1 Strayer University
2
|Assignment for Course: | |
|Submitted to: | |
| | |
|Submitted by: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Date of Submission: May 28, 2013 | |
|Title of Assignment: Poverty and Pollution | |
|Case Study | |
CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in this paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course.
Student’s Signature: ______________________________
Instructor’s Grade on Assignment:
Instructor’s Comments:
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Assignment #2 Business Ethics BUS309
Determine the ethical implications of business polluting in a third world country. Explain your rationale.
In various third world countries many of the big business takes advantage of the fact they can leave enormous destruction to the environment. Before they leave they exploit all the resources of the country and leave vast amounts of pollution behind them. Instead of using the proper procedures of removing waste, businesses frequently use short cuts and have no regard for the environment and the people (Walker, 2008).
The third world countries are regularly exploited by developed countries, especially for their labor force because it is normally considerably cheaper in comparison to the workforce in developed countries. This is because in the developed countries there are many more rights and regulations for workers including a minimum wage which can be higher than the wages of third world workers. The developed world exploits the third worlds' economy by paying low prices for the goods and services that they sell which usually includes primary goods such as raw materials(Walker, 2008). The exploited labor is normally where workers are made to work for long hours for low rates in very poor working conditions such as faulty factory structures and sweatshops. Most of these workers are very poor and have very little or no education and no health care service. The governments of these developed countries can exploit the third world through trade agreements which favor them and don't take into account the devastation of the third world (Walker, 2008).
In order to make money big businesses rather neglect the moral laws. They would rather make immense profits than take responsibilities on the damage they cause on land, and other environmental constitutes. These businesses, especially those from western countries, dump their waste and other hazardous materials into the third world countries where it is almost no consequences for their actions (Walker, 2008).
Another ethical implication is these businesses find it better pollute the third world countries that are many miles away from where they live. Businesses are willing to keep the environment of their homeland clean while at the same time pollute other less fortunate countries. They believe that it is okay ethically to pollute the third world countries since they do not have the laws that restrict their actions (Walker, 2008).
The amount of waste that the big business creates and dump make other problems in the third world countries to occur. To name a few water pollution, air pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification are some of the consequences that these third world countries face due to the pollution these companies (Walker, 2008).
Suggest the reasons a business may conduct operations in a third world country and disregard any standards of pollution control. Various companies that want to increase their businesses look into doing so in third world countries. They only consider financial benefits that they are to gain from setting up in these countries. Taking into consideration the low real estate costs, low labor rates, and very low construction costs take it takes to operate in these countries. The organizations find it to be affordable if they pollute the environment as long as the company is not being at a loss if they pay for damages (Bardy, 2012). Another reason is the legal system in the third world countries. The legalities in these third world countries are not as strict as developed countries. The businesses as a result find it very suitable to set up in the countries and expect great profit margins. They therefore do not care about pollution as long as they make large profits (Bardy, 2013).
There are many examples that indicate once a particular level of economic growth has been obtained, the pollution levels increase at the same time (Watts, 2013). Economic progress and development brings advancements in technologies; many of them create fewer pollutants. The relationship between economic progress and pollution is not always permanent but it depends on a few factors such as what is acceptable in the society and their social living conditions.
Investigations show that the growth in population is a major force in economic development and a source of environmental pollution. (Watts, 2013) Noted that the number of people in a certain area determines the economic development of that place therefore the overall livelihood activities leads to pollution. A greater part of governments around the world have advanced strategies to improve the living conditions of their people around and this is expected to spark an increase of pollution in the world.
According to (Bardy, 2012), pollution levels naturally rise as consumers in middle income countries obtain goods such as cars and industry becomes a larger percentage of GDP. Also, in middle income countries, growth in GDP per ca-pita is usually the most important economic policy goal. With this constraint, environmental concerns are seen as being of secondary importance. (Bardy, 2012) also noted that environmental damage that occurs early in the process of economic development may in some cases be irreversible.
Support the argument that human beings have a moral right to a livable environment regardless of the country they live in. Human beings have a right to live in a conducive environment for their well-being no matter the country they live in. be it in the developed or the developing countries, they have a moral right to live in a pollution free environment. All people deserve ethical right for habitable surroundings, despite the nation the nation they may live. This right involves only minimal and basic duties on the part of others. Also this is on the basis that environment is one such thing that is now fully established as important for allowing human beings to fulfill their capacities. (Watts, 2013) says that a right to a livable environment need not imply a right to pristine and pure air and water but it would prohibit a laissez faire policy in regard to dumping toxic wastes, polluting the oceans with garbage, sewage and burning coal. (Watts, 2013) also says that carbon dioxide pollution would be wrong if it harmed other human beings by threatening their health or property. After learning the harmful effects of harmful pollutants might not occur for generations the ethical concepts such as duties and rights should be extended for the future generations. All men deserve a good living environment because future age groups will need a various normal and good ecological resources. (Bardy,2012) says because of the uncertainty of the future, it is still possible to come up with moral ending on present ecological manners. In the future it should be noted that people will be affected by the damaged caused to environment by the present generations. (Bardy, 2012) consequently the right to a livable environment will ensure that measurable fatalities of then environment do not have effects on the next regeneration capability which will guarantee quality life and livable environment of all people despite their country of origin.
Take a position on whether wealthy nations have an obligation to provide poorer nations with, or help them develop, greener industries and sources of energy. Explain your rationale
Wealthy nations are obligated to provide poorer nations with greener industries and energy sources. According to (Watts, 2012), developed countries should invest in research and development with a view of making green industries more efficient and reliable, as well as improve quality. The result will be dramatic increase in production with a corresponding decline in the cost of renewable energy technologies. (Watts, 2012) indicted that to have the desired effect of a green revolution these cost savings need to be transferred to developing countries. This implicates that developed countries need to pay more attention to promoting use of green energy and to establishing sources of green energy in developing nations.
It is essential that developed countries help developing countries financially so that they could fight with the danger caused by the incident of global warming. World donor organizations are exclusively suited to accelerate the development of renewable energy and to facilitate its transfer to developing countries. (Watts, 2012) says that the use of large purchases can accelerate investments in the production of renewable energy equipment in developing countries. Since developed countries have the finances and expertise in terms of technology and human resources, they should help developing countries to come up with green industries and renewable sources of energy. Financing from developed nations will play a key role in the development of green industries and adoption of clean energy in the developing countries.
The funding plans from developed countries are supposed to minimize transaction costs, bear high quality products, and engage financiers through the establishment of funding methods with multinational banks such as the World Bank. Studies indicate that funding is the most successful in combination in association with strategies such as fiscal incentives and the construction of advertising. Developed countries should also come up with incentives to award energy reserves or the production of alternative sources of clean energy. This can be achieved through purchasing carbon credits in developing countries especially where green technologies are in place (Watts, 2013).
3 Propose a plan for uniform global pollution control standards and how you would enforce them.
A plan is for the governments to intervene and give rationale on the advantages of the policies that may be set forth in the pollution control system. Standard policy prescriptions should therefore be of importance. These policies must aim on the reduction of pollution by either domestic persons or industries. Governments and other anti-pollution environmentalists should ensure that pollutants are uniformly dispersed and ambient quality improved or protected by curbing emissions overall. The command and control policies should constrain emissions from each source. They should also not allow the industries to trade the right to pollute the environment (Van, 2010).
Uniform global pollution standards that limited and appropriate scales of emissions are developed and ensure that companies that exceed those limits are fined based on set standards. (Van, 2010) says that global companies are entailed to abide by these guidelines. Multinational companies are grouped based on set regulations and classified on basis of performance. A performance regulation details a definite intensity of conformity that should accomplish and met.
The proposal specifies not only the necessary intensity of performance but also the earnings of reaching that point. A good example is the management of emissions produced by automobiles through installing devices and equipments that reduce such emissions (Van, 2010). Also pollution fees or pollution permits are another type of control. Both plans are more flexible and are depended on the market place to manage emissions more proficiently than the use of regulations. (Van, 2010) noted that with the help of this type of control, if a firm opts to reduce its emissions the bigger costs of implementing such plans will also fall down. The significant aspect is enforcing certain monetary remittance cannot induce the use of technology but not true they give companies the motivation to search for the lesser cost alternatives to reduce the pollution fines.
Finally, the implementation of liability rules will aid to curb of pollution equally all around the world. If the monitoring of actions to avoid pollution or damage is expensive, a liability rule can substitute the regulations (Van, 2010).
In conclusion, all business big or small firms in developed and developing countries that are pollutants will recede due to these policies. Pollution and environmental degradation is easily done when all the bodies and policies in them work together towards the same goals, that is making the world a livable place for all (Van, 2010).
References
Bardy, R., Drew, S., & Kennedy, T. (2012). Foreign Investment and Ethics: How to Contribute to Social Responsibility by Doing Business in Less-Developed Countries. Journal Of Business Ethics, 106(3), 267-282. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0994-7
Walker, B. (2008). Microlending and world poverty - pollution and immigration will not fix the problem. (Vol. 18, p. 4). Michigan: The Social Contract Press. DOI: LimitsToGrowth.org
Watts, H. D., Drakakis-Smith, D. W., & Dixon, C. J. (2013). Multinational Corporations and the Third World. London: Taylor and Francis.
VAN ROOIJ, B. (2010). Greening Industry Without Enforcement? An Assessment of the World Bank's Pollution Regulation Model for Developing Countries. Law & Policy, 32(1), 127- 152. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2009.00311.x
Headings and Their Placement
According to APA Manual 6th edition, the following are the main heading levels used for long papers: None are underlined or bolded and usually student papers use levels five, one, three and four for their papers. See color-coded headings in THIS TEXT.
(5 - CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
1 - Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2 - Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3 - Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
4 - Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
For Example:
EXPERIMENT 1: AN INTERVIEW VALIDATION STUDY
External Validation
Methods Used for Validation
Participants in the Study Sleep-deprived group. Sleep-deprived individuals under this study confirmed that their productivity decreases under this condition. Productivity increased when they received proper amount of sleep. 