...to preempt contamination (Bethesda, 2015). Clean the insertion area with alcohol pads. While holding the syringe in one hand like a pencil or a dart, the other hand should be pinching the skin (in the arms, legs, or abdomen) using the thumb and index finger and pulling upwards (Bethesda, 2015). In most adults, the needle should be inserted at a 90-degree angle to ensure that the medications are properly injected into the layer of tissue below the dermis (Bethesda, 2015). Exceptions for using a 45-degree angle will include small children and human beings with little subcutaneous fat on thin skin (Bethesda, 2015). After the needle is completely inserted into the skin, the hand grasping the skin should be relaxed while the dominant hand should be slowly but steadily depressing the plunger to administer the drug (Bethesda, 2015). Gently press a 2 x 2-inch gauze sponge onto the injection site as the needle is being removed from the skin, which prevents the skin from pulling back, helps seal the punctured tissue, and prevents any (further) leakage of blood (Bethesda, 2015). Properly dispose of the needle, syringe, and gloves and document the appropriate information on the Medication Administration Record (MAR). For safe needle disposal, enclose the syringe and needle in a hard plastic or metal container with a tightly secured lid. Needles should not be re-capped after usage. Take the container to a nearby health care facility or to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) when the container...
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...incidents occur. Now you must decide, for each: • Was this a risk? • If so, why? • What was your best option in responding to the situation? When you pick up a saliva sample, you notice the label on the jar has a stain on it and is slightly damp. |Risk? |Cross-contamination, risk of infection through droplets, unsterile sample | |Why? |The wet area could be infectious through the droplets | |Action |Place it in a bag, label the bag and report the findings. Double bag the specimen. | When you pick up a urine sample, it appears clean, properly prepared and appropriately labelled, but the jar is not quite full and there appears to be a small amount of dried residue on the bench beside it. |Risk? |Cross infection of body fluids | |Why? |The work bench is soiled | |Action |Seal the jar, clean the jar and the bench, put the jar in a bag. | You accidentally cut your hand during your working day, but the cut is not bad enough to need medical attention and you are able to continue working. |Risk?...
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...What is Hazardous Waste? Hazardous Waste is a "solid waste" which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may: Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored or disposed of, or otherwise mismanaged; or Cause or contribute to an increase in mortality, or an increase in irreversible or incapacitating illness. A "solid waste" is defined as any discarded material that is abandoned by being disposed of, burned or incinerated, recycled or considered "waste-like." A solid waste can physically be a solid, liquid, semi-solid, or container of gaseous material. A waste is classified as a hazardous waste if it has a hazardous characteristic listed below or is listed as a hazardous waste in EPA's page with the list of identifies hazardous wastes. We could only find the list for Ohio. Hazardous Characteristics: Ignitable Hazardous Waste A liquid waste which has a flash point of less than or equal to 140 degrees F (60 degrees C) as determined by an approved test method. A non-liquid waste which, under standard conditions, is capable of causing a fire through friction, absorption of moisture or a spontaneous chemical change and when ignited, the waste burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard. An ignitable compressed gas or oxidizer. Corrosive Hazardous Waste An aqueous waste with a pH ofless than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to...
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...Running head: HOW TO INSERT AN IV 1 How to Insert an IV Neethu Vijayan C0628760 November 24, 2014 The main purpose of this report is to provide adequate instructions to the first year RPN students about the procedure of inserting IV. This instruction will help them to administer fluids, blood products, and medications directly into a patient's bloodstream via a small tube. They should have the theoretical knowledge of injection procedure and how to access the vein. These instructions will be taught in clinical lab. HOW TO INSERT AN IV As a nursing student, it is important to know how to insert an IV in order to...
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...OSHA The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency that operates under the U.S. Department of Labor. They are a law regulating agency that enforces laws that are put in place to protect employees in their place of work. The mission of OSHA is to ensure that businesses provide safe and healthy working environments for all their employees. In 1974 OSHA was developed and established by congress. In the 1960s there was a 20% rise in work-related accidents and injuries and something needed to be done to keep these numbers from increasing. House Representative William A. Steiger successfully passed a bill that would create OSHA. President Richard M. Nixon signed The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 on December 29th of 1970. OSHA was open for business in April of 1971. OSHA covered 56 million workers at 3.5 million various industries and businesses. OSHA created and organized standards at foundations such as the National Fire Protection Organization, American National Standards Institution, and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist. OSHA developed its first training program in Chicago in the mid-1970s. The training programs purpose was to educate its inspectors, and administer employers and employees training on safety standards. In 1975 OSHA had state authorities instruct onsite consolation programs at no cost. In the 1980’s OSHA started to make medical and exposure records the main focal point. In the 80’s OSHA...
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...Diabetes It all starts with the consumption of food that contains carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are then metabolized into a type of sugar called glucose. The body needs glucose because glucose is a source of energy for the cells. After being metabolized, glucose moves into the bloodstream and the body detects that the blood glucose level is rising. In response to this, the pancreas, which is a little gland that sits underneath the stomach, starts releasing a hormone called Insulin. And it’s insulin that helps our bodies get the energy from the food we eat. The bloodstream then takes the glucose and the insulin to every cell in our bodies that needs it. The body functions best when the blood glucose is at an optimum level. It doesn’t respond well to high levels of blood glucose. Normally, there’s a cycle within the body that balances out the glucose and insulin levels. In this case, the food we consume or the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream and the pancreases releases the insulin that carries the glucose to the cells. However, diabetes occurs when this system fails to function properly in the bodies of many individuals today. According to the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic lifelong condition that affects our body’s ability to use the energy found in food. It is a cellular disease that involves the lack of glucose receptors on cell membranes. Although diabetes is a complex condition, its common theme involves either the lack of insulin...
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...with many challenges which ultimately become decisions that shape our walk with Christ. Some may see us as hypocrites because they don’t understand our faith and do not wish to look past our faults. Beyond any of this, it’s our job to live in harmony with nature and learn from it. By reading and understanding the word of God, it’s clear that He expects us to be caretakers of his creation. In addition, He expects us to appreciate and protect all animals and the environment. To fulfill this mission doesn’t require perfection, but an honest heart and effort will get the job done. As a Christian, in an attempt to preserve or restore our environment, we should do the following: plant and eat from trees, eat less or no meats, and dispose of human wastes more properly. Planting and Eating from trees. In the bible Leviticus 19:23, New Living Translation, reads “When you enter the land and plant fruit trees, leave the fruit unharvested for the first three years and consider it forbidden. Do not eat it”. This is a very direct scripture. From my understanding, God’s telling us to labor in our gardens and once our fruits or vegetables have matured, then we may take from them. As an example, the Weekend Gardner Monthly Web Magazine for March 2012 (http://weekendgardener.net) gives us great tips on harvesting apples, pears, tomatoes, etc. By reading this article, I learned that a great indication of an...
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...The Holy Mass is the holiest event and most precious treasure of the Roman Catholic Church – because the Holy Mass is the Action of Christ. Our Lord Jesus Christ offers Himself for us in the Holy Mass as He offered and sacrificed Himself for us on the Cross. The Eucharistic Sacrifice is the ‘Source and Summit of All Christian Life’. The Holy Mass is the memorial of the same Sacrifice on the Cross at Calvary 2,000 years ago – and now renewed in an unbloody and sacramental manner on our altars today. On the Cross at Calvary, Jesus Christ offered His Body and Blood for us – and now under the appearances of bread and wine on the altar of our Church. The Most Holy Eucharist is a Mystery of Faith where we celebrate the Liturgy of the Word and of the Eucharist, and where ordinary bread and wine are changed into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ during the Consecration in the Mass. At every celebration of the Holy Mass, Jesus Christ is REALLY PRESENT – as God and as Man sacrificing Himself for us on the altar as He sacrificed Himself on the Cross. This Sacrament of Love stands central in the life of the People of God, so that Christ becomes in truth the Life of Souls as we repay in worship “love For Love” to Him. Because of the Real Presence of Jesus and His Supreme Sacrifice, the Holy Mass becomes our highest form of prayer. And we are all exhorted to participate actively with sound faith and utmost devotion as we gather as one community to publicly celebrate our faith...
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...FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system has many functions, most of which are involved in protecting you and regulating your body’s internal functions in a variety of ways: · Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs · Protects against invasion by infectious organisms · Protects the body from dehydration · Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature · Helps dispose of waste materials · Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold · Stores water and fat Skin structure The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three main layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is an elastic layer on the outside that is continually being regenerated. It includes the following: Keratinocytes - the main cells of the epidermis formed by cell division at its base. New cells continually move towards the surface. As they move they gradually die and become flattened. Corneocytes - the flattened dead keratinocytes that together make up the very outer layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum or horny layer. This protective layer is continually worn away or shed. Melanocytes – produce the pigment melanin that protects against UV radiation and gives skin its colour. The dermis is the inner layer that includes the following: Sweat glands – produce sweat that travels via sweat ducts to openings in the epidermis called pores. They play a role in temperature regulation...
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...management in two cities of Pakistan, Islamabad and Abbotabad are assessed and the major factors which influences the safe proper disposal of waste are highlighted. So, the damage caused by HW could be lessened. Abbreviations:- HW Hospital waste WM Waste management HWM Hospital waste management WHO World health organizations Introduction:- Health care centers are an essential component of a society. Varity of waste is generated from hospitals or health care centers due to the employment of medicines, food, chemicals and different instruments etc for the treatment of patients. This waste can be classified into two main categories: 1. Medical/Clinical waste comprises of infectious waste, pathological waste, sharps, pharmaceutical waste, blood, swaps, geno-toxic waste, chemical waste and radioactive waste. 2. Non medical or non clinical waste including foodstuff leftovers, cardboards, packages, etc (Hashmi and Shahab, 2003). Such diverse infectious and hazardous could cause high risk of health concerns on direct contact and indirect contamination of environment. To tackle it, hospitals establish a waste management regulation and different hospitals use different methods and technologies to treat hospital waste. It is stated in WHO report (2002), around 64% hospitals in 22 countries in world have improper methods for disposing waste....
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...One of the many things that caught my attention during the clinical observation was how important safety practices are when working in a healthcare environment. Healthcare today is known to be highly complex, high risk and error prone (Kizer & Blum, 2009). Safety practices not only apply to healthcare practitioners, but also to patient care. Patient care is particularly important as errors and unfavorable event could be a leading cause of death and injury. One observation of safety practices healthcare practitioners can take precaution against is needle safety. Always have gloves on when taking blood samples or even administration of medication through a syringe. Be sure to dispose it in a sharps container after use. A needle should not be recapped nor should a syringe be reused, it should be disposed immediately. Kelli Ford (2013) advise, (1) Medication should never be administered from the same syringe to various patients, even if the needle has been changed. (2) A syringe should not be refilled once it has been used, even for the same patient. (3) A needle should not be reused, even on the same patient. Once the syringe is empty, the barrel inside is open to air and can become exposed to contaminants that could infect the patient. This safety measure is to prevent the transmission of infectious disease like Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), or other bloodborne pathogens. A survey done by Occupational Safety & Health...
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...prominence, but when IV access cannot be achieved promptly, other routes of administration can be valuable. For rehydration fluids and certain drugs, subcutaneous administration may be a safe and effective alternative, providing cost and ease-of-use advantages. The word intravenous simply means “within a vein”, but it is usually used to refer to IV therapy. Intravenous therapy is getting fluid directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip. Treatments administered intravenously are often much needed medications. Compared with other routes of giving medications, the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications to the body. Some medications, like blood transfusions, can only be given intravenously. I have to put in an IV, my patients’ pervious IV is older than 72 hours and per protocol a new has to go in. Oh, I remember back in nursing school going to clinical watching the more experienced nursing putting in fresh IVs and being horrified at some of the techniques used behind closed doors. One particular clinical a nurse gathers all the necessary material to start an IV. I watched her that tie off the arm above the elbow, clean it and then insert the needle. Standing off to the side being the student that I am thinking, wow she’s so good at IVs she doesn’t even...
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...included the bacteria found in raw eggs, raw meat (ground beef and other poorly cooked meats), egg products, fresh vegetables, nuts, and contaminated water. Salmonella can enter water in a bowel movement of an infected human or animal through sewage overflows, sewage systems that are not working properly, or wells after severe flooding. Infected milk is another possibility of infection, but pasteurization usually destroys the germ. A recent major outbreak in July of 2012 by Cargill meat solutions Corporation was found in over 29,000 pounds of fresh ground beef products. A total of 46 people in 9 states were reported to have contracted the virus, thankfully no deaths were reported. Although the recall is over Cargill encourages consumers who purchased these products with sell by dates of May 29 to June 16th of this year to dispose of their purchases. Symptoms can begin about eight to 48 hours after consumption of the bacteria and can last anywhere between 4 and 7 days. Salmonellosis (gastroenteritis) is a common source of bacterial food poisoning that can be described by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is the most common disease triggered by the organisms. In some cases blood may be present in the...
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...How can communicable diseases be broken at a link within the communicable disease chain? Are there steps that a nurse can take to facilitate this process? Give a specific example. Use an example that is different than the postings of other students. There are six links in the Chain of Infection. Those areas include: 1. The infectious agent itself- 2. The reservoir where the infectious agent can live and multiply or lie dormant until the organism can find the opportunity to cause disease 3. The susceptible host 4. A means of Transmission 5. A portal of exit 6. A portal of re-entry Each link in this chain must be intact for a disease to be transmitted and infect another person. There is the potential to defeat a communicable disease process by disrupting the link in this chain at any point along the way thus preventing infection in another person. An example of the simplest chain of infection is an infected patient cared for by a health care worker who doesn't wash their hands before caring for another patient. Human sources of microorganisms are healthcare workers, patients themselves and visitors, any of whom may be individuals who are in some stage of an incubation period of a disease process, may already have a disease, or may be a chronic carrier of an infectious agent. The patient may be their own source of infection. (Baldwin, 2008) The bacteria must be able to find a susceptible host. Some individuals are immune to infection or are able to resist...
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...Diabetes is a condition where the body fails to utilize ingested glucose. Most of what we eat is broken down into glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood – it is the principal source of fuel for our bodies. It’s a metabolism disorderthat causes excessive thirst and production of large amounts of urine because the kidneys fail to conserve water. Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use digested food for energy and growth. When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. Insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in glucose. Types of Diabetes There are three (3) main types of diabetes. They are Type 1Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes. Patients with Type 1 Diabetes usually develop this type of diabetes before their 40th year, often in adulthood or teenage years. In this case, the body does not produce insulin. Some people refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes. Patients with Type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet. Under Type 2 Diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function or the cells in the body do not react...
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