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Prison Sociology

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UNIVERSITÉ de GALATASARAY

DÉPARTEMENT DE SOCIOLOGIE

SOC482 < Sociologie de la prison et de l’expérience carcérale >

Tuğçe GÖLGELİ

Enseignante: Seçil DOĞUÇ

AVRİL 2014

QU’EST CE QU’ON PEUT DIRE SUR L’EFFICACITE DE L’EMPRISONNEMENT?

Cet article met l'accent sur le niveau de la prison et de l'emprisonnement de dissuader les individus et la société de commettre un crime. L'effet de l'emprisonnement comme une sorte de punition et les effets de la prison sur les prisonniers sont discutés. Dans cette étude, il est particulièrement essayé de déterminer par «sous-culture carcérale" .Pourquoi certains des prisonniers libérés commettre le crime nouveau ? De cet aspect, l'emprisonnement n'a pas effectivement un rôle dissuasif sur les criminels. Enfin, les nouvelles approches en cours d'élaboration, en donnant plus d'importance aux politiques de punition dans la société, le maintien seuls les criminels persistants à être envoyé en prison avec une politique de incarcération sélective, et les programmes de réhabilitation de la prison sont soulignées comme une alternative à la prison. La prison est sans aucun doute l'une des institutions premier qui empêche ou contrôle le crime. En d'autres termes, la prison constitue l'aujourd'hui l'un des moyens les plus efficaces contre la lutte de la criminalité. Par conséquent, la caractéristique la plus importante de la prison, c'est qu'il a une fonctionnalité qui permet le châtiment des individus qui commettent des crimes. De même, l'incarcération peine pour les personnes coupables est considérée comme la méthode la plus vaste et efficace pour dissuader les gens de commettre un crime. Dans ce contexte, la punition, l'incarcération, la détention, la probation, système pénitentiaire, etc sont des applications remarquables développés pour dissuader les individus de commettre des crimes. Dans cette étude, à quel niveau, l'incarcération ou la prison empêchent les individus de commettre des crimes est abordé comme un problème. Prison dissuade les individus de commettre des crimes à nouveau ou prévente les individus ayant une tendance à commettre des crimes. Mais comme vous savez, il y a un fait connu que certains délinquants libérés commettent le crime a nouveau. La question principale de cette étude est que pour quelle raison la prison qui est l'institution officielle la plus efficace dans la lutte contre la criminalité ne peut pas dissuader certains criminels de commettre des crimes à nouveau ? Comment devraient être les conditions des prisons pour dissuader de commettre des crimes? Devraient-ils être plus lourd ou devraient les détenus avoir plus de droits dans meilleures conditions ? L'incarcération comme une forme de punition peut dissuader les gens de commettre des crimes? Quel genre de punition peut dissuader les gens de commettre des crimes ou peut prévenir la récidive? Quels facteurs de la structure de prison suscitent la récidive après la libération de prison? La réhabilitation des délinquants dans les prisons ou toute amélioration les conditions physique ou mentales des détenus à vivre en société possible? Quelles sont les approches développées comme une alternative à la prison?

Emprisonnement en tant que sanction s'est répandue depuis le début du 19ème siècle. Même si il y avait un certain nombre de prisons dans certaines villes européennes avant 19ème siècle, ils avaient des niveaux indétectables par rapport aux prisons actuelles. Jusqu'à le 19ème siècle, les criminels étaient généralement être enchaînés, fouettés, marqués au fer chaud ou punis par l'exécution. Cependant, dans une période ultérieure, la privation de liberté des personnes qui commettent des crimes, révélait des résultats plus efficaces dans la lutte contre la criminalité que le nouveau système de la peine a été développé - les prisons Principaux objectifs de l'incarcération étaient à dissuader les individus et la société de commettre des crimes (deterrence), d'éviter les occasions de commettre un crime par l'incarcération (incapacitation), la rétribution et d'améliorer les criminels (réhabilitation). Le système de la peine d'aujourd'hui est passé à l'étape de l’réinsertion de criminels dans la société. Cependant, aujourd'hui, dans les prisons, l'adoption ou la mise en œuvre de l'approche non punitive a été réalisé dans le court terme. Le système de la peine d'aujourd'hui est passé à l'étape de criminels de réinsertion dans la société. Cependant, aujourd'hui, dans les prisons, l'adoption ou la mise en œuvre de l'approche non punitive a été réalisé dans le court terme. L'idée de l'humanisation de la prison plutôt que d'un lieu de punition et de resocialisation des délinquants à réintégrer à la société, a augmenté après 1945. Dans les pays occidentaux développés, il y a une tendance croissante dans le sens de la réforme des délinquants plutôt que de les punir. Comment les prisonniers doivent être traités en prison peuvent être examinées sous deux rubriques générales. La première approche fait valoir que l'attitude à l'égard des délinquants doit être solide / brutale et la punition doit être mis au centre. La seconde approche, contrairement à la première approche, une attitude plus tolérante aux auteurs doit être entendue et n'a donc, cette approche met l'accent sur l'importance des travaux de réhabilitation. En fait, ces différentes approches sur les fonctions de prison sont liés aux explications de pourquoi les gens deviennent coupables? Certains criminologues qui pensent que la criminalité se base sur la position défavorisée dans laquelle ils se produisent, font valoir que les criminels doivent être réhabilités plutôt que punis. Parce que ces personnes ont été traînées à commettre des crimes par des facteurs sociaux ou des problèmes. Par conséquent, le but de la prison devrait être d'améliorer les individus et leur redonner à la communauté. L'autre approche qui suppose que la personne qui a commis un crime avec un choix rationnel et conscient doit être puni et la fonction de base de prison devrait être la punition. Selon cette approche, le criminel est responsable de ses actes en raison de le faire consciemment avec une volonté rationnelle et il doit Le débat se poursuit encore aujourd'hui sur la question que laquelle de ces approches est plus efficace dans la prévention de la criminalité, la réduction des taux de criminalité ou la récidive des personnes. La réponse à cette question est sans doute très complexe, car les résultats de recherches sur cette relation ne coïncident pas les uns avec les autres.

La prison comme un élément formel de dissuasion Il y a un fait que certains délinquants libérés de prison retournent en prison dans un temps court, en général dans 4 années. Cet état suggère que des peines de prison des criminels sont incapables de remplir une fonction de dissuasion ou le travail de récupération est insuffisant dans la prison. Selon certaines études, le taux de criminalité répétitive peut être considérée comme une preuve que la prison n'est pas un bon moyen de dissuasion spécifique. Le 60% des délinquants envoyés en prison sont déjà en prison et cette situation montre que la plupart des prisonniers (40%) qui est libéré de prison retournent en prison de nouveau. Aussi selon les recherches d’Anthony Giddens, en Angleterre, le 60% des prisonniers masculins libérés après avoir purgé des peines de prison commettent un crime au cours des quatre prochaines années. En outre, nous pouvons également ajouter le nombre de délinquants libérés de prison et ne pouvons pas été attrapés. La dissuasion de l'incarcération ou la prison est divisée en deux. La dissuasion générale et spécifique. Dissuasion spéciale, les gens en prison dissuader de commettre des crimes à nouveau. La dissuasion générale, les membres de la société ou des personnes qui sont sujettes à la criminalité dissuadent de commettre des crimes. Quand on regarde aux recherches, la caractéristique générale de dissuasion de la prison / l'incarcération est considérée comme plus efficace. En d'autres termes, l'incarcération ou la prison ont un effet plus dissuasif sur les personnes qui n'ont pas commis un crime. Par exemple, selon Giddens, même les prisons ne semblent pas si bien réussi dans la réhabilitation des prisonniers, il parvient à éloigner les gens de la criminalité. La mauvaise vie de la vie en prison ne peut pas dissuader les prisonniers de la criminalité, mais elle peut dissuader les autres personnes en dehors de la prison de commettre le crime. Ici, contre les réformateurs de la prison, il y a une question qui est presque insoluble. Faire les prisons pires endroits est susceptible d'aider à dissuader les criminels potentiels, mais en même temps, il est extrêmement difficile de réaliser les objectifs de récupération dans les prisons. Toutefois, lorsque les conditions dans les prisons deviennent moins pire, l'effet dissuasif de l'incarcération va certainement diminuer. Avec son discours, on peut comprendre que, selon Giddens les prisons ont une fonction de dissuasion générale plus que la dissuasion spécifique. Selon quelques chercheurs, l’emprisonnement a un effet kriminogenique plus efficace sur les prisonniers et fait augmenter la tendance de criminalité et le taux de récidivisme parmi eux. Parce que, selon eux, l’emprisonnement des délinquants signifie en même temps de les envoyer à un environnement kriminogenique. Il y a une autre recherche qui est effectuée sur 4000 détenus libérés de prison et selon les résultats, les prisonniers qui a séjourné plus en prison, gagnent un caractère enclin à la criminalité. D’après Michel Foucault, la prison est un l’institut de surveillance. Il est possible de briser la continuité de la délinquance acceptée. En effet, il isole un petit groupe qui peut être contrôlé, sous surveillance. La prison est un centre de recrutement de l'armée du crime. C'est ce qu'elle réalise. La prison fait les prisonniers propices à la criminalité. Selon lui, à propos de ses recherches, les prisons ne parviennent pas, tout ce qu'ils font est de produire de nouveaux criminels. Dans le même temps, les prisons ont une fonction de marquage des individus. Par conséquent, les personnes qui sont étiquetés, après la sortie de prison exposeront récidive. Dans l'ensemble, les prisons sont considérées comme les lieux criminologiques. En ce sens, les prisons sont des lieux dans lesquels les prisonniers apprennent des techniques criminelles, les attitudes et les valeurs. Pour cette raison, les prisonniers libérés de prison commettent des crimes dans le même sens avec d’autres qu’ils étaient ensemble dans la prison. Ici, le phénomène de sous-culture émerge, qui est connu dans la prison et provoque la récidive. Selon l’auteur du livre de ’ The Prison Community’ , dans lequel la sous-culture et la vie sociale dans la prison a été traite, si le prisonnier internalise fortement la sous-culture existante en prison, le pourcentage de l'adaptation à la vie sociale après la prison diminuera et ce processus appelé <prisoniation sera un indicateur effective de récidivisme après la prison. En plus, Clemmer indique que les criminels créent un groupe informel en prison. Pour cette raison, il critique cette association en termes de culpabilité en attirant l'attention au moral, à l’unité émotionnelle et la solidarité entre les prisonniers. Les criminels créent un groupe social en dehors de leur volonté ou volontariat, parce qu'ils partagent le même espace physique. Les délinquants en prison transmettent leurs expériences, leurs carrières criminelles à l'autre, à la suite de ce processus, ils deviennent des individus aliénés de la société. Giddens explique le manque de succès de prison par la fonction de la prison qui aliène les gens de la société et avec les mauvaises conditions de détention. Selon lui, le manque de liberté, les membres de la famille, les femmes, de vieux amis, et un revenu suffisant, de l'environnement surpopulation à vivre et pratiques disciplinaires strictes provoquent la rupture de la société plutôt que de fournir de l'intégration sociale. Les conditions défavorables, que rencontrent les criminels en prison font les criminels plus agressif et cruel contre la société. Les criminels acquièrent des compétences criminelles dans le temps passé en prison. Ils se réunissent criminels notoires en prison, avec qui ils peuvent commettre un crime après libéré de prison.

LA CONCLUSION Certains chercheurs travaillant sur la sous-culture en prison, attirent l'attention sur l'effet de la sous-culture carcérale qui consolide la tendance criminelle de prisonnier. Selon eux, plus l'association a la sous- culture augmente, plus l'intégration et l'adaptation a la vie sociale après la prison diminue. Et cette situation peut entraîner la récidive après la prison. Il y a des approches pour l’augmentation du niveau sur le dissuasion de la criminalité, l’un d’eux est l’aggraver les conditions dans la prison. Cette approche est très connue mais en même temps très critiqué. En général, il y a 2 approches diffèrent sur la fonctionnalité des prisons dans le monde occidental. La première approche est développée par les libéraux, la seconde par les conservateurs. Tandis que les libéraux limitent les fonctions de la prison avec la réhabilitation, les conservateurs focalisent sur le rôle de dissuasion de la criminalité de la prison. D’après les libéraux, les conditions de la prison doivent être amélioré.
Ils pensent que certains problèmes socio-économiques (pauvreté, le chômage, les problèmes familiaux, la frustration sociale et économique, certains problèmes liés à la personnalité, etc) ont un effet sur leur culpabilité.. Pour cette raison, les personnes détenues devraient être réhabilités par correctives programmes et ils doivent acquérir des compétences professionnelles. En d’autre part, les conservateurs favorisent les conditions plus aggravées dans la prison et l’emprisonnement doit être prolongée. L'une des principales conséquences négatives de l'incarcération est que beaucoup d'activités en particulier l'activité économique des personnes envoyées en prison s’arrêtent. Pour cette raison, après la prison, ils ne peuvent pas reprendre leur ancien poste ou leur statue dans la société même qu'ils essaient d'obéir aux lois. Le chômage, les difficultés à trouver un emploi peuvent mener la personne à des activités illégales. Cette situation montre que les prisons, l'incarcération ne devrait pas être la seule façon de punir les coupables. L’emprisonnement diminue l’intégration et la participation des individus a la vie sociale. Par contre, ça peut renforce la structure criminelle. Même si la prison ne peut pas dissuader tous de commettre les crimes, il est évident que elle peut dissuader la plupart des gens. On ne peut pas dire que les prisons ne sont pas nécessaires. Mais en même temps, avec seulement la fonction d’emprisonnement de la prison, on ne peut pas prévenir le récidivisme. La nécessité des programmes de réhabilitation doit être tenté avec la fonction de dissuasion de la punition. Comme un dernier mot, les individus qui commettent des crimes simples, ne devraient pas directement envoyé à la prison, des institutions alternatives ou approches à la prison devraient être développés. Professionnel, éducatif et thérapeutique contenant des programmes de réadaptation devraient être appliquées ou améliorée. Nous pouvons vous proposons que ce genre de choses sont efficaces en diminuant la probabilité de récidive. L'importance devrait être accordée aux travaux de récupération (ıslah) en prison ainsi que la punition pour les prisonniers. Avec la punition du délinquant, nous essayons d'empêcher les individus commettant nouveau crime, mais à travers la remise en état ou Réfection travail que nous pouvons éliminer certains problèmes mentales, éducationnels et occupationnels.

La Bibliographie

1. http://www.kriminoloji.com/Hapishane_ve_Cezalandirma.Giddens.htm 2. http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/the-prison-problem 3. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=kTydjEoxmgoC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=hapishane+ve+hapsedilme+sosyoloji&source=bl&ots=BVtRWkBFYS&sig=8sQQ_52eLgOEJbwXjBnMunHUzXQ&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=wkRBU9zMEqGu7Abd8oGQCA&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=hapishane%20ve%20hapsedilme%20sosyoloji&f=false 4. http://www.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/pdf/key_issues/crime_research.pdf 5. http://www.cato-unbound.org/2009/03/18/bruce-western/race-crime-punishment 6. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2912.pdf 7. http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Taylor_Prison_and_its_Functions_IJC_August_2011.pdf 8. http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/foucault-prisons.html 9. http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=4hAK7JPee80C&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=giddens+anthony+prison&source=bl&ots=_fN-uT1y37&sig=-8BkDleZlNTp0IWAQ31HTfv-7nM&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=k0hUU5PRF8P9ygOt6IL4Dw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=giddens%20anthony%20prison&f=false 10. http://www.polity.co.uk/giddens7/studentresource/summaries/Student_Summary_21.asp 11. http://www.sagepub.com/hanserintro/study/materials/reference/ref2.2.pdf 12. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2771&context=jclc

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