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Process Model

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Business Process Modeling e-Framework Workshop
Balbir Barn
12th February 2007

Agenda
• • • • • Why we construct Business Process Models A historical context Approaches to business process modelling Business Process Modelling Notation Tools and standards summary

2

What is a Business Process?
• Davenport & Short (1990) define business process as
– "a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome." A process is "a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specified output for a particular customer or market.

• Business processes as transformations of inputs to outputs input output

• Other models available:
– Language-Action-Perspective (LAP) (Winograd and Flores 1986) • Production, coordination tasks using language for communication
3

Purposes of Business Process Modeling: Organization Design
• • • • • • Process Documentation Process Reorganization Process Monitoring and Controlling Continuous Improvement Quality Management: ISO 9000 Benchmarking: Compare with best practice • Knowledge Management:

4

Purposes of Business Process Modeling: Information Systems Design
• • • • • Selection of ERP software Model based Customizing Software Development Workflow Management Simulation

5

What to model of a business process
• Tasks • Coordination between tasks
– synchronization – decisions – parallel work

– repetition
–…

• • • •

Organizational responsibilities Required resources and constraints Information input and output …
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Historical Contexts
• Organizations have been structured around Adam Smith’s idea to break down work into simple discrete tasks performed by workers with basic skills (c.f. Taylorism) • Organizing by Function leads to:
– Loss of flexibility – Inability to respond to customers quickly

7

Business Process Re-Engineering – the first wave
• Business Process Re-Engineering was seen as an appropriate remedy:
– 1990: Davenport and Short – 1990: Hammer: “Don’t automate, obliterate”

• Focus on the horizontal view on how things are done and not who decides…. (organizational charts) • Characterised by:
– High failure rates – Loss of knowledge – Dependent on immature ERP technology

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Business Process Change – the 2nd wave
• 1994 – 2002: Questions on the validity of the clean slate approach • Instead a focus on continuous business improvement and cross organizational processes
– Made possible by maturing ERP technology and interchange

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Business Process Management – the 3rd wave
• 2003 - now • Organizations need to move away from hard coded processes (Smith and Fingar 2003) • Supports both business improvement (as is – to be modelling) and process innovation (the future)

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Business Process Management
• Business Process Management (or BPM) refers to activities performed by organizations to manage and, if necessary, to improve their business processes • Made possible by new tools, technologies and standards • Activities include:
– Process Design – Process Enactment – Process Monitoring

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The BPM Life cycle
Technical change is accepted: Human change -Assess human capability -Human implications of process change -Human change management requirements

analysis

Ideally performed in a single tool or a set of integrated toolsets

requirements design process model

evaluation

implementation

case data

enactment case data monitoring

infrastructure

Model based -The model is the process -Process is selfdocumenting -Design is self-executing
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Business Process Management scope

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Process Modelling Concepts (Basic)
• • • • • • • Organizational Unit Process Activity Role Flow Lane Process Decomposition Artifact

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Types of Processes
• Core Process
– Satisfy external customers – Directly add value to the business – They respond to a customer request and generate customer a satisfaction

• Supporting Process
– Satisfy internal customers – Does not directly add value to the business

• Process Patterns
– Case Process – entity passed between roles that perform some update on the entity – Event Driven Process – event is raised and a process executes in response to the event – Cycle-Driven Process – single process happens periodically – only one such instance – State Maintaining Process - maintain the state of one or more 15 objects

Approaches to Process Modelling – Notational Perspective
• Rational Unified Process (Activity Modelling) • Business Process Modelling Notation BPMN • STRIM (Ould 98) (partially LAP) • IDEF0 (Functional decomposition) • Others:
– IDEF0; – Information Engineering… input output
16

RUP/Activity Modelling
• Use Case Models at the Business Process Level • Business Actors • Business Use Cases

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Concepts
• Activity • Decision Point • Guard condition • Parallel Activities • Merged Activities

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Using Swim lanes
• Swim lanes identify the role or organizational unit responsible for the activity • Named Vertical columns • Derived from RummlerBrache’s Process modelling methodology

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Definition of BPMN

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BPMN Notation

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Core Set of Notations

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Complete Set - Events

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Complete Set - Activities

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Complete Set - Connections

25

Complete Set - Pools

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Complete Set - Gateways

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Normal Flow Example

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Process modelling – how?
• Domain analysis – immersion in the domain
– Documents – Systems – explore use of existing systems – Interviews

• Interviews
– – – – – 3 questions: Who? Who is involved? (The roles) What do they do? (and what order do they do it?) What changes as a result of their actions? Where else do they get help from?

• More help (and more detailed) is available from: • http://www.rational.com/rup
29

“To Be” Process Modelling Guidelines
• Check that all steps are needed
– Ask why?



Review Inter-process interactions
– Analyse handoffs between roles, departments and individuals



Review Decision points
– – – – Are there defined standards? Move decision points earlier Do you need them? Insert time boxes to reduce iterations

• •

Automate repetitive steps Review cycle times
– Identify activities that take a long time – Try and reduce the cycle time for these activities

• •

Cut out the middle man
– Avoid multiple approvals

Redesign data forms
– Aggregate entry information – UI guidelines for forms



Look for Parallelism
– Review opportunities for doing work in parallel – Consider training opportunities



Better to do Domain Model

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Some common issues with business process modelling
• Managing collaborative activities within business process models that are derived from the “transformational” approach • Canonical models and variability management • Notations are stabilising but methods are lagging • Process decomposition
– Some rules available, methodology dependent – Becomes more important when coupled with Business process execution and Web Services

• Managing requirements from business processes, to use cases to systems
– Is the use case driven approach still needed? (non question)

• IT enablement focus – Human Interaction Management tends to be relegated to forms driven approaches
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Canonical business process models
• Well-defined, narrowly scoped business domains can choose to agree a business process definition • There will always be a need for variations from the canonical model • The issue is how to manage standard models and their variations within a single model • The JISC funded COVARM project presented an approach to variability management
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Tools, Technologies and Standards
• • • • • Relevant standards BPMN 1.0 Final adopted standard – Feb 2006 UML 2.0 Specification BPEL4WS 1.1 BPEL 2.0 in process
Enactment Technology • - Notations for enactment • -BPEL -Enactment Engines -ORACLE BPEL Designer -IBM Websphere -Intalio

Human Interaction http://humanedj.com/ BPM Tools
Specification Technology - Notations for process design and specification • -BPMN -UML 2.0 Activity • Diagrams -ECD -Petrinets

Methodology - methods, techniques, guidance for process Relevant Tools modelling BPMN tools -Information Engineering – See here for a list -IDEF0 – http://www.bpmn.org/BP -RUP/Activity Modelling
MN_Supporters.htm
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Process vs Use Case
• Activity Diagrams provide more new info than use cases • Use Case Narratives are used but provide no new information

From: Dobing and Parsons (2006)
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Process Modelling and e-Framework

Course Validation

Main focus of e-Framework

Business Process Management Tools
35

Domain Maps – Functions and Processes
Student Administration High Level Functions

Student Enrolment

Student Complaints Processes Student Course Deferral

Student Results Domain Map
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Summary
• Process modelling is important for SOA (and soa?) • There is a new wave of technologies - toolsets and notations
– (model driven) business process management

• Processes are central to understanding and developing domains but are not sufficiently represented in the eFramework • Process modelling needs to be part of a method framework to ensure that design and development is streamlined
– E.g. overlap between process modelling and use case modelling

37

Useful References
• • • • • • http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/ bms_spec_catalog.htm www.intalio.com
• • •

www.bpmn.org


www.covarm.tvu.ac.uk Workflow coalition http://www128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/librar y/content/RationalEdge/sep03/f_umlbasics _db.pdf Davenport, T.H. & Short, J.E. (1990 Summer). "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign," Sloan Management Review, pp. 11-27
• •



• • • •

Why Current Document Collaboration Sucks by Butler Group, a European IT research and advisory organisation Why Workflow Sucks by Jon Pyke, Chair of the Workflow Management Coalition Beyond BPM: Knowledge Intensive BPM by Jon Pyke, Chair of the Workflow Management Coalition BPM: A SystemicPerspective by Janne J. Korhonen, co-steer of the EDS BPM/Workflow Group presentationarticle (bptrends.com) All the World is a Project by Peter Fingar, coauthor, "Business Process Management - The Third Wave" The Coming IT Flip Flop: And the Emergence of Human Interaction Management Systems by Peter Fingar, co-author, "Business Process Management - The Third Wave" Re-schooling the Corporation for BPM by Ronald Aronica, co-author, "The Death of e - and the Birth of the Real New Economy" Keith Harrison-Broninski. Human Interactions: The Heart and Soul of Business Process Management. ISBN 0-929652-44-4 Peter Fingar et al. Extreme Competition: Innovation And the Great 21st Century Business Reformation. ISBN 0-929652-38-X Business Process Management Group In Search Of BPM Excellence: Straight From The Thought Leaders. ISBN 0-929652-40-1

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39

Why We Model Business Processes
• Business Process Reengineering
– We model the business by defining a “Process Architecture” as a first step to defining an organizational structure aligned to new business processes. – (Hammer and Champy 1993)

• TQM – Incremental Improvement
– business processes are modelled as diagnostics tool to identify areas for improvement

• Design of IT Systems • Definition of Procedures / Business Rules
– Quality manuals etc
40

Exercise 1 – Business Process Re-engineering

41

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