...BUS5AFS ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE VALUE CREATION Topic 2: Principles of Accounting Semester 1, 2014 ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE VALUE CREATION TOPIC 2: PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING La Trobe Business School BUS5AFS: Topic 2 – Principles of Accounting 1 Topic Learning Outcomes 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Discuss the nature and purpose of accounting. Explain the five basic financial elements of a business. Explain the underlying concepts of recognising and measuring the financial elements. List the four basic financial statements used in business decision making. List the basic tools for analysing financial statements. BUS5AFS: Topic 2 – Principles of Accounting 2 La Trobe Business School Prescribed reading Hill, G. and Martin, T. Principles of Accounting and Finance Pearson Australia, 2014 Chapter 2 La Trobe Business School BUS5AFS: Topic 2 – Principles of Accounting 3 1.1 Discuss the nature and purpose of accounting. PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING …….. to provide information to permit informed judgments and decisions regarding the allocation of resources, managing & directing those resources, custodianship (stewardship) & mandatory requirements …….. La Trobe Business School BUS5AFS: Topic 2 – Principles of Accounting 4 ACCOUNTING VALUE ADDS • • • • • • Improve quality and reduce costs Improve sharing knowledge Improve supply chain Improve efficiency and effectiveness Improve internal control Improve decision...
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...Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards Some accountants have said that politicalization in the development and acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i.e., standard setting) is taking place. Some use the term politicalization in a narrow sense to mean the influence by governmental agencies, particularly the SEC, on the development of generally accepted accounting principles. Others use it more broadly to mean the compromising that takes place in bodies responsible for developing these principles because of the influence and pressure of interested groups (SEC, American Accounting Association, businesses through their various organizations, Institute of Management Accountants, financial analysts, bankers, lawyers, etc.). Required: 1. The Committee on Accounting Procedure of the AICPA was established in the mid- to late 1930s and functioned until 1959, at which time the Accounting Principles Board came into existence. In 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board was formed, and the APB went out of existence. Do the reasons these groups were formed, their methods of operation while in existence, and the reasons for the demise of the first two indicate an increasing politicalization (as the term is used in the broad sense) of accounting standard setting? Explain your answer by indicating how the CAP, APB, and FASB operated or operate. Cite specific developments that tend to support your answer. 2. What arguments can be raised to support the...
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...Part: 1 Social Relevance of Accounting Information 1.1. Accounting Standards 1.2. Need for Accounting Standards Part 2: Types of Accounting Standards Rules Based Accounting Principle Based Accounting System Part: 3 Comparisons of Principle and Rules Based Accounting Standards Conceptual Framework Flexibility of Rules and Principles International Accounting Platform Comparability of Financial Statements Realistic Representation of Accounting Information Part:4 Findings of the Research Study Part :5 Conclusion Reference Appendix Appendix 1: Narration on Figure 1 - Qualities of Accounting Information Abstract The proposed research paper attempts to illustrate the importance of a global accounting system and the impact of standards on the global market, as well as, providing the means for comparable financial reporting for decision making by both investors and corporations. This research provides understanding about the major differences of a Rules-based and Principal Based Accounting Systems, including the benefits and drawbacks of such a shift. Proponents of principles-based accounting blame the Rules-Based Accounting System for the major accounting scandals. They believe that the Rules-Based system encourages the use of financial structuring to achieve desired accounting results, which will undermine the quality of financial reporting. Supporters of rules-based accounting argue that principles-based accounting relies heavily on judgment...
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...ABACUS, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2006 doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4497.2006.00196.x ABACUS PRINCIPLES ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2 42 © 2006 0001-3072Publishing, Ltd. Abacus UK VERSUS RULES-BASED ACCOUNTING ABA Accounting Foundation, Unviersity of Sydney Oxford, Blackwell GEORGE J. BENSTON, MICHAEL BROMWICH AND ALFRED WAGENHOFER Principles- Versus Rules-Based Accounting Standards: The FASB’s Standard Setting Strategy In response to criticism of rules-based accounting standards and Section 108(d) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC proposed principlesbased (or ‘objectives-oriented’) standards. We identify several shortcomings with this approach and focus on two of them. First, the format (type) of a standard is dependent on the contents of what the standard regulates. Given the asset/liability approach combined with fair values, we argue that the combination of this measurement concept with principlesbased standards is inconsistent because it requires significant guidance for management judgment. Second, we propose the inclusion of a trueand-fair override as a necessary requirement for any format that is more than ‘principles-only’ to deal with inconsistencies between principles and guidance. We discuss the benefits of this override and present evidence from the United Kingdom’s experience. Key words: Accounting standards; FASB; Principles; Rules; Rules-based. According to a widely-held view, U.S. accounting standards are more rules-based than principles-based.1 This observation stems...
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...pp. 35-50 (1417 A.H./1997 A.D.) Student Perceptions of the Causes of Low Performance in Principles of Accounting: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia SULAYMAN H. ATIEH (*) Associate Professor of Accounting Department of Accounting and Management Information Systems College of Industrial Management King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT. Students at KFUPM in Saudi Arabia were surveyed to determine what they consider to be the major obstacles to successfully completing the two required courses in Principles of Accounting. The students were categorized as either accounting majors or non-accounting majors and were offered 26 potential obstacles plus one open-ended question. The study showed that the most significant obstacle was the negative attitude of students towards accounting as a difficult subject. Differences in responses of the two student groups occurred for only three of the listed obstacles, none of which were considered significant by either group. There was no correlation between the GPAs of the respondents and their views on the 26 obstacles. A comparison of the findings of this study and those of previous research is also discussed. All students in the College of Industrial Management (CIM) at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi Arabia are required to take two courses in Principles of Accounting. The courses are designated as Acct 201 and Acct 202 and they are taught during the somophere...
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...1. Introduction: Financial accountancy (or financial accounting) is the field of accountancy concerned with the preparation of financial statements for decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, owners and other stakeholders. Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power. The central need for financial accounting is to reduce the various principal-agent problems, by measuring and monitoring the agents' performance and thereafter reporting the results to interested users. Financial accountancy is used to prepare accountancy data for people outside the organization or for those, who are not involved in the mundane administration of the company. Management accounting, provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage and enhance the business. In short, financial accounting is the process of sum-arising financial data, which is taken from an organization's accounting records and publishing it in the form of annual or quarterly reports, for the benefit of people outside the organization. Financial accountancy is governed not only by local standards but also by international accounting standard. 2. Role of Financial Accounting: • Financial accounting generates some key documents, which includes profit and loss account, patterning the method of business traded for a specific period and the balance sheet that provides a statement, showing mode...
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...CHAPTER 2 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Introduction Need of Accounting Principles Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Characteristics of Accounting Principles Objectivity Application Reliability Feasibility Understandability Accounting Concepts Separate Entity Concept Money Measurement Concept Dual Aspect Concept Going Concern Concept Cost Concept Period Accounting Period Concept Periodic Matching of Costs and Revenues Concept Realisation Concept Accounting Conventions Conservatism Consistency Materiality Full Disclosure Your Check Your Understanding Descriptive Questions Interview Questions Accounting for Managers 24 2.1 INTRODUCTION Accounting is the language of business. When we speak in any language, our intention is our ideas are to be understood by others. Language can be understood only when words used by us convey the same meaning to the listener. Both the speaker and listener should mean the same for the words used. Equally, every language has grammar of its own. When we write or speak, we follow the principles of grammar. Similar is the case with accounting. Most of the activities, be it official, social or personal, are guided by a set of certain rules or conventions. Some of the conventions are as follows: ♦ In India, we always drive on the left hand side of the road. ♦ Overtaking the vehicle, either two-wheeler or four-wheeler, is to be made on the right side, alone. ♦ As a citizen of India...
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...“Islamic Accounting : Their Position in International Standard Harmonization” Rendy Anggita Putra “Islamic Accounting : Their Position in International Standard Harmonization” 1. Abstract According to (Susela, 1999) said the development of accounting theories is are affected by several factors including political and economic interests of certain people or group in community. Therefore, it can be also called if the accounting is a significant tool to illustrate the interests and perspectives of the various stakeholders. Islamic industry of finance has obtained tremendous growth in last few years, both in number of assets that manage by industry and in the diversity of financial products. A global system that can rule the industry will become significantly important for the Islamic finance sector in order to meet the needs of continued growth (Vinnicombe, 2012). Harmonization of Shari’a accounting standards has continue to be made by the AAOIFI as it is also done by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for conventional accounting harmonization. In its development, financial reporting in Islamic accounting adds some different additional reports than conventional accounting to accommodate the unique transactions of Islamic economics. In that regard, this paper have objective to explore the main important values of Shari’a accounting and reporting standards of Islamic Accounting and try to find the answers of Islamic accounting positions among the process...
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...Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Difficulty Information Field: LO Highest Answer Letter: E Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No Chapter: Chapter 2: Financial Statements and Accounting Transactions True/False 1. A balance sheet covers a period of time such as a month or year. Ans: False Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 2. The legitimate claims of a business's creditors take precedence over the claims of the business owner or owners. Ans: True Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 3. The income statement is a financial statement that shows revenues earned and expenses incurred by a business over a specified period of time. Ans: True Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 4. Net income is the excess of expenses over revenues, whereas net loss is the excess of revenues over expenses. Ans: False Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 5. The natural business year for most businesses is always the same as the calendar year. Ans: False Difficulty: Moderate LO: 1 6. The balance sheet shows whether or not the firm achieved its primary objective of earning a profit. Ans: False Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 7. Expenses are costs incurred or the using up of assets from generating revenue. Ans: True Difficulty: Easy LO: 1 8. Liabilities are defined as "the residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its equity." Ans: False ...
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...Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 1–7 1–8 1–9 1–10 1–11 1–12 1–13 1–14 1–15 1–16 1–17 1–18 1–19 1–20 1–21 1–22 1–23 1–24 1–25 1–26 1–27 1–28 1–29 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking 1–30 1–31 1–32 Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Brief Exercises 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 AACSB Tags Analytic Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking...
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...CHAPTER 22 Accounting Changes and Error Analysis ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC) Topics 1. Differences between change in principle, change in estimate, change in entity, errors. Accounting changes: a. b. Comprehensive. Changes in estimate, changes in depreciation methods. Changes in accounting for long-term construction contracts. Change from FIFO to average cost. Change from FIFO to LIFO. Change from LIFO. Miscellaneous. 2, 11 8 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 24 8, 14, 15, 17, 19 2, 18, 21 9, 16, 20 10 3 8, 9, 10 8, 9 4, 5, 9 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17 1, 8, 13 3, 6, 7 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 1, 2, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Questions 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 23 Brief Exercises Exercises 8 Concepts Problems for Analysis 3 1, 2, 3, 4 2. c. 2, 10 1, 2, 10 3 1, 2 d. e. f. g. 3. 2, 8, 14 9 2, 3, 5, 8, 14 2, 5 3 1, 2 1, 5 Correction of an error. a. Comprehensive. 8, 9, 10 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 9, 15, 17, 18 7, 17, 18 22, 23 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 1, 6, 8 2, 10 11, 12 1, 2 2, 3, 4 b. c. *4. Depreciation. Inventory. 6, 7 10 11, 12 Changes between fair value and equity methods. *This material is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 13/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 22-1 ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY LEARNING OBJECTIVE) Learning Objectives 1. Identify the types of accounting changes. 2. Describe the accounting for changes...
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...CHAPTER 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE | | | | |Topics |Questions |Cases | |1. |Subject matter of accounting. |1, 2 |4 | |2. |Environment of accounting. |3, 29 |6, 7 | |3. |Role of principles, objectives, standards, and accounting |4, 5, 6, 7 |1, 2, 3, 5 | | |theory. | | | |4. |Historical development of GAAP. |8, 9, 10, 11 |8, 9 | |5. |Authoritative pronouncements and rule-making bodies. |12, 13, 14, 15, |3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17 | | | |16, 17, 18, 19, | | | | |20, 21, 22, 24 | ...
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...Jonathan Meyer 2/11/14 ACCM 5020 Topical Paper #2: Rules-based vs. Principles-based Accounting Standards Convergence efforts in international accounting and the prevalence of globalization in the world markets has continued to indicate that worldwide financial statement comparability will continue to become more necessary. In light of this, it’s important to determine whether a principles-based or rules-based system would be more appropriate for harmonization. Although most current accounting systems can be primarily defined as rules-based or principles-based, it appears that most of them encompass foundations from both. In other words, it’s apparent that the more successful accounting systems operate in some varying degree of ‘gray area’ between rules-based and principles-based. Therefore, although both types of system have benefits and challenges, any worldwide accounting standards would have to include elements of each. Primarily rules-based accounting systems such as U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) have both advantages and disadvantages in the creation and implementation of accounting standards. The major challenge for rules-based systems is that they are reactive and can allow for fraud because they dictate what can or cannot be done rather than what should or should not be done to preserve the ‘true and fair view’. In practice, this shows to be a problem because if the standard-setting body (FASB) reacts to accounting issues rather than being...
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...Fundamental Accounting Principles, Seventeenth Edition 1. Accounting in Business Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 “I love chocolate, and so I’m having fun making money”—Elise Macmillan (Evan Macmillan on right) 1 Accounting in Business A Look at This Chapter Accounting plays a crucial role in the information age. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of accounting to different types of organizations and describe its many users and uses. We explain that ethics are crucial to accounting. We also describe business transactions and how they are reflected in financial statements. A Look Ahead Chapter 2 further describes and analyzes business transactions. We explain the analysis and recording of transactions, the ledger and trial balance, and the double-entry system. More generally, Chapters 2 through 4 focus on accounting and analysis, and they illustrate (via the accounting cycle) how financial statements reflect business activities. Larson−Wild−Chiappetta: Fundamental Accounting Principles, Seventeenth Edition 1. Accounting in Business Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Learning Objectives CAP Conceptual Analytical Learning Objectives are organized by conceptual, analytical, and procedural. Procedural prepare basic financial P1 Identify andand explain how they statements interrelate. (p. 17) C1 Explain the purpose and importance of accounting in the information age. (p. 4) A1 Define and interpret the accounting equation...
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...CHAPTER 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE Topics 1. 2. 3. Subject matter of accounting. Environment of accounting. Role of principles, objectives, standards, and accounting theory. Historical development of accounting standards. Authoritative pronouncements and standards-setting bodies. Questions 1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8 Cases 1 3, 4 2, 4 4. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 5, 17 5. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 28 29 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 6. 7. 8. Role of pressure groups. International accounting. Ethical issues. 9, 18, 19 15 14 1-1 ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE Item C1-1 C1-2 C1-3 C1-4 C1-5 C1-6 C1-7 C1-8 C1-9 C1-10 C1-11 C1-12 C1-13 C1-14 C1-15 C1-16 C1-17 C1-18 C1-19 Description Financial accounting. Objectives of financial reporting. Accounting numbers and the environment. Need for accounting standards. AICPA’s role in standards setting. FASB role in standards setting. Government role in standards setting. Meaning of generally accepted accounting principles. Politicalization of standards setting. Models for setting accounting standards. Standards-setting terminology. Accounting organizations and documents issued. Accounting pronouncements. Issues involving standards setting. Securities and Exchange Commission. Standards-setting process. History of standards-setting organizations. Economic Consequences. Standards-setting process, economic consequences. Level of Difficulty...
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