...2014 Active Mode Subclock Power Gating Jatin N. Mistry, Member, IEEE, James Myers, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, Fellow, IEEE, David Flynn, Senior Member, IEEE, John Biggs, Member, IEEE, and Geoff V. Merrett, Member, IEEE Abstract— This paper presents a technique, called subclock power gating, for reducing leakage power during the active mode in low performance, energy-constrained applications. The proposed technique achieves power reduction through two mechanisms: 1) power gating the combinational logic within the clock period (subclock) and 2) reducing the virtual supply to less than Vth rather than shutting down completely as is the case in conventional power gating. To achieve this reduced voltage, a pair of nMOS and pMOS transistors are used at the head and foot of the power gated logic for symmetric virtual rail clamping of the power and ground supplies. The subclock power gating technique has been validated by incorporating it with an ARM Cortex-M0 microprocessor, which was fabricated in a 65-nm process. Two sets of experiments are done: the first experimentally validates the functionality of the proposed technique in the fabricated test chip and the second investigates the utility of the proposed technique in example applications. Measured results from the fabricated chip show 27% power saving during the active mode for an example wireless sensor node application when compared with the same microprocessor without subclock power gating. Index Terms— Active...
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... 2. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS Topics: • PLC History • Ladder Logic and Relays • PLC Programming • PLC Operation • An Example Objectives: • Know general PLC issues • To be able to write simple ladder logic programs • Understand the operation of a PLC 2.1 INTRODUCTION Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls. PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer. • Cost effective for controlling complex systems. • Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily. • Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control. • Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime. • Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure. 2.1.1 Ladder Logic Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed...
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...A 14-TRANSISTOR LOW POWER HIGH-SPEED FULL ADDER CELL Bhargav Repuri 200930023 K .Pradyumna reddy 200930021 Abstract—This paper describes ihe design of a high-speed low-power I-bit full adder cell. The main design objectives for this adder circuit are low power consumption and higher speed at low supply voltage. Using pseudo-NMOS together with two inverters this adder cell has been designed in 0.18-11CMOS process. Considering transistor chaining, grouping, and signal sequencing in our proposed adder layout which all have noticeable impacts on the circuit performance, shows substantial power saving and speed improvement at no area penalty. Inverters act as drivers. Therefore, each stage will not suffer degradation in its deriving capabilities. This saves power, area, and time. Keywords-component; Full Adder, Low power, High-speed Introduction (Heading 1) To respond to the shifting high-performance digital signal processing (DSP) and central processing unit (CPU) chip to low-power demand high-speed and low-power arithmetic circuits such as adders and multipliers have been required. Adder as a main building block of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) has been under extensive interest. Addition is also a crucial operation because it involves a carry propagation step. In order to achieve low-power performance for the adder structure with high-speed characteristic, different low-power techniques [I] and high-speed circuit design [2] have been introduced...
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...Installation Instructions PanelView Plus 700 to 1500 and PanelView Plus Compact 1000 Terminals and Display Modules Catalog Numbers 2711P-Kxxxx, 2711P-Txxxx, 2711P-Bxxxx, 2711P-RDxxxx, 2711PC-T10C4D1 Topic Important User Information Environment and Enclosure Hazardous Locations Wiring and Safety Guidelines About the PanelView Plus 700 to 1500 Terminals Parts List Required Tools Install the Terminal DC Power Connections AC Power Connections Battery Precautions Troubleshooting Specifications Additional Resources Page 2 3 4 8 8 10 10 10 16 20 22 24 28 30 About This Publication This document provides instructions on how to install these devices in a panel. • Factory-assembled PanelView Plus or PanelView Plus CE 700 to 1500 terminals • PanelView Plus or PanelView Plus CE 700 to 1500 display modules • Factory-assembled PanelView Plus Compact 1000 terminal For complete information on installing, wiring, and troubleshooting the terminals, refer to the publications listed under Additional Resources. 2 PanelView Plus 700 to 1500 and PanelView Plus Compact 1000 Terminals and Display Modules Important User Information Solid state equipment has operational characteristics differing from those of electromechanical equipment. Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation and Maintenance of Solid State Controls (Publication SGI-1.1 available from your local Rockwell Automation sales office or online at http://literature.rockwellautomation.com) describes some important differences...
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...FUZZY CONTROLLER BASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR POWER TRANSFORMER iii CONTENTS Page no. * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (i) * CERTIFICATE (ii) * CONTENTS (iii) * ABSTRACT (iv) CHAPTER 1: 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 MOTIVATION FOR UNDERTAKING THE PROJECT. 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE. CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT. CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT. CHAPTER 5: 5.1 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULT AND CONCLUSION. 5.2 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULT AND CONCLUSION. REFERENC iv ABSTRACT The power transformer is an essential component of electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring and effective protection...
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...LOGIC GATES In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs, and produces a single logical output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device[1] (see Ideal and real op-amps for comparison). Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be described with Boolean logic. Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million gates. In practice, the gates are made from field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). Compound logic gates AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often employed in circuit design because their construction using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient than...
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...144 CHAPTER 6 NOVEL DESIGN OF ALU 6.1 INTRODUCTION The computation unit is the main unit of any technology, which performs different arithmetic operations like as addition, subtraction and multiplication etc. and logical operations like AND, OR, invert, XOR etc. which is a dominant feature in the digital domain based applications. The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) perform all the arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various conditions encountered during processing and they allow different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are the inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands. The ALU relies on basic items to perform its operations. The ALU is called as the heart of microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs because no technology can exist without those operations performed by ALU. 6.2 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT An Arithmetic Logic Unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors were found inside modern CPUs and graphics 145 processing units (GPUs) that accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs. A single component may contain a number of ALUs. Most of...
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...1. Programmable logic controller is a special purpose computer designed for single use or one of several controllers on a automation network for the control of a wide variety of manufacturing machines and systems using one of five programming languages. 3. Today PLC is a 6.5 billion dollar company, and growing 20% per year. 4. Similarities of PLC and PC are both have similar architecture, both have motherboards, processor, memory, and expansion cards. Differences are PLC has no removable disk drives and PLC’s do not have a monitor. 5. 7. The primary difference is the virtual relay used in PLC ladder logic program is only limited by size of PLC memory, physical relay used in relay ladder logic is limited to number of poles present on relay selected. 8. input contacts on a relay logic diagram represent actual components and contacts present in control system, input instructions in PLC ladder logic only represent data values stored in PLC. 10. The processor handles all logical operations and performs all the mathematical computations. Power supply provides power to processor and modules plugged into rack. The input interface provides link between processor and external devices that measures conditions in production area. Output interface is a location for termination of wiring and signal conditioner to provide proper voltage and output drive power required by output field devices. 12. 17. Reliability was then and continues...
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...Atila Alvandpour, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper describes an ultra-low power SAR ADC for medical implant devices. To achieve the nano-watt range power consumption, an ultra-low power design strategy has been utilized, imposing maximum simplicity on the ADC architecture, low transistor count and matched capacitive DAC with a switching scheme which results in full-range sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are among the most critical and power hungry components of medical implant devices for measurements of various electrophysiological...
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...1. Abstract: Man is an ambitious creator. He has conquered the world of science and has reached to this 21ST century. In pre-cuts of perfection, He has cared much for automation and product quality which is directly co related to electronics. In this fact developing society, electronic has come to stay as the most important branch of Engineering. Electronic devices are being used in almost all the industries for quality control and automation. They have become a fast replacement of present workers army which is engaged in processing and assembling of the factory. In this fact developing society, electronic has come to stay as the most important branch of Engineering. Electronic devices are being used in almost all the industries for quality control and automation. They have become a fast replacement of present workers army which is engaged in processing and assembling of the factory. 2. Problem statement: The objective of this project is to make a device with the help of PLC which can control automatically the devices connected with it, the PLC we are using is Siemens LOGO module, we control the street light, home appliances, Lamp Flasher, and star delta starter. The PLC helps us in automatic control of devices with its output signal; we can also provide the time delay using timers. 1 3. Purpose of the Project: An engineer discovers new ideas and identifies opportunities in various sectors of national economy. He explores the possibilities of starting adventures infield...
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... Accumulator Accumulator Arithmetic Logic Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Control Unit Memory Memory Component | Function | Arithmetic Logic Unit | Control operations between all components of the computer. | Accumulator | Store the result of the last calculation.Registers that store temporary numbers,And can be hard-wired to the logic unit.They we developed so that fewer bits couldBe used for instructions and operands. | Control Unit | Controls operations betweenAll components of the computer. | Input | Provides data to the computer from the user. | Memory | Stores program instructions and data. | Output | Displays data to the user. | Task 2: These are the common input, output, and memory components: Component | Function | Input | Keyboard, Mouse, Gaming Controller, Microphone, Camera | Magazines | Video Display, Speaker, Printer, Mouse | Memory | Motherboard RAM, system BIOS ROM, hard disk, CD/DVD disk, speakers | There are some devices that are both input and output devices. These include modems, network adapters, and expansion ports such as USB, FireWire, and PCMCIA slots. Similarities | Differences | Power Saving: Both types of computers can hibernate or sleep when...
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...DAC switching, DAC reset, the analog part of the prediction judgement, the digital part of the prediction judgement, SAR control logic, comparator and memory. Without the algorithm, the energy is consumed by seven operations/blocks: DAC switching, DAC reset, SAR control logic, comparator and memory. It can be seen that without memory, every part consume less power. Moreover, in the prototype chip, all the circuits are powered by 3.3V supply, so the digital components used a large portion of energy in both the two cases. If fabricated by an advanced...
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...Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967 (US patent 3,356,858). CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor (or COS-MOS). The words "complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Since one transistor of the pair is always off, the series combination draws significant power only momentarily during switching between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS devices do not produce as much waste heat as other forms of logic, for example transistor-transistor logic(TTL) or NMOS logic, which normally have some standing current even when not changing state. CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips. The phrase "metal–oxide–semiconductor" is a reference to the physical...
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...Department of Information Technology ENDT200: Introduction to Programming Credit Hours: 3 Length of Course: 8 Weeks Prerequisite(s): None | Table of Contents | Instructor Information | Evaluation Procedures | Course Description | Grading Scale | Course Scope | Course Outline | Course Objectives | Policies | Course Delivery Method | Academic Services | Course Resources | Selected Bibliography | Instructor Information | Instructor: Jason T. Black, PhD (also called “Dr. B”) Email: Use the Messages feature in the classroom to email me. Table of Contents Course Description (Catalog) | This course introduces students to writing computer programs. The class presents the principles of structured programming using the BASIC language, perhaps the most common language for personal computers. Because of its ease of use it is ideal as a first programming language and runs on both the PC and Macintosh platforms. The course is designed for people without previous programming experience who do not necessarily plan on becoming professional programmers. However, the knowledge gained in the class can be applied later to other languages such as C and Java. Participants learn to solve problems logically by breaking them into smaller pieces, which can then be solved. Topics include: introduction to computing - how does a computer work?; input and output - getting information to and from the user; variables and expressions - performing arithmetic; data...
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...A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) is an industrial computer control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices. In the late 1960's PLCs were first introduced. The primary reason for designing such a device was eliminating the large cost involved in replacing the complicated relay based machine control systems. Bedford Associates (Bedford, MA) proposed something called a Modular Digital Controller (MODICON) to a major US car manufacturer. Other companies at the time proposed computer based schemes, one of which was based upon the PDP-8. The MODICON 084 brought the world's first PLC into commercial production. When production requirements changed so did the control system. This becomes very expensive when the change is frequent. Since relays are mechanical devices they also have a limited lifetime which required strict adhesion to maintenance schedules. Troubleshooting was also quite tedious when so many relays are involved. Now picture a machine control panel that included many, possibly hundreds or thousands, of individual relays. The size could be mind boggling. How about the complicated initial wiring of so many individual devices! These relays would be individually wired together in a manner that would yield the desired outcome. Were there problems? You bet! These "new controllers" also had to be easily programmed by maintenance and plant engineers. The lifetime...
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