...actually has the condition? (Note that this is presumably not the same as the simple probability that a random person has the condition, which is 1 just 20 .) This is an example of a conditional probability: we are interested in the probability that a person has the condition (event A) given that he/she tests positive (event B). Let’s write this as Pr[A|B]. How should we define Pr[A|B]? Well, since event B is guaranteed to happen, we should look not at the whole sample space Ω , but at the smaller sample space consisting only of the sample points in B. What should the conditional probabilities of these sample points be? If they all simply inherit their probabilities from Ω , then the sum of these probabilities will be ∑ω ∈B Pr[ω ] = Pr[B], which in general is less than 1. So 1 we should normalize the probability of each sample point by Pr[B] . I.e., for each sample point ω ∈ B, the new probability becomes Pr[ω ] Pr[ω |B] = . Pr[B] Now it is clear how to define Pr[A|B]: namely, we just sum up these normalized probabilities over all sample points that lie in both A and B: Pr[A|B] := ∑ ω ∈A∩B Pr[ω |B] = Pr[ω ]...
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...Finals Amos Rolle BA460 Public Relations Professor Emily Hachman 4 January, 2015 Question 1 Imagine you have been hired to manage the PR function for a startup company specializing in environmental concerns and preservation. Develop a high level PR plan that will carry you through the first six months of the company’s launch. Keep in mind initial startup tasks that might include reaching out to key stakeholders or customers, or explaining the nature of your company to others. A – By definition, Public Relations (PR) is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. PR planning efforts determines the possible future course of actions for the company initiatives for maintaining PR. The below table details a plan of PR activities for the next six months of the company which is specialized in environmental concerns and preservation: |Month |Schedule PR Events |Target Public | |1st Month |Release Mission statement to Media/Press detailing the mission and goals of the |Community | | |company to the society. | | |2nd Month |Using electronic social media, the company information is included as a part...
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...Relations (PR) is defined in many ways. PR is the management of perception. It involves managing publics perception about someone or an entity like a company. However, it may also focus on a particular product or service of a company. The First World Assembly of Public Relations Associates, held in Mexico City in 1978 defines PR as “the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counseling organizational leaders, and implementing planned programs of action which will serve both the organization and the publics interest” (Gary Solomon/University of Phoenix, 2012). However, the British define PR as “Reputational Management.” The Britain’s definition of PR focuses on reputation and the result of what you do and what you say and what others say about you. They also say that PR is about managing reputation in a way that it warrants understanding and support, and also influences opinion and behavior” (Gary Solomon/University of Phoenix, 2012). According to "PRSA Public Relations Society Of America" (2012), “Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics” (What is Public Relations? PRSA's Widely Accepted Definition). Through the paragraph above, one can learn that there are different ways to define PR and although each is different to a degree, they are not independent of each other. Each build from one another and each provides a different perspective of PR. The...
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...PR notes Ch1 PR is a leadership and management function that helps achieve organizational objectives, define philosophy, and facilitate organizational change. Public relation is a two way communication between organization and publics; PR practitioners communicate with all internal and external public to create positive relationship between the firm’s goals and societal expectations. Moreover, PR tries to affect public opinion through its persuasive communication. The question is who are the publics? A public is a group of people who have a common interest in a specific situation. When the interests and values of particular publics meet with the interests and values of particular organizations, relationships are born; including 1- Media 2- Employees 3- Governmental officials 4- Community leaders 5- Financial analysts Publics are important to the organization because those publics have resources that those organizations need to fulfil their values-driven goals. They become a public once they recognize an issue, understand its relevance to them, and then talk about it or even organize to do something about it. What PR practitioners do? PR practitioners bring such a diversity of skills and programmatic capabilities to their jobs, PR do a lot of activities such as writing press releases, speeches, news letters, and announcements. They also do 1- Research 2- Counceling/ advising 3- Government affairs 4- Investor relations 5- Development or fund...
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...Public relations officer:Job description Public relations (PR) is about managing reputation. This career field aims to gain understanding and support for clients as well as to influence opinion and behaviour. PR officers use all forms of media and communication to build, maintain and manage the reputation of their clients. These range from public bodies or services to businesses and voluntary organisations. They communicate key messages, often using third party endorsements, to defined target audiences in order to establish and maintain goodwill and understanding between an organisation and its public. PR officers monitor publicity and conduct research to find out the concerns and expectations of an organisation's stakeholders. They then report and explain the findings to its management. Typical work activities A PR officer often works in-house and can be found in both the private and public sectors, from the utility and media sectors to voluntary and not-for-profit organisations. Some PR officers may be based in consultancies. The role is very varied and will depend on the organisation and sector. Tasks often involve: * planning, developing and implementing PR strategies; * liaising with colleagues and key spokespeople; * liaising with and answering enquiries from media, individuals and other organisations, often via telephone and email; * researching, writing and distributing press releases to targeted media; * collating and analysing media coverage; * writing...
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...Public Relations face through social media could be among the investor relation or competitors in one same thing which might affect the public’s view and response towards our message. For example there is multiple channel now days such as email, blogs, social media, Youtube and many more CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES According to the survey topic, there are few challenges that face is the power of images. Image-driven content not only increases consumer engagement and retention it also drives more sales. Facebook lead in most revenue per visitor among all social media platforms thanks to their focus on images and videos and predicts next-generation press releases to be disseminated via videos and social media posts. The measurement is where PR campaigns require measurement to demonstrate success or failure....
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...MAPP Message- what you want your audience to know (information), make it clear, make the message simple; break it down. You want people to believe, sell people on an idea. Audience- think of your audience first then think about how you are going to portray your message. Purpose- what do you want your audience to do and you are doing it. Presentation- is almost always a physical thing. What is public relations? Public Relations- is the management function that identifies, established and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the various publics on whom its success or failure depends. * Communication can be external and internal. Keywords: Deliberate Planned Performance Public Interest Two-way Management function Challenges * PR is multifaceted Global * An estimated 3 million people practice public relations world wide Definitions * A number of definitions; often defined as publicity in a newspaper, television interview, or red carpet events Learning the ROPES Research-identifying and learning the client, what their problem is, and what there is. Objectives- Setting objectives to solve your problem. Programming- Planning out how you’re going to do the project. Evaluation- how you adjust and making sure you are addressing the objectives. Stewardship- Making sure it all flows together. Areas of public relations: Counseling Research Media relations Publicity Employee/member relations Community...
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...proper performance, based on mutually satisfactory two-way communication * Public relations helps an organization and its publics to mutually adapt to each other. * Public relations is an organization’s efforts to win the cooperation of groups of people * Sharpe’s 5 Principles * Honest communication for credibility * Openness and consistency for confidence * Fairness of actions for reciprocity, goodwill * Two-way communication to build relationships * Research and evaluation to determine actions and to adjust for social harmony * Roles of PR * 1. Management * To succeed, public relations must report to top management, unimpeded by any other group. * 2. Action * True public relations cannot take place without ethical, consistent action. No amount of persuasion will cover up for poor performance. * PR as a management interpreter * Public relations professionals interpret these roles of management to the public * Philosophies * Policies * Programs * Practices * PR as public interpreter * To management, public relations practitioners interpret the public’s: * Opinions * Needs * Desires * Management needs to know what the public thinks about an organization and its practices * PR professional key knowledge areas: * The field ...
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...is talking to someone in the phone* President: I’ve read what the Philippine Daily Inquirer had written. What are we going to do? How are we going to face the public now? How are we going to maintain our good relationship with them? How are we going to convince them that we didn’t do anything wrong? I want to see you in my office as soon as possible. Secretary: Ma’am, Our PR team is here to see you. President: Wow that was fats. Ok let them in. PR 1: Good morning Ma’am. I read the news in the newspaper, and we immediately came to put an action plan. PR2: We shall act fast before others could make up other stories. President: What are you guys planning to do? PR 2: You should go around Metro Manila and check for the problem yourself. PR1: In that way, the people will see that this problem is big enough to involve the high management. President: They would see that I am really affected by the issue and I am concern that they might be in danger. I like that plan. Secretary: I will put your visit plans on your schedule Ma’am. PR 1: Then it will be better if you go face the public in a press conference. PR 2: We will do a speech for you sir. President: Ok great. Scene 3 Pr1: I was wondering, where did the basis of the article come from? PR2: well it says that it was based on the Manila City Health department Records of 1998-1999 PR1: So from the article itself it...
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...probability of an event is simply the fraction of possible outcomes that make up the event. So many of the rules we developed for finding the cardinality of finite sets carry over to Probability Theory. For example, we’ll apply an Inclusion-Exclusion principle for probabilities in some examples below. In principle, probability boils down to a few simple rules, but it remains a tricky subject because these rules often lead unintuitive conclusions. Using “common sense” reasoning about probabilistic questions is notoriously unreliable, as we’ll illustrate with many real-life examples. This reading is longer than usual . To keep things in bounds, several sections with illustrative examples that do not introduce new concepts are marked “[Optional].” You should read these sections selectively, choosing those where you’re unsure about some idea and think another example would be helpful. 2 Modelling Experimental Events One intuition about probability is that we want to predict how likely it is for a given experiment to have a...
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...comes to mind when you think about how these executives in those corporations have taken advantage of their employees, creditors, suppliers and other corporations in order to make extra profits and bigger bonuses is found in the book of Proverbs. According to the word of God in the New American Standard Bible (1995), “He who oppresses the poor to make more for himself or gives to the rich, will only come to poverty” (Pr 22:16). The book of Proverbs does not leave its readers wondering as to its purpose. At the very onset we are clearly told the author’s intention. Proverbs 1:2-6 tells us that the purpose of these proverbs is to teach people wisdom and discipline and to help them understand wise sayings. Through these proverbs, people will receive instructions in discipline, good conduct, and doing what is right, just, and fair. The book of Proverbs is simply about godly wisdom, how to obtain it, and how to use it in everyday living. This wisdom assumes that there is a right way and a wrong way to live. It gives direction to our lives and keeps us in step with the fabric of life that God has created (NASB, 1995). Proverbs 22:16 shows that we will seek others to satisfy our wants. This reliance on others usually goes past getting a helping hand or charity and turns to fulfilling our wants versus God’s truth. “Commit your works unto the Lord and your plans will be established” (Pr 16:3) and “A good name is to be more desired than great riches” (Pr 22:1). The...
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...Honduras is a small country based in Central America; it is about the size of Tennessee. It borders the Caribbean Sea and is between the countries of Guatemala and Nicaragua. This country was once part of the Spanish empire and became an independent nation in 1821. It’s population consisted of seven percent of Mayan Indian descendants, ninety percent of Mestizos (indigenous Mayan mixed with Spanish and Europeans), along with 2 percent of blacks, and one percent of whites. Honduran terrain consist largely of a mountainous interior with coastal plains lining it lower perimeter. The official language is Spanish, yet dialects in Mayan and African do exist in various isolated regions. The citizens of Honduras live in mostly small rural areas in family units having the same neighbors for years. There are a few small metropolitan areas, the two largest being its capital, Tegucigalpa, and San Pedro Sula. The national religion is Roman Catholic, however, there is much credit given to its past culture infused with Mayan lore. Financially, Honduras is the second poorest nation in Central America and one of the poorest in the Western Hemisphere. It relies heavily on its agricultural exports, mostly of bananas and coffee. Most of its economic growth depends on the United States economy. There is a large divide in the small rich upper class and the rest of its residents which remain in poverty. Most of the decisions are made by the affluent ruling class, and based...
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...Trends in Public Relations Until recently most public relations activity involved person-to-person contact between PR professionals and members of the media, such as journalists and television news reporters. However, several trends are developing that alter the tasks performed by PR people. In most cases these changes are the result of new Internet technologies that are quickly gaining widespread acceptance among Internet users and are becoming new media outlets in their own right. Trends include: Updating Corporate News Corporate Blogs Social Media RSS Feeds Podcasting Search Engine Optimization PR Trends: Updating Corporate News Developing websites has long been a time-consuming and often overly technical undertaking for the vast majority of marketers. However, this changed with the evolution of easier to use website development applications, called content management systems (CMS), which allow for quick creation and convenient updating of site information. With CMS those with access, including public relations personnel, can add information on a regular basis. In addition, posting company news to websites can be tied to social media and RSS feeds, thereby allowing for automatic notification. Many journalists and other media members are finding social media and RSS feeds to be a more convenient way to acquire information, particularly if they follow certain industries and can monitor specific industry information websites. By subscribing to relevant...
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...Case GEN/200 March 12, 2012 Mary Griffin Personal Responsibility: Curse or Blessing Personal responsibility (PR) is a blessing and despite what a lot of people think, PR allows you freedom in life because with a high level of personal responsibility. (Lawson, 2011) When we acknowledge this, we will make choices in our life that will lend to us achieving the goals we set for ourselves, and will make the path to reaching those goals much more defined and with fewer obstacles. To me, personal responsibility means owning up to the actions you make in your life; good, bad, and indifferent. It also means that when acknowledged, we hold the key to our own “destiny” and we cannot rely on anyone other than ourselves to get to where we want to be in life. I put destiny in quotations because according to "Merriam-Webster.com" (2012), destiny is defined as “a predetermined course of events often held to be an irresistible power or agency”, and to me it cannot be predetermined if we hold our destiny in our own hands, our destiny can changes with every decision we make. There is a very distinct relationship between PR and success in college, most noticeably with the amount of effort a student puts into the courses they take. It is up to each student to make a conscience decision on how much effort they put in, and like most things; what you put in is what you get out. If a student chooses to wait until the last minute to complete assignments, or does little to no research on the...
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...INTRODUCTION Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the flow of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. The aim of public relations by a company often is to persuade the public, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders to maintain a certain point of view about it, its leadership, products, or of political decisions. Common activities include speaking at conferences, winning industry awards, working with the press, and employee communication. Public relations is thought by many to be propaganda by a different name, ironically, the very term "Public relations" could easily be seen as a public relations ploy to make the idea of propaganda more acceptable. Public Relations is similar to Analyst Relations, Investor Relations and Public Affairs depending on the firm, organization or population it represents. DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS “Public Relations is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between on organization and its publics.” - Institute of Public Relations, USA “Public relations is the attempt by information persuasion and adjustment to engineer public support for an activity, cause, movement...
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