...exact. Despite seeming like a very mundane and trivial product, it’s formulation is extensive, covering crude oil extraction, refining, chemical transformation, distribution, retail, and disposal. Both the production and disposal of foam cups also have serious environmental impacts and its widespread use has generated significant recycling issues. Raw Material Extraction The lifecycle of a foam cup begins with the extraction of crude oil by oil rigs both on-shore and from beneath the sea floor in the Gulf of Mexico. These rigs require large amounts of manpower and energy and freshwater to operate, and pose a real threat for potential spills which can damage and harm marine ecology. Refining of Material Crude oil is unusable as it comes out of the ground. It must be purified and separated into its useful components, which is where the oil refinery comes in. The US Gulf Coast has the largest concentration of refineries in the world. It is from the refinery that we get transportation fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It is also where we get raw materials for the chemical industry. For the production of plastics we get naphtha, which are 5 to 9 carbon chains that can be used as the raw material in a plant to make ethylene and benzene. Benzene and ethylene are subsequently reacted in another plant to make styrene. Refineries are large, energy-intensive plants which have a significant environmental impact. They generate greenhouse gases due to their...
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...MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE POSITION PAPER September 1998 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE 1 POSITION PAPER PREFACE Scope Summary 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Benzene in the atmosphere 1.2 Emissions of benzene 1.3 Atmospheric chemistry and transport 1.4 Benzene ambient air concentrations 1.5 Current National Standards and Guidelines 1.6 Summary 1.7 References 2. RISK ASSESSMENT Scope 2.1. 2.2 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6 Human exposure to benzene Health Effects National and other Health-based Air Quality Guidelines Evaluation of human health risks Recommendations for developing limit values Reference 2. ASSESSMENT METHODS Scope 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of monitoring methods 3.3 Network design and siting criteria 3.4 Other assessment techniques: air quality modelling 3.5 Data quality objectives 3.6 Random or continuous measurements 3.7 Information on air quality to the public 3.8 Upper and lower assessment thresholds 3.9 Summary 3.10 References 2 4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results of economic analysis 4.3 Discussion 5 DISCUSSION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of Chapters 1-4 5.2 Considerations to be taken into account in setting limit values for benzene 5.3 Options for consideration 5.4 Reviewing limit values 3 COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management Working Group on Benzene Benzene: Preface 4 Preface ...
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...(ONGC) and Mangalore Refineries & Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) for setting up an aromatics complex at Mangalore in Mangalore 'Special Economic Zone (MSEZ). OMPL will be a private sector company with ONGC and MRPL holding 49% of the equity capital of the company while the balance 51% equity will be offered to Strategic/ financial investors and retail investors. OMPL was incorporated on 19th December 2006 and its registered office is at 7/24, Cunningham Road, Bangalore, India. Authorized share capital of the Company is Rs 2000 crore (around USD 500 million). OMPL is setting up ban aromatics complex in MSEZ adjacent to the existing refinery of MRPL. The plant will produce 913,700 MT per annum of para-Xylene and about 283,100 MT per annum of Benzene. This complex will get its feedstock, mainly naphtha and aromatic streams from the MRPL refinery. OMPL will enter into a feedstock sourcing arrangement with MRPL for continuous supply of naphtha and other streams. The project is expected to start commercial operation by 2012. 442 acres of land for the complex has already been acquired on long term lease basis from MSEZ and site development work has already started. 1.2 Promoters 1.2.1 Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) ONGC is the largest oil exploration company in India and is the largest "Navratna" PSU . ONGC is the only fully—integrated petroleum company in India, operating along the entire hydrocarbon value chain holding largest share of hydrocarbon acreages in India. ONGC has established...
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...Plastic causes serious damage to environment both during its production and disposal. So the only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is to reduce the use of plastic and thereby force a reduction in its production. Plastic plays the villain right from the stage of its production. The major chemicals that go into the making of plastic are highly toxic and pose serious threat to living beings of all species on earth. Some of the constituents of plastic such as benzene and vinyl chloride are known to cause cancer, while many others are gases and liquid hydrocarbons that vitiate earth and air. Plastic resins themselves are flammable and have contributed considerably to several accidents worldwide. The noxious substances emitted during the production of plastic are synthetic chemicals like ethylene oxide and benzene. Besides hitting hard the eco-system, which is already fragile, these chemicals can cause an array of maladies ranging from birth defects to cancer, damage the nervous system and the immune system and also adversely affect the blood and the kidneys. And, many of these toxic substances are emitted during recycling of plastic, too. Recycling of plastic is associated with skin and respiratory problems, resulting from exposure to and inhalation of toxic fumes, especially hydrocarbons and residues released during the process. What is worse, the recycled plastic degrades in quality and necessitates the production of more new plastic to make the original product. Plastic wastes...
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...WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Coke Manufacturing Industry Description and Practices distillation unit. The Claus process is normally used to recover sulfur from coke oven gas. During the coke quenching, handling, and screening operation, coke breeze is produced. It is either reused on site (e.g., in the sinter plant) or sold off site as a by-product. Coke and coke by-products, including coke oven gas, are produced by the pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air) of suitable grades of coal. The process also includes the processing of coke oven gas to remove tar, ammonia (usually recovered as ammonium sulfate), phenol, naphthalene, light oil, and sulfur before the gas is used as fuel for heating the ovens. This document covers the production of metallurgical coke and the associated by-products using intermittent horizontal retorts. In the coke-making process, bituminous coal is fed (usually after processing operations to control the size and quality of the feed) into a series of ovens, which are sealed and heated at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, typically in cycles lasting 14 to 36 hours. Volatile compounds that are driven off the coal are collected and processed to recover combustible gases and other by-products. The solid carbon remaining in the oven is coke. It is taken to the quench tower, where it is cooled with a water spray or by circulating an inert gas (nitrogen), a process known as dry quenching. The coke is screened and sent to a blast furnace or to...
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...| | | BENZANILIDE | PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION | CAS NO. | 93-98-1 | | EINECS NO. | 202-292-7 | | FORMULA | C6H5NHCOC6H5 | | MOL WT. | 197.24 | | H.S. CODE | | | SMILES | | | TOXICITY | | | SYNONYMS | N-Phenyl Benzamide; N-Phenylbenzoic acid amide; | Benzanilid (German); Benzanilida (Spanish); Benzanilide (French); N-Benzoylaniline; N-Phenylbenzamide | CLASSIFICATION | | PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES | PHYSICAL STATE | white to grey crystals | MELTING POINT | 163 C | BOILING POINT | | SPECIFIC GRAVITY | 1.315 | SOLUBILITY IN WATER | Insoluble (soluble in alcohol) | pH | | VAPOR DENSITY | | AUTOIGNITION | | NFPA RATINGS | Health: 1; Flammability: 0; Reactivity: 0 | REFRACTIVE INDEX | | FLASH POINT | 180 C | STABILITY | Stable under ordinary conditions. | GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS | Amide is a group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 in which a carbon atom is attached to oxygen in solid bond and also attached to an hydroxyl group, where 'R' groups range from hydrogen to various linear and ring structures or a compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia such as sodium amide, NaNH2. Amides are divided into subclasses according to the number of substituents on nitrogen. The primary amide is formed from by replacement of the carboxylic hydroxyl group by the NH2, amino group. An example is acetamide (acetic acid + amide). Amide is obtained by reaction of an acid...
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...sometimes used so that the fracture trace along the wellbore can be measured. Chemical additives are applied to tailor the injected material to the specific geological situation, protect the well, and improve its operation, though the injected fluid is approximately 98-99.5% percent water. (Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, 2009) For each frack, 1-8 million gallons of water and 80 – 300 tons of chemicals may be used to frack a well. A well may be fracked up to 18 times. (Fox, 2010) Figure 1: Hydraulic Fracturing (Albertan, 2011) History Hydraulic fracking of oil and gas wells was first used in the United States in 1947. It was first used commercially in 1949 by Halliburton. Due to the success in increasing production from oil and gas wells, it was quickly adopted and used worldwide. (Smith, 2010). Hydraulic fracking has been used on over 1 million producing wells since its commercial development. As the technology has continued to develop and improve, an estimated 35,000 wells are fractured each year....
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...which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms. Types of Leukemia Acute leukemia- is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells. Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia because of the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. Acute forms of leukemia are the most common forms of leukemia in children. Chronic leukemia- is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age group. What are the causes of Leukemia? * previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy * exposure to high doses of radiation or to benzene (found in unleaded gasoline, tobacco smoke, chemical production facilities) * family history * genetic abnormality, such as an abnormality on chromosome 22 (also known as the Philadelphia chromosome) ...
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...Together We Stand San Juan County, New Mexico, one of the last breaths taking natural oasis left in the United States, is now literally having many of its dearest citizens in our community, taking their last breaths, in addition to many unknown illnesses such as cancers, and tumors. Personally, I have been a resident here for the past forty years, while raising a family of four beautiful children, and a loving wife; until the tragic loss of my wife, in addition to the sudden death our two newborn grandchildren due to cardiovascular issues. At first, I did not realize the coincidence, but later realized that our family was not the only ones who lost family members, sharing many of the same symptoms, which led me to investigate possible cause and effects of the sudden increased number of deaths in our community. After, many hours of research and investigation, one major common denominator kept popping up, “gas drilling”. Yes, neighbors, gas are the invisible plague that has infected our community with unnecessary death and illness. You may ask the question, why gas? For the past five years, no one understood or recognized the changes within our community until recently. First, I examined the common symptoms such as tumors, eye and skin irritation, birth defects, thyroid disorders, to respiratory illness and emphysema; and realized that statistics for many cities including Daytona, Jena, Blue, and Stanton all experience a rapid decline of health amongst their residents. In addition...
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...MR Renato Ramirez Federal Government 2306.712S1. 29 June 2014 Fracking, is good for the economy Hydraulic fracturing, or Fracking, a technique to remove natural gas and oil from shale formations, Fracking has been blamed for contamination of drinking water, air pollution, earthquakes, water shortages, radiation discharge, and even cancer. Hydraulic fracturing . So if Fracking a good practice, why do they use all thou toxic chemicals According to the Environmental Protection Agency ; Fracking is dumping toxic chemicals into the ground to release oil ! according to the US Geological Survey the oil that they are remove is the rocker they are removing and replacing wood sand is causing earthquakes in some cases. There have been reports of tap water catching fire from: methane gas eating into the water supplies around these frocking wells. but Fracking is great for the economy it's lousy for the Environment and infrastructure but it's great for the economy . People get make lots of money, and wealth they spend it in the towns . they live in the man camp they go to these hotels are popping up everywhere. you can't find a place to park in the roadside diners that are full of oilfield workers. Yes and make it is good for the economy Clearly, some hydraulic fracturing fluids contain chemicals deemed to be "hazardous wastes." Even if these chemicals are diluted it is unconscionable that EPA is allowing these substances to be injected directly into underground sources...
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...1 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) TWA = Time-Weighted Average Volatile Organic Compounds = (VOCs) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC). WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System MSDS stands for: Material Safety Data Sheet IRPTC stands for: International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy = three-drug cocktail treatment for AIDS OTC means over the counter SSRI = Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors CFC = Chlorofluorocarbon 1% = 104 ppm = 107 ppb conversion N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) = 46.06 g/mol d= st m/s km/hr 1 cm3 =1 ml Micro =1 µ g = 1 x 10 -6 g NANO =1 n g = 1 x 10 -9 g The largest vol of these is 1.0 L 1000 mL 1.0 × 106 µL >>1.0 × 104 cm3 Chemicals causing malformation in newborns are: Teratogenic Chemicals causing changes in DNA are known as: Mutagens A concentration of 21.0 ppm for a gas in air is equal: 2.10 × 10-3 % A concentration of 51.0 ppb for a gas in air is equal: 5.10 × 10-2 ppm Based upon TLV-TWA which poses the most risk: ( answer is the least) Sulfur dioxide (2 ppm) Carbon monoxide (2.5 × 104 ppb) >>Ozone (100 ppb) Nitrogen dioxide (3.0 × 10-4 %) A worker is repeatedly exposed to a concentration of 2.50 × 10...
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...On macro level, the shale gas extraction has contributed to the national gas production increase reducing natural its importation and the federal deficit. This has led to a net imports of petroleum fallen from 60% of total to consumption in 2005 to 42% in 2012 and estimated 1.6 million jobs created or related to the hydraulic fracking industry (MacVoy, 2013; Houlton, 2013). Local government receive royalty from the oil and gases companies disposing of revenues to develop infrastructures. Also, natural gas extraction is becoming cheaper and its use for electric power has surpassed the coal (Brooks, 2013). On the micro-economic level, Brooks (20123) also noticed a lower gas prices, lower energy cost for the consumers. Shellenberger (2014) revealed a decrease of average household energy costs in Colorado around -11,551 dollars...
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...Production of Polystyrene PROCESS DESCRIPTION Manufacturing process: Polystyrene is manufactured by the addition polymerization of styrene monomer unit. Dow Chemical is the world's largest producer with a total capacity of 1.8 million metric tones in the USA, Canada, and Europe (1996 figures). The main manufacturing route to styrene is the direct catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene: The reaction shown above has a heat of reaction of -121 KJ/mol (endothermic). Nearly 65% of all styrene is used to produce polystyrene. The overall reaction describing the styrene polymerization is: This reaction is carried out in an inert organic solvent environment, which provides the reaction medium for this cationic polymerization reaction 1 Production of Polystyrene The different methods available for styrene polymerization are: 1. Solution (bulk) polymerization. 2. Emulsion polymerization. 3. Suspension polymerization. Solution (bulk) polymerization: Solution (bulk) polymerization is commonly referred to as mass polymerization in the industry. The vast majority of all polystyrene produced today is produced via this technology. The common solvents used in this process are the styrene monomer itself and ethyl benzene. The two types of mass polymerization are batch and continuous, of which continuous mass is by far the most popular. Batch mass polymerization consists of a polymerization section containing agitated vessels polymerizing up to 80% conversion...
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...affects many people because it uses an enormous amount of water, can contaminate safe drinking water, contributes to global warming, pollutes the air, and the most recent concern is triggering Earthquakes (Lallanilla). It is damaging to humans because it is slowing beginning to affect public health: The financial impact of ozone smog caused by fracking on public health has been estimated at $1,648 per ton of nitrous oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the Dallas-Fort Worth region, the average public health cost amounts to more than $270,000 per day during the summer, while in Arkansas, the nearly 6,000 tons of NOx and VOCs emitted in 2008 would impose an annual public health cost of roughly $9.8 million. (“The Cost”) Benzene, a carcinogen, has been found to be released into the air because of fracking; affecting people living close to these sites (Lallanilla). Along with this substance, research has shown people living nears these sites can have problems with reproduction, development, and runs the risk to develop asthma (Lallamilla). “Hydraulic fracturing has been going on since around the 1940s. According to Brantley and Meyendorff, approximately one million wells have been fracked in America alone since the 1940s. Fracking also affects the people because it is not a cheap task and sometimes the fracking industry...
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...Week 3 Course Project 1. State the primary legal issues raised by hydraulic fracturing: “The rapid increase and geographically expanding use of fracturing, along with a growing number of citizen complaints and state investigations of well water contamination attributed to this practice, has led to calls for greater state and/or federal environmental regulation and oversight of this activity. Historically, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had not regulated the underground injection of fluids for hydraulic fracturing of oil or gas production wells. In 1997, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit ruled that fracturing for coalbed methane (CBM) production in Alabama constituted underground injection and must be regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This ruling led EPA to study the risk that hydraulic fracturing for CBM production might pose to drinking water sources. In 2004, EPA reported that the risk was small, except where diesel was used, and that national regulation was not needed. However, to address regulatory uncertainty the ruling created, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) revised the SDWA term “underground injection” to explicitly exclude the injection of fluids and propping agents (except diesel fuel) used for hydraulic fracturing purposes. Consequently, EPA currently lacks authority under the SDWA to regulate hydraulic fracturing, except where diesel fuel is used. (In May, EPA issued draft permitting guidance for use of diesel...
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