...Fertility rate is the average number of live births per woman or per 1000 women of childbearing age in a population, and is measured in total fertility rate (TFR). Economic development, which is the improvement of the economic well-being and quality of life, in this case for a country, may bring about social, technological and cultural changes, which are socioeconomic factors, such as better healthcare and education, and rising costs of childcare services; sociocultural factors, such as perceptions of marriage and childbirth; and biological factors; which can in turn affect the fertility rates of a country. Even though institutional factors, in this case natalist policies, attempt to reverse the trend of rising or falling fertility rates, economic development is still the main cause of declining fertility rates in developed countries (DCs). Therefore, the...
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...HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED WHERE THE RECOMMENDED POLICIES HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED AND OR NON-IMPLEMENTED? INTRODUCTION The term “Washington Consensus” was the brain child of the English economist John Williamson. According to Williamson, the term referred to a set of ten specific economic policy prescriptions that he considered to represent the standard reform package promoted for developing countries, especially the Latin America by Washington based institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank. (Williamson, 2002). The policies prescribed encompassed: Fiscal discipline, redirection of public expenditure towards broad-based provision of key pro-growth, pro-poor services like primary education and primary health, tax reform, financial liberalization, a competitive exchange rate, trade liberalization, liberalization of inward foreign direct investment, privatization, deregulation and secure property rights. According to Williamson (1996), the phrase Washington Consensus has become a familiar term in development policy circles. The term has come to be used fairly widely in a second, broader sense, to refer to a synonym for what is often called market fundamentalism or neo-liberalism which refers to Laissez-faire Economics, that is , lets bash the state, the market will resolve everything. However, Williamson dispute the idea of complete bashing of the state, he asserts that indeed Washington Consensus focused primarily on policies that reduced the role of the government, but the policies...
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...DEFINING THE TWO TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT Abstract This paper is an analysis of the two types of sexual harassment as defined by the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. It examines Quid Pro Quo harassment and a hostile working environment and how it affects leadership, employees and the atmosphere in the work place. It will define the victim’s rights and the consequences the offender may face. Finally, it reveals methods that can be used to prevent harassment in the work place. History showed the need for legislatures to enact new laws to help employees and employers defend themselves from sexual harassment suits. When the federal law prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace was enacted in 1964, it made certain that employers were responsible for preventing and stopping sexual harassment in the work place. The law, definition and preventive measures made it possible for employees to defend themselves and retain their jobs. Employers have defended themselves and employees alike by enacting policies and procedures that define and interpret sexual harassment and what constitutes an offense. Conclusions based on the research of literature regarding sexual harassment indicate that after years of defining harassment, creating laws and policies, evidence shows that harassment is still a factor in the work place. Sexual advances, and hostile work environments still exist and employees are looking towards management to provide them...
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...Nowadays imperialism evokes a negative emotion and idea. It is looked down upon as an old fashioned, cruel way of life. However, like everything in life, it has its pros and cons. To be able to make a definite decision, we first need to understand fully what imperialism is. Countries that endorse imperialism feel the desire to compete with other countries in order to gain tycoon, boost national pride and expand territories to spread science, laws, and religion. An important benefit of imperialism is the development of modern technologies, like steam-powered ships to aid in the expansion of European empires. Due to imperialism, exploration was in the minds of people. Their motive was to explore unidentified territory in order to perform scientific...
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...However, I do not quite agree with this. Development does not always lead to social justice and good governance. By achieving remarkable economic development, other issues like social justice and equality have led to negative social outcomes in autocratic states like China, Vietnam, and Rwanda. In these countries, social activists are imprisoned, government opponents are persecuted or forced into silence, press freedom does not exist and civil society is limited in any of their operation or forced to become a government body (Abuza, 2001; Brook & Frolic, 1997; Easterly, Gatti, & Kurlat, 2006). In China, autocrats have blocked most of the interactive and information sharing websites, including Facebook, You Tube, Twitter, Google, Blogspot and...
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...is an intensified transference or exchange of things between preconstituted units, be they political, economic or cultural. Thus conceived, globalization signifies a process of change that originates at the level of the unit, mainly in terms of the unintended consequences of the interaction between units. Globalization as transference thus implies exchange across existing unit boundaries and between units and system, but it still presupposes that this system as well as the units remains identical with themselves throughout the globalizing process. Pros and Cons There are many pros and cons of globalization, ranging from economic benefits to a freer, more equal labor market. For example, Free Trade reduces the barriers that once stood between nations trading freely with one another. When companies in different nations don’t face any barriers to trade in the form of import or export restrictions, they can engage in free trade. One of the downsides of globalization is the harm it can cause to economies at an early stage of development. The same example of Free Trade forces all countries to compete using an even playing field, which critics claim puts smaller, less developed countries behind their more developed counterparts. Some economists believe that free trade is only possible if industries in developing countries are allowed to grow under a certain level of economic protection. This is known as the Paradox of Free Trade, and it is a core argument among economists. ...
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...Pros and Cons on Prescription Medicine Prescription Drugs have its place in our world and society today. By making the government control the prices it makes it actually increase the affordability of the product instead of having other drug companies battle it out seeing who has the highest prices. With the government controlling drug prices it will keep prices stable for long periods of time or until some kind of economic depression or something else comes in and changes the price. These kind of method has helped us during the war times when the market cannot work so well that the government stepped in and took some control over the prices to keep everything in balance and in hope of nothing catastrophic happens to the economy. It will also...
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...contraceptives points to both an increased awareness of responsibility for contraception and options available. Understanding this concept, its work and how they compare in terms of benefits and disadvantages is necessary for successful counseling. Legal and ethical issues must also be considered when counseling clients. The arguments about contraception fall into several groups: * philosophical arguments such as the "natural law" argument * arguments based on different ideas of marriage, sex and the family * human rights arguments such as * 'procreative liberty' * a woman's right to control her own body * human rights arguments about mass birth control programs * arguments based on the good or bad consequences of birth control (consequentialism) * arguments about the environmental and resource problems caused by over-population * religious arguments Background of the Study The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, is a...
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...imagination of tourists. It is known for its breath-taking beauty and is home to some of the highest mountains in the world. It has been a closed region for a number of centuries. Nearly 446 million which is half the world’s 969 million poor call South Asia their home and all of them live on less than US$ 1 per day. This is almost two times than the quantity of poor that live in Sub-Saharan Africa (298 million poor living under US$ 1 each day. (Ahmed et al. 2007). A complete appreciation of the poverty condition and the way that tourism can address this conditioninvolves an acceptance of the wider social forces that play a part in the socio-economic system of the mountains. It has not gone undetected that the area is going through anage of unbelievable environmental and politicalalteration, which is giving rise to socio-economic consequences. It has been claimed that tourism is the most likely approach to these changes and can generate much desirable means for the reworking practice building upon the assets of the area. Although tourism may be the answer to these changes but the real test is to ensure that it is managed well and that its profits are shared by all. The remarkable mountainous regions of Central Asia, the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas now captivate ever-increasing amounts of international travellers enticed by the distinctive natural beauty and culture of these previously un-charted regions. The inter-disciplinary project kindly backed by the Norwegian Government...
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...Journal of Pro Poor Growth. 01 (01) 2013. 19-28 ISSN: 2306-1669 (Online), 2310-4686 (Print) Journal of Pro Poor Growth An International Perspective http://www.escijournals.net/JPPG ACHIEVEMENTS OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) IN SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL CORPORATIONS (SAARC) COUNTRIES: A CASE OF NEPAL Kushum Shakya* Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. ABSTRACT South Asian Association of Regional Cooperative (SAARC) countries have achieved considerable progress in socioeconomic indicators like poverty reduction, educational attainment and improved health facilities. The progress, however, is not uniform across the countries. The aim of this paper is to assess the progress made by SAARC with regard to selected Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its achievement and gap in Nepal. The paper shows; i) Status of SAARC countries with respect to selected MDGs, ii) Achievements of MDGs in the case of Nepal and iii) the gaps to achieving the targets. The paper shows that the most SAARC countries including Nepal have performed poorly with MDGs. It is therefore concluded that there is need to prioritize to meet all goals in post MDGs for Nepal. Keywords: SAARC, MDG, Post-MDG, socio-economic. INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges. The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that...
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...Oil price: traders and CEO’s clash over recovery prospects OBJECTİVES *What is the OPEC and it’s main goals? *Why are oil prices falling? *Who are the winners and who are the loosers? *Consequences of falling prices. *Important comments about oil price. What is the OPEC and it’s main goals? Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a permanent, international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was established in Baghdad, Iraq on 10–14 September 1960.Its mandate is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies" of its members and to "ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry. In 2014 OPEC comprised twelve members: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Why are oil prices falling? Here are four main factors driving oil’s sharp decline: 1. US oil production is booming Exploding US oil production has transformed one of the world’s leading oil consumers into one of its leading producers as well – in fact, North Dakota alone produces a million barrels of oil per day. US production now rivals oil giants Saudi Arabia and Russia, largely thanks to innovative drilling that has unlocked oil and natural gas deposits trapped in shale rock. US production has...
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...Let them eat pollution! The utilitarian approach to economics has widely distorted the way a nation’s welfare is looked at , narrowing down the concept of development with merely rising GDP , per capita income, industrialization or increasing personal incomes at the cost of ripping the earth’s supposed-to-be equally treated poor people of their basic rights to live. The realization of this fact became much more firmly established in my conscience when I visited a village a few miles away from University of Hyderabad in continuation of field survey in Environmental Economics that I was supposed to conduct as part of my academics curriculum. The village is located amidst a hub of pharmaceutical and drug industries which on continuous basis keep polluting the environment- a basic precondition to lead a healthy and clean life ; as recently illustrated by our Hon’ble PM in his “Sawacch Bharat Abhiyan”- through their hazardous emissions and discharges of toxic elements into water streams. My other group mates started covering their mouths and all to save them from being “polluted” as they are hailing from affluent families which had never an occasion of an iota of materialistic misery!! I was at the same struck by a new concept in economics that can be referred to as “Ecological Imperialism” which presents itself most obviously in the following ways: the pillage of resources of some countries by others and the transformation of the whole ecosystems upon which the whole nation depends...
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...of course, comes with an array of harms, both to the individual and society at large. Adults are not spared either. Adolescents and teenagers grow up witnessing their parents and other adult relatives make toasts of champagne and wine at special occasions. Adults also casually enjoy several beers, say, at picnics. As it is, today, alcoholic drinks are as regular at business lunches in the same way they are at college fraternity parties. However, in spite of the fun and prestige associated with alcohol, and forceful arguments to the contrary, both underage and legal drinking have devastating ramifications on the person of the individual involved and society at large.(Langdana 2009) Alcohol is the most common drug among youth, and the consequences of overdrinking have been dire. In deed, each year, an estimated 5, 000 youngsters below the 21-years age bracket perish from underage-related activities; 1,900 from automobile crashes as they drive...
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...Let them eat pollution! The utilitarian approach to economics has widely distorted the way a nation’s welfare is looked at , narrowing down the concept of development with merely rising GDP , per capita income, industrialization or increasing personal incomes at the cost of ripping the earth’s supposed-to-be equally treated poor people of their basic rights to live. The realization of this fact became much more firmly established in my conscience when I visited a village a few miles away from University of Hyderabad in continuation of field survey in Environmental Economics that I was supposed to conduct as part of my academics curriculum. The village is located amidst a hub of pharmaceutical and drug industries which on continuous basis keep polluting the environment- a basic precondition to lead a healthy and clean life ; as recently illustrated by our Hon’ble PM in his “Sawacch Bharat Abhiyan”- through their hazardous emissions and discharges of toxic elements into water streams. My other group mates started covering their mouths and all to save them from being “polluted” as they are hailing from affluent families which had never an occasion of an iota of materialistic misery!! I was at the same struck by a new concept in economics that can be referred to as “Ecological Imperialism” which presents itself most obviously in the following ways: the pillage of resources of some countries by others and the transformation of the whole ecosystems upon which the whole nation depends...
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...a certain period, from their own work or investment in a creation. However, in reality maintaining the rights for such an asset as the “creation of mind” always raises multitude of complication and disputes. Therefore, the reasons behind the intellectual rights are the following: * To maintain peace and order; * To assign decision rights; * To reward investments; * To favor the diffusion of information. However, as any other type of legislation, these rights have their own pros and cons. Property rights have a major impact on economic growth. An efficient intellectual property system is essential because the legal protection of new creations encourages the commitment of both human and economic resources to the creation of new jobs and even new industries, meaning that an incentive to invent, evolve and innovate will only exist in the environment where one`s rights are fully protected and ensured. A definite example can be given to tackle such an abstract term as an economic growth. A new invention in a production company could lead to a larger output with fewer resources involved....
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