...THE BASICS OF PRIVATE EQUITY With its bright performance in 2010, Indian PE has re-emerged in good shape from the turbulent times of the global credit meltdown and subsequent economic retrenchment. Deal activity has rebounded more quickly than in other Asia-Pacific markets, the exit markets are healthier than ever and capital continues to pour into an expanding number of domestic and international PE funds. Investment in P.E. firms adds value and managerial capacity in companies that are in need of rejuvenation and intend to compete in the global environment. Value addition is the main feature of investment. What is Private Equity? In finance, private equity is an asset class consisting of equity investments in companies that are not traded on a public stock exchange. Investments typically involve a transformational, value added, active management strategy. Private equity is medium to long-term finance provided in return for an equity stake in potentially high growth unquoted companies. Private equity provides long-term, committed share capital, to help unquoted companies grow and succeed. Private equity is a broad term which commonly refers to any type of non-public Ownership Equity securities that are not listed on a public exchange. At the start of a business, owners put some funding into the business to finance assets. Businesses can be considered for accounting purposes to be sums of liabilities and assets (also known as the accounting equation). After...
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...MSc in Shipping Trade & Finance 2011/2012 Alternative Sources of raising capital in shipping corporations: Bridging the Funding Gap By Linos Alexandros Kogevinas 100021584 Supervisor: Dr. Giovanni Cespa Acknowledgments Having completed a rather long, but enjoyable year at Cass Business School , I feel obligated to thank a few people who helped me along the way. Firstly, I’d like to offer my most sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Giovanni Cespa for accepting to supervise me and putting me on the right track with this dissertation. Following, I’d like to thank my family for their moral support throughout the year. Last but not least I’d like to thank the entirety of the staff at Cass who helped further my education throughout the year. To all of you, Thank you Abstract The goal of this thesis is to evaluate and present the main alternative sources of finance for shipping corporations in the scope of the post-2008 market downturn. By “alternative” the author refers to any source finance that is not vanilla financing i.e. bank debt. Lists of benefits and drawbacks for each alternative source will be presented for all parties of the transaction in question. This is done in order to present an evaluation that will facilitate the reader in understanding the value of each source as well as potential costs and risks. While there are numerous alternative sources that could be covered, the emphasis has fallen only on those that carry at least a...
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...Financial Statement Analysis BUS521- Entrepreneurship and Innovation March 02, 2011 Question: Discuss the sources of funding of the new venture and the rationale for using each source. The securing of funding for a new venture is perhaps the most difficult part of the venture start-up process (Hisrich, Peters, & Shepherd, 2010). The sources of funding for a new venture entry may be varied in such forms as Self, Family and Friends, Suppliers and trade credit, Commercial banks, Government Loan programs, R&D limited partnerships, Private investors (angels) Venture Capital, Private equity placements, Public equity offerings and other government programs (Hisrich, Peters, & Shepherd,2010). The Ready Clip will plan to seek funding or financing by using the Self of Personal Funds from the above referenced methods list. T he Self or Personal Funds source of funding method is the most utilized funding or financing for venture start-ups, as well as being the least expensive for cost and control (Hisrich, Peters, & Shepherd, 2010). The low cost and control of the Personal Funds is of particular interest to the Ready Group Members, as that we are still analyzing the ventures opportunity for success as well as weighing the passion and financial commitment levels of the Ready Clip Members. The level of commitment is generally reflected in the entrepreneur’s percentage of the total assets and not the necessarily the amount of money the entrepreneur has put into the...
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...significant role they face problems in securing investment or manage finance to develop their ideas or to expand their existing business. It is not possible for Bangladesh to accelerate economic growth without catering to the financing needs of SMEs, Thus, the paper proposes the development of the venture capital industry as an additional financial intermediary to Cater to financing and non-financing needs of SMEs. The paper discusses available sources of finance for SMEs and the Constraints of these sources. There are basically three sources from which SMEs may receive finance. These are banks, non-government organizations (NGOs) and the capital market. Then, we discuss the advantages that venture capitalists have over banks in catering to the funding needs of SMEs. It is argued that venture capitalists perform the role of ‘active investors’ by way of offering both financial and non-financial commitment to the investee company, which is essential in a market characterized by a high level of uncertainties. Also, it is argued that venture capitalists can reduce the transaction costs associated with monitoring as they launch the extensive process of ‘initial due diligence’ and practice the ‘participative management’ approach. Bangladesh has a large number of SME entrepreneurs. It is argued that policy makers should focus on how venture capitalists might receive finance that would in turn reduce moral hazard...
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...Trend in Entrepreneurial Activity and Funding During Fluctuating Economic Cycles Introduction Global capital markets have been greatly impacted by the current economic climate. This has created significant challenges in startup capital and infusions of capital from Venture Capital funds or other types of angel investment. 2011 was, indeed, a transitional year for small businesses around the world. The primary issue is that it has become clear that credit will remain less available and that many institutions will remain risk-averse. A simple assessment would be that there was a hope that credit would start flowing again and that investment would be less restricted and it has now become clear that this is not a short-term problem. There was a time when a solid business plan was enough, then having a background in startups became desirable, then having the ability to prove one’s concepts became more important. In order to better understand what an entrepreneurial organization, especially a small business, needs to do in this current economic cycle, this research will look at numbers and types of market entrants, initial public offerings, funding opportunities, and ways to enhance profitability. This research will also examine how the fluctuations of various economic cycles have an impact on funding sources. The funding sources of angel investment, venture capital, private equity, and bootstrapping will be considered, leading into an understanding of the perspectives of the various...
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...reduces the amount of equity required in the business. As equity is the most expensive form of capital, it is most cost effective to create a capital structure that secures the most funding, offers the lowest cost of capital, and maximizes return on equity. Mezzanine debt has been around for over 30 years, however its use in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest is relatively new and growing. Leading companies in this region are starting to use mezzanine debt to fund the growth today that the chartered banks will not fund until tomorrow. What Is Mezzanine Debt? Mezzanine debt capital generally refers to that layer of financing between a company's senior debt and equity, filling the gap between the two. Structurally, it is subordinate in priority of payment to senior debt, but senior in rank to common stock or equity (Exhibit #1). In a broader sense, mezzanine debt may take the form of convertible debt, senior subordinated debt or private "mezzanine" securities (debt with warrants or preferred equity). MEZZANINE FILLS THE GAP BETWEEN SENIOR DEBT AND ASSET BASED LENDING, AND EQUITY SENIOR DEBT & ASSET BACKED (STRETCH) LENDING SENIOR SUBORDINATED DEBT CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED DEBT MEZZANINE MEZZANINE REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK EQUITY Source: FitchRatings Exhibit 1 Mezzanine capital is typically used to fund a growth opportunity, such as an acquisition, new product line, new distribution channel or plant expansion, or in private business’ for the...
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...1) What do you think of Zoots strategy till date? Did their business model make sense? Zoots was an innovative dry-cleaning chain that had been founded by Krasnow and Tom Stemberg (the founder of office supply giant Staples) in 1998. Krasnow and Stemberg each provided $200,000 in seed funding by themselves. And the first Zoots store opened that October and was served by a centralized processing facility located in Wilmington, Massachusetts. They expanded their business very aggressively. At first, the growth strategy was to both build out the scale of its first network by opening new stores to feed this hub and to open new regional networks with their own centralized processing facility. And they also grow by acquisition; they acquire a delivery business in 1999. They are growing very rapidly and revenue is well above industry average. However, he was caught off guard by the complexity of managing the centralized processing facilities and encounters some serious problems. By early 2000, Krasnow and the management team had decided to put the growth strategy on hold and focusing on operations. Later, they changed their focus on Improving facility efficiency and quality and Building up volume in existing networks. After a while, their operating begins to stabilized and back to track. By mid-2003, they hire a new CEO, which is very professional and suitable for the business. They the made more changes on their strategy. The most important is they transitioning residential...
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...Equity Funding Please respond to the following: Discuss the different sources of equity investment. Public Stock – holding shares publicly traded by companies. The well-known corporations such as Ford Motor, Johnson & Johnson, and Citibank are companies that trade freely on stock exchange, The New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Private Equity- Private Equity covers a broad range of investment categories that come into play at different stages of a company and its life cycles. Discuss the main differences between an angel investor and a venture capital (VC) investor. Angel investors are individuals of high-net value who seek to help entrepreneurs accomplish their goals. They represent a good option when family and friends are not available and when other methods of racing capital are not desirable or feasible. Angle investors are high-net-worth people, may have a social agenda, and require an ROI of 20-35%. I also liked the breakdown of Angels Investors on pg. 194, of our text. Table 8-3 Typical Profile of Angels Investors Average number of members in an angel group---------------------------------------10-25 Average group investment per year-------------------------------------------------------$2million to $55million Average group investment in a start-up---------------------------------------------------$350,000 Percentage of companies funded, out of all that presented----------------------------33% Estimated total invested per year by angels---------------------------------------------$54...
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...Create a Wholesale Enterprise for Gram Vikas: The business success of a social enterprise lies in the self-sustainability; however, Gram Vikas is under financial distress and is highly dependent on often-delayed government grants and decreasing donations. These situations restrict Gram Vikas’ ability to expand its societal impact, and further undermine the creation of social value to the target stakeholders. (Nicolas Pless). To make Gram Vikas more sustainable and less reliant on donor money, while not restricting the access to original funding streams such as Government grants and donations, a stand-alone profit-generating company could be set up to ensure a more steady revenue stream for Gram Vikas. This stand-alone company would complement current GV’s activities and help both GV and the villagers sustain their income revenues. Thereby proposing a wholesale enterprise that integrates the distributing process for household individual income generating activities. Business Description: Currently, GV provides skill-building activities and advices on sustainable forestry, agriculture, and livestock husbandry to ensure food security and generate additional income for the villagers. Plantation of agriculture commodities, such as cashews, pineapples, mangos, jackfruits and vegetables is highly encouraged by GV, as these crops enable a steady source of income. (p.6) On top of that, many families have started income generating activities with the loans from Self-help Groups...
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...Hochschule Rosenheim University Of Applied Sciences Financial options What options does a start up have to finance itself in the current market? Seminar paper University of Applied Sciences Fachhochschule Rosenheim faculty of business administration Presented by: Nicolas Jacobs Sebastian Zeitz Date: 12/18/2013 Address: Hochschulstraße 1 83024 Rosenheim E-mail: nicolasjacobs1@gmail.com sebastian.zeitz@stud.fh-rosenheim.de Matr. -Nr.: 822416 739045 Advisor: Prof. Dr. Ralph Kriechbaum Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Current market situation 3 1.2 Economic role of start-ups 4 2. Start-up life cycle 4 2.1 Early business stages 5 2.1.1 Seed stage 5 2.1.2 Start-up stage 5 2.1.3 Early stage 5 2.2 Expansion stages 5 2.2.1 Second stage 5 2.2.2 Third stage 6 2.3 Late business stages 6 2.3.1 Mezzanine phase 6 2.3.2 Bridge phase 6 2.3.3 Liquidation phase 6 3. Financial options 7 3.1 Seed financing sources 7 3.1.1 Angel investors 7 3.1.2 Incubators 8 3.1.3 Accelerators 8 3.1.5 Vendor Financing 9 3.1.6 Crowdfunding 9 3.2 Late financing sources 11 3.2.1 Mezzanine financing 11 3.2.2 Bridge financing 11 3.2.3 Initial Public Offering 12 3.2.4 Credits & Loans 12 4. A real life story 12 4.1 TransferWise 13 5. Conclusion 14 6. References 15 6.1 E-Books 15 6.2 Webpages 15 7. Honest declaration 16 1. Introduction This thesis has been written in the period of 9th of October and 18th of December...
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...White Paper Growing Businesses in Tough Economic Times How a VDR can help steer businesses through the seven stages of the financial lifecycle M E R R I L L D A T A S I T E ® Contents Introduction Funding Planning to grow your business Mergers and acquisitions Seizing international opportunities Post-deal integration Making M&A work Equity Turning businesses into cash Debt financing Getting a cash injection Right-sizing Re-focusing on what you do best Bankruptcy and restructure Restructuring debt 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Growing Businesses in Tough Economic Times Anyone with financial authority over a deal will expect to see a raft of detailed, accurate information about the business in question. Introduction 1 2 3 Striving for growth The ongoing financial crisis has changed the nature of business growth around the world. At one end of the scale, it’s created an unprecedented number of large corporations that are sitting on a healthy pot of funds1. These companies have become cash-rich by being extremely good at what they do – putting them in a powerful position to grow through strategic acquisition, and, thanks to the European sovereign debt crisis, acquisition opportunities are plentiful. Organizations across Europe are divesting their assets, particularly in the financial services sector, where banks and other financial institutions are seeking to remove non-core businesses in order to sharpen their efforts2. Indeed, it’s estimated...
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...European M&A Construction Monitor Trends for 2011–2013: Defaults, Deleveraging, Diversification and DBFM Deloitte Real Estate – European M&A Construction Monitor 2012 December 2012 European M&A Construction Monitor is a publication edited and distributed by Deloitte. Director Jurriën Veldhuizen, partner Real Estate, The Netherlands Kees Zachariasse, M&A partner Real Estate, The Netherlands Coordinated by Harm Drent Hinse Boonen Steven Vrendenbarg Laurens Kil Contact Real Estate Department, Deloitte Netherlands Phone: +88 288 3281 Fax: +88 288 9752 December 2012 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Looking back 3. Going forward 4. European construction and infrastructure group contacts 5 6 12 19 European M&A Construction Monitor Trends for 2011–2013: Defaults, Deleveraging, Diversification and DBFM 3 4 1. Introduction Market trends: Defaults, deleveraging, diversification and DBFM The number of deals decreased in 2011 compared with 2010. Uncertainty in the market was a major factor for this decline. Although uncertainty remains omnipresent in 2012, M&A activity is expected to increase, even though the average deal size will be smaller compared with previous years. Small and medium-sized companies are the main targets, provided they are of interest to the limited number of larger construction companies active in the European M&A market. Survival techniques – including deleveraging, diversification and reorganisations – have been and will continue to be applied...
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...1.1 What is Venture Capital? Venture capital is a segment of private equity industry, which focuses on early-stage, high-potential, start-up companies. The venture capital fund earns money by owning equity in the companies it invests in, which usually have a new technology or business in high technology industries, such as biotechnology and IT, however with high risk. Funds are typically established as limited partnerships, which is a contract between institutional investors who become limited partners and the fund manager. The basic intermediation structure of venture capital and private equity funds is graphically summarized in Figure 1. Figure.1 Venture Capital Financial Intermediation Venture capital is a specific form of industrial finance(part...
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...........5 Credit and Debt Markets....................................................................................................5 Equity Markets ...................................................................................................................6 THE GFC AND EQUITY CAPITAL RAISING..................................................6 THE NATURE OF THE AUSTRALIAN EQUITY MARKET...........................10 THE STRUCTURE OF CAPITAL RAISING IN AUSTRALIA ........................12 Initial Equity Capital Raising...........................................................................................12 Secondary Equity Capital Raising..................................................................................15 Placements ................................................................................................................................. 21 Rights Issues .............................................................................................................................. 24 Share Purchase Plans ................................................................................................................ 29 Dividend Reinvestment Plans ..................................................................................................... 32 Comparing the Australian, UK and US Secondary Equity Capital Raising Systems .................. 33 Debt Capital Raising...
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...IPO approached, work on the complex transaction stretched across continents and disciplines. While our London team worked with the company on capital markets strategy, our Hong Kong investment banking team took responsibility for deal execution. In marketing the offering worldwide, Goldman Sachs helped Prada present its story to more than 250 leading investors. The IPO raised $2.5 billion. It was the largest consumer goods IPO ever in Hong Kong, and the largest IPO to date of any global luxury brand. The offering enabled Prada to reduce its debt while funding future growth across China and the rest of Asia. By 2015, China alone is estimated to comprise 20 percent of the world’s luxury goods market. Prada is now positioned to make the most of this opportunity, and reinforce its image as one of the world’s most recognizable fashion brands. Goldman Sachs 2011 Annual Report 11 Raising Capital Anatomy of an IPO For private companies, “going public” is a landmark event. An IPO serves several purposes: raising capital to fund growth and acquisitions, enabling founders and investors to...
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