...Sebastian – 7.3 Crawford – 8.2 Washington – 7.0 Benton – 6.5 I did look at the rate ratio for a rural county in Arkansas and the rate for mortality was higher. I feel that this is due to the fact that there are not a lot of healthcare professionals in the county and most live at least an hour a way from the nearest hospital. Lee – 20.1 I also feel that women without health insurance have a higher rate of infant mortality due to the fact that most do not have good prenatal care. While the first 4 counties on my list have a rate ratio of 18.0 without insurance, Lee county residents are at 26.6 without insurance. When comparing ethnicities, African American women had the highest rate of infant mortality with a rate ratio of 13.31 and Hispanic women from Central or South America had the lowest rate of 4.57. The United States as a whole has a rate of 2.37 with Wisconisin as having one of the highest rates. In the US unmarried mothers of all ethnicity had one of the highest rates due to the fact that prenatal care is very expensive. World statistics show at a rate ratio of 49.4 for infant mortality. Afghanistan rates at 119.41 making it one of the highest countries for infant mortality. I feel that...
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...infant and mother can develop a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Some of these symptoms include neurological, gastrointestinal, and autonomic disorders. Early identification of symptoms is vital to ensure that both the infant and mother receives the best care possible. Another important thing to recognize about NAS is the American Fetal Protection Movement. This law only resides in the United States and it protects the infant’s rights by incarcerating the mother that exposed the infant to the drug. By gaining a better knowledge of NAS, we can understand how the condition is rapidly growing and how important it is to eliminate this disorder. When I began my research, I was unaware that there was a scientific name for prenatal drug abuse. I found the article “Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome” by the Stanford Children’s Hospital (n.d.) which explained that NAS is a term for a group of disorders that a baby can experience when withdrawing from exposure to drugs. Since I have known several infants that were born with NAS, I began to wonder how many infants in the United States were born addicted to drugs. This lead me too research how common NAS is. When researching how common NAS is I found two articles that were related to my research. The first article, “The Triple Aim for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome” by Patrick (2015), explained that NAS is a relatively new disorder that is becoming increasingly popular due to the growing rate of illegal drug abuse in the United...
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...lives with immeasurable benefits. The rewards of this testing outweigh any reservations. Genetic testing are examinations of blood and other tissues of the body that doctors in the medical field prepare to test for possible defects of the body. These DNA based tests generally involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself and are very sophisticated techniques of testing genetic disorders in the bodies of human beings. Prenatal genetic testing with the procedure of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD is a technique whereby testing is performed of an approximate three-day-old embryo to confirm that it does not carry a particular disease or diseases (Naik). The test predicts, with variable confidence, what the possible medical problems will be in the future. Then the doctor implants this embryo, which is free of that syndrome, in the mother's womb. It appears to be relatively easy to check the DNA and eliminate future diseases that are linked to a single malfunctioning gene such as cystic fibrosis or autism. In the 1990s, this type of prenatal genetic testing, PGD, was first introduced with vast numbers of parents utilizing this screening to avoid the potential hereditary passing of many deadly disorders to their children (Naik). In the very near future parents will be able to pick or select the...
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...Prenatal Development Name: Institution Affiliation: Introduction Prenatal development alludes to an arrangement of development stages that starts from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell to the onset of conception procedure. It starts with the development of the zygote to the development of the baby. It includes three noteworthy stages to be specific, germinal stage, the fetal stage and embryonic stage. The developmental stages occur part of the way in the fallopian tube and the uterus. It typically takes a period of nine months in person yet changes starting with one types of creature then onto the next. The pre-implantation period, in the middle of fertilization together with implantation of the conceptus in the uterine divider, takes a normal of 7 days. The embryonic period is the real period of organogenesis, enduring around two months from conception. Amid the fetal period, enduring until around 38 weeks after conception, development, practical development, and further separation of tissues happen. Body There are a few standards of prenatal development which fundamentally controls the entire procedure. These standards are as per the following. Development happens in the head to toe course otherwise called cephalocaudal. That is the head creates first before the toes consequently the head and parts of the furthest point are constantly more created than the lower appendage at any specific time amid development. The essential...
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...Ariel and Deborah Levy were overcome with excitement as Deborah gave birth to their first child, but this quickly turned to shock when hospital staff told them their daughter looked as though she had Down syndrome. A doctor asked Deborah if she’d had a prenatal test – a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) – and Levy said yes, because she was 34, she and her husband were concerned about the possibility of genetic disorders. A first-trimester screening showed Deborah’s chances were estimated to be higher than average for giving birth to a child with Down syndrome, at about 1 in 130. So when Deborah was 13 weeks pregnant, she underwent CVS. The Levy’s were informed the results showed they’d have a normal, healthy child, and they “had nothing to worry about.” Within days of their daughter’s birth, however, a blood test confirmed that the little girl, Kalanit, had Down syndrome. Deborah said the news was “devastating.” The Levy’s filed a lawsuit against Legacy Health, claiming Deborah Levy would have aborted her pregnancy had she known her daughter had the chromosomal abnormality. The lawsuit blamed Legacy’s Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine in North Portland and a Legacy lab for mistakenly taking a sample of maternal rather than fetal tissue for the test. The suit faults Dr. Thomas Jenkins and lab workers for not recognizing that the tissue was from the mother. The suit also faults Legacy for reassuring Deborah that her baby didn’t have an extra 21st chromosome, even though...
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...consent that all the client has the right to know, because the field of genetic counselling is new, a lot of people may have little knowledge and no experience of the condition and the way they are doing the test; but in some cases and in some countries, there are tests that have to be compulsory, the last one is that the testing is aimed at a whole population rather than individuals and their immediate families; this is one of the principal objectives, because when someone is doing a test about any disease, is necessary to have a consensus among a big group like a family, to get enough data to work and recollect all useful knowledge about the disease. We have four types of genetic screening programme: Newborn screening, Carrier screening, prenatal screening and Susceptibility screening. The first one in use as a way to treat disorders, and with this early diagnosis can generates and improves the outlook for an affected individual. These kinds of screening have presented a lot of benefits to treat diseases and give protection to those children that are suffering or are susceptible to the disease, therefore, some countries have been instituted but with little explanation for the parents, due to such screening has usually been routinized, making of these programme compulsory. But another view of point of this compulsory programme is...
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...The Uses and Possible Abuses of PGD In this paper I will discuss what exactly pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is and multiple moral theories apply to it. The moral issues surrounding PGD are autonomy and Utilitarianism. After that I will discuss the possible problems that the use or PGD could cause in today’s society. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a process in which embryos are tested to detect certain genetic characteristics during in vitro fertilization. There are three main disorders that can be detected through PGD. The first are sex-linked disorders. The mother’s abnormal X-chromosome is passed on to the son instead of the father’s regular chromosome. These disorders affect only sons, but girls can become carriers of an abnormal X-chromosome. Some examples of sex-linked disorders are hemophilia, neuromuscular dystrophies and Rett syndrome. The second set of disorders is single gene disorders. Disorders in this category contain cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and Huntington disease. The last group of disorders is chromosomal disorders. Chromosomal disorders are caused by chromosomal mutations. The process in which the embryos are tested is very complex and has multiple steps. The couple must already be in the process of IVF, or in vitro fertilization. The first step of PGD is ovarian stimulation. Ovarian stimulation is used to create multiple eggs. The second step is the harvesting of the eggs. Although the procedure is short, the woman is put under...
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...should not drink during pregnancy. Some people may believe that moderate drinking during pregnancy is okay, but there are others who believe that even having one drink can be potentially harmful to an unborn child. About 1 out of every 12 pregnant women drinks alcohol during pregnancy. 1 out of every 30 pregnant women report binge drinking during pregnancy. Prenatal alcohol exposure interferes with embryonic and fetal development. There is a wide range of physical and mental birth defects that can occur from an exposure to alcohol before birth, therefore women should not drink during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a clinical diagnosis of prenatal alcohol exposure. FAS was “first officially recognized by Jones and Smith (1973)” (Blackburn &Whitehurst 2010). It's estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome has received considerable attention in recent years. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome consists of evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure including central nervous system abnormalities (structural, neurological, and behavioral), growth retardation, and dysmorphic facial features. “Although intellectual disability is not a feature of the diagnostic criteria of FAS, it is well reported that children prenatally exposed to alcohol have a compromised level of intellectual function”(Blackburn & Whitehurst...
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...PRENATAL GENETIC TESTING Running Head: PRENATAL GENETIC TESTING Prenatal Genetic Testing and The Ethical Controversies SBI3U 15 April 2015 1 PRENATAL GENETIC TESTING 2 Prenatal Genetic Testing and The Ethical Controversies Introduction Every introduction should start with a shocking fact about the topic, generally to piqué the interest of the reader. The problem is, surrounding the topic of prenatal genetic testing, there isn’t anything that is particularly shocking or interesting anymore. Anything that has a potential to injure a ‘helpless’ fetus, the public has already been informed of and the information has already been extremely exaggerated. The myth of prenatal genetic testing being dangerous has been greatly over told, and is a rather old notion according to a great number of medical journals such as: United States National Library (Gates, 2009), UConn (Pennington, 2011), and many others listed in the references page. Prenatal genetic testing is the process of testing for potential genetic disorders or defects. Doctors and geneticist can now test for over 4000 diseases that are caused or influenced by a fetus’ genetic makeup. The tests can be invasive or noninvasive, and the risks associated with both categories of tests have been greatly reduced since genetic testing was first introduced to modern medicine. Although the ...
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...Tay-Sachs Disease Tay-Sachs Disease is a neurological disorder that is passed on from parent to child in the same way that other genetic traits are passed on. The first section of this paper, on pathophysiology, will go into this subject further. It will explain not only how the trait for this disease is passed from generation to generation, but also the specific mutations that cause it. This section will explore the trait that is expressed when the gene is turned on, how it effects cell metabolism, and in turn, the disorder that is caused in the body as a result. The second section will describe the clinical manifestation of the disease. It will cover what is typical in a patient with the disease, initial and continuing symptomology, and unfortunately, the cause of death in most people who have the disease. Lastly, the final section will reveal the medical management of the disease. Tay-Sachs has caused so much suffering, but with the advances made in genetic technology, and a little luck, the current generation of researchers are hoping to change that (Wise, 2012). Pathophysiology Tay-Sachs disease results from a number of different mutations on the fifteenth chromosome. When the gene functions correctly, it results in an enzyme called hexosaminodase. This enzyme breaks down molecules in the body called gangliosides. Without the proper enzyme to break these molecules down, they build up in what are called ganglion cells. These cells then swell keeping the neurons fro functioning...
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...INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Topic: | Music | Title: | Effects of listening to music towards human beings | General purpose: | To inform | Specific purpose: | To inform my audience that listening to music can give many benefits that can affects human mentally and physically. | Central idea: | A speech that I am going to deliver is about the benefits of listening to music which is really helping in many aspects that affect human beings physically and mentally. | Organizational pattern: | Spatial order | I. INTRODUCTION | A. Attention getter: | Do you ever stressed over something? Or feeling depressed? If you have, how do you solve it? Did you know that music has a power of calming and healing certain ailments? | B. Background information of the topic: | Music does many things to human body whether physically or mentally such as slowing down and equalizing brain waves, balancing blood pressure, fights depression, relieves anxiety, boosts confidence, improves memory and speeds healing. | C. Preview of main points / central idea: | Today, music has become another alternative to help patient deal with their pain and also people release their stress by listening to music depends on their music taste either the fast rhythm song or slow rhythm song. | Transition to introduction: | Now, music has become a must to listen to, whether they are old people, adult, teenagers and babies. Different ages have different taste of music. Music is thought to link all...
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...Tay-Sachs Disease Foreword: Before beginning to read this review of the case study, please note that current events of today pertain more to preconception screening for genetic anomalies and genetic studies. Today due to preconception genetic screening many parents opt to terminate a fetus with fatal or painful anomalies; therefore a large portion of the research for parents who are expecting a child with Tay Sachs Disease was noted to be during an approximate 30 year span from the mid-1950’s to the early-mid 1980’s, thus older citings will be noted. “Tay-Sachs parents say that their child dies three times—when the disease is diagnosed, when the child enters the hospital, and the final time.” (Atwater, 1964) “How do you parent without a net, without a future, knowing that you will lose your child, bit by torturous bit?” (Rapp, 2011) Will it be a boy or a girl? What color will the eyes, the hair be? Whose smile will the baby have? These are just a few of the many questions that begin when parents find out they have conceived a child, and most of the time the questions only grow as the pregnancy progresses too; what will they want to be when they grow up? Who will they look like? Will they be strong, graceful, independent, or determined? Should we look at preschools and colleges now? It may not seem to occur very often that parents will say to themselves; we never thought about how we might parent a child without a future. Now instead of questions that may focus on the...
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...person’s status of employment becomes a deciding factor as well as the providers’ status as an in network or out –of- network provider as being listed on the plan master list of providers. The appropriate steps that would need to be taken if the patient insurance does not cover the plan and procedure to be done, then the healthcare provider need to inform the patient of the situation about their insurance eligibility of coverage. Therefore Ms. Smith should become aware that her delivery and prenatal care is not covered threw her insurance. So that way she could settle the financial account at that time. The two examples that I provided below relates to the eligibility factor of Ms. Sandra Smith charges with corresponding billing transactions. Example 1 Service to be performed Prenatal Care, estimated charge $ 1,800 date of planned service March 8, 2011 reason for exclusion insurance does not cover. I, Sandra Smith is a patient of DR. Woods, understands that my insurance excludes prenatal care, which makes me liable for the service rendered....
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...abandon the examination of the system has been made, the feasibility study is finished. This could be a system to keep track of all the students' names, addresses, telephone numbers and grades, or it could be a new system for an online bank to let customers open a new account. No matter what the system might be, if the organization doesn't conduct a systems analysis (often known as the system life cycle); they are likely to find that their new system disappoints them and doesn't solve the original problem. 1 Stages of systems life cycle The SLC consists of the following stages: 1. Investigation and analysis 2. Design 3. Development and testing 4. Implementation 5. Documentation 6. Evaluation The system lifecycle is a view of a system or proposed system that addresses all phases of its existence to include system conception, design and development, production and construction,...
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...it can also lead to behavior problems and cognition. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is caused by mothers drinking heavy during pregnancy. The current recommendation of the US Surgeon General is not to drink alcohol at all during pregnancy (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome). According to the book Fetal Alcohol Syndrome one in every 750 infants are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome each year in the United States. An additional 40,000 babies are born with Fetal Alcohol Effects. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome occurs when alcohol crosses the placental barrier and it stunts fetal growth or weight, creates distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures, and causes other physical, mental, or behavioral problems. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is caused by prenatal exposure to high level of alcohol. Many people think of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome as a drunken baby or a baby addicted to alcohol but Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is not either. According to the book Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is a developmental disability that never goes away and there is no cure. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is also determined by interviewing the mother or other family members. Once alcohol use is determined the level of exposure is then assessed based on the risk. High risk is when alcohol use is confirmed during pregnancy and known to be at high blood alcohol levels. The high blood alcohol levels...
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