ANNUAL VISITOR ARRICALS FOR OVERSEAS MARKETS COMPARED TO AFRICA 13 6.2 THE NATIONAL RESPONSIBLE TOURISM STRATEGY IN RELATION TO THE NTSS (2011) 13 6.3 THE VALUE CHAIN OF SOUTH AFRICAN TOURISM SECTOR 14 6.4 ATTRACTIONS OF LANDMARKS VISITED BY TOURIST IN SOUTH AFRICA 15 6.5 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE TOURISM PRODUCTS IN SUPPLIER SIDE 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report indicates and evaluates the tourism planning, strategies and challenges of South Arica in national and township tourism in the case of Cape Town. Tourism industry is one of the economic pillars for South Africa. The tourism framework in these two decades were moderated according to the White Paper on Tourism published in 1996. The most important principal, responsible tourism, to sustain the long-term strategy and development planning until current was suggested in the White Paper. Township tourism was considered...
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...Fairtrade and the impact on farmers’ lives Abstract Fairtrade is an organisation with the aim of improving the livelihoods of farmers from developing countries in order to support equality among people. The business is however often in the critique for procedures that are either not helpful for their farmers or even harm the market as a whole. This paper aims at analysing the Fairtrade standards as well as evidence from the literature with regard to the actual impact of the system. The results show that the standards set by Fairtrade are actually fair for their farmers, however a lack of transparency and traceability hinders their proper implementation. Furthermore, Fairtrade standards appear to have even negative effects on farmers that are not part of their organisation caused by rough price competitions as well as on the society as a whole since it hinders an autonomous development of the poor nations. Key Words: Fair Trade, Standards, Developing countries, Livelihood 1 1. Introduction The rising globalization has brought a lot of opportunities to developing countries since their agricultural products can now easily be purchased from all over the world. Due to poor economic, social and political conditions, their producers are however often underpaid and treated badly, while major corporations make the most profit out of it. While moral concerns about the origin of products are arising more and more within the last centuries in the western world, the...
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