...century (Hirst, 2012). From here, the transition began from Feudalism to the early stage Capitalism, where the ordinary people broke away from the Feudal system and owned property and the means of production as well as the resources to make and maintain wealth (Dictionary.com, 2012). England in the 1800’s was hard in comparison to today. The life expectancy for a man aged 20 in 1850 was 60.1 years compared to 76.7 in 2004 (Geoff Canyon's Appeal to Authority, 2009). This was mainly due to the living conditions and especially those in the poor area of East London, where animals not only shared the often over crowed living area with humans but also the human waste that was thrown onto the streets. Often those who lived in the bottom apartments lived close to if not in the stench, more so than those who lived multiple stories above the streets. With the pollution of human waste in the streets and the polluted River Thames from the sewage of the West End, no matter where you lived in the East End, you still had to walk through the rising filth. These living conditions were the main reason for the various outbreaks of diseases, sores and premature deaths during the 1800’s (Engels, 2005). Engels (2005) further discussed that a lack of medical assistance was a major issue, those that needed help had no way of obtaining it. Therefore, many of the illnesses of today were undiagnosed then; this could have been a major cause to many of the problems experienced during those...
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...Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Michelle E. Raines Lindenwood University Abstract This paper reconnoiters the reasoning behind prostitution, focusing mainly on the motives of an 18th century woman. The goal of this research is to provide readers with an explanation of why women resorted to prostitution for freedom. The paper will arrange for you primary sources supporting that prostitution plateaued because of lack of expression, racism, and feminism during the 18th century. The business of prostitution was so important to our society because it allowed women to join the workforce. Unfair treatment spawned one of the greatest highlights of women in this era that this paper will display for you. Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Prostitution is recorded as beginning in 1721 when the French government sent women to the colony so the settled men would refrain from having sex with the Native Americans. These women had found that sex trade created them more freedom/independence instead of marriage. Soon after, the red-light district was formed to segregate the prostitutes. The act of selling sex was not illegal in the US and the law had not known the term “prostitution”. The law had no understanding of what to do, women were still social outcasts and officials looked for petty crimes to target these certain women. So we ask why these women turned to prostitution; freedom was sought through sexual acts due to the...
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...Within the 1800’s social expectations were dictated by men. This resulted in the restriction of women’s choices and opportunities within their lives as they were socially obliged to be subservient to men. Jean Bedford’s ‘Sister Kate’ displays the feminist views of women in Australia in the time period of the 1800’s. Through a variety of different literary techniques, we can see the struggles and hardships that women faced in that particular context, whilst we can also compare and differentiate our understanding of feminism to our modern context. Through a feminist lens we can see the lack of choice women had in the context of ‘Sister Kate’. The lack of choice for women is displayed in the character of Kate and her disinterest towards her unwanted pregnancies and children- reflecting the lack of contraception in the 1800’s. ‘But I knew it was deeper than that; it was not only the weakness from the loss of blood and the struggle regain. My flesh crawls at the thought of an infant once more suckling blind eyed at my sore breast.’ Feminist undertones are implied through the rich imagery of the burden of motherhood and this is further emphasized through the negative physical undertones of childbirth. A modern audience can understand the absence of knowledge society at the time of ‘Sister Kate’, regarding maternal health and wellbeing. This often meant that women were oppressed by the social burden of bearing a child. The convention of lack of control is furthermore explored...
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...Introduction A long history of the sex industry objectifying the female body for male pleasure continues to be widely prominent and relevant across the globe today. Annually, hundreds of thousands of America’s children and youth are being sexually exploited. This trafficking industry dates back to the late 1800s when children were first prostituted in the United States. Since then, the problem has been exacerbated by globalization and the emergence of the internet as a major source of communication. The increasing prominence of the media and internet allows for news to be easily shared. But because sex trafficking is a continuous issue, people have become desensitized to the harsh reality of the sex industry. Also, false news stories decrease...
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...In 1800s the united states passed the 13th amendments. The 13th amendment states that there will be neither slavery no involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the united states or any place subject to jurisdiction to break it down this means slavery is abolished in the united states. It has been many years since this amendment was passed. But behind Americans closed doors there are people violating this amendment. But when with the first amendment that says we as Americans get free exercise of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, etc. Human Trafficking is a major issue that people fil to nice everyday woman, children and men are kidnapped or sold by...
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...Onderwerp 1: Studienfinanzierung Artikel 1: http://www.studienscout-nl.de/finanzielles/niederlaendische-studienfinanzierung/ Die niederländische Studienfinanzierung setzt sich aus drei Teilen zusammen. Niederländische Studienfinanzierung Die niederländische Studienfinanzierung ist das Gegenstück zum Auslands-BAföG und wird gerne genutzt, um das Studium in den Niederlanden zu finanzieren. Die wichtigste Voraussetzung ist, dass du einen sozialversicherungspflichtigen Nebenjob bei einem niederländischen Unternehmen hast und dort mindestens 56 Stunden pro Monat (neue Grenze seit 1.1.2014) arbeitest. Außerdem darfst du nicht älter als 30 Jahre sein, wenn du die Niederländische Studienfinanzierung beantragen möchtest. Diese Art der Finanzierung bietet dir die Möglichkeit, eigenes Geld zu verdienen, Arbeitserfahrung zu sammeln und zusätzlich die Förderung der niederländischen Studienfinanzierung zu erhalten. Die Studienfinanzierung besteht aus drei Teilen (Stand: Studienjahr 2014): * dem Basisteil, * dem elternabhängigen Teil, * einem möglichen Darlehen. Die Höhe des Basisbetrages ist festgelegt: 100,25 Euro, wenn du noch bei deinen Eltern wohnst und 279,14 Euro, wenn du in einer eigenen Wohnung oder in einem Studentenhaus wohnst. Um diesen Betrag zu erhalten, musst du bei der Gemeinde deines Wohnorts gemeldet sein und nicht mehr bei deinen Eltern. Der elternabhängige Teil ist wie beim deutschen BAföG bzw. dem Auslands-BAföG vom Einkommen...
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...Hawaiian Culture Audri Rowell Axia of University of Phoenix Hawaiian Culture Our Hawaiian culture was originally inhabited by the Polynesians that appeared to have begin in 1758 with the birth of Kamehamcha the Great. Captain James Cook, a British explorer, first arrived at Oahu, one of the principal islands of our Hawaiian group, in January 1788. In 1790 Kamehameha undertook the difficult task of bringing all of our Hawaiian Islands under one single rule. After 20 years of intermittent warfare the last island, Kauai, came under his dominion. The Kamehameha Dynasty continued until 1872, ending with the death of the fifth ruler by that name. During this period of time more representatives of the European and American countries made their appearance in Hawaii. Our Hawaii legislature was established in 1845 which was at close of the Kamehameha Dynasty. The U. S. established a temporary territory over our islands during the shift in governments and talks were under way between the two countries contemplating the annexation to the U. S. while an agreement to this effect was completed in Washington, however U.S. President Stephen Cleveland withdrew the agreement prior to approval pending further investigation of conflicting governmental claims in Hawaii. A five-man commission was then appointed to draw up an Act for the government of the new territory of Hawaii. The act was submitted to Congress and it was passed in April 1900. Under this...
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...Primary Secondary Source #1 In the late 1800s the United States entered a period of time known as the gilded age. This time period was marked by a rise of industrialization that resulted in the emergence of big cities such as Chicago and New York. The many technological advances that came up caused our nations population to move out of rural areas and in to cities because of the many jobs that were now available. What use to be a family living in a small house on a farm, was now turning into many families crammed into large apartment complexes. Poverty was not uncommon in these cities, in fact it was the norm, along with disease, crime, and famine. Upper and middle class Americans did not witness this type of life, most assumed that is was caused by people being lazy or just making poor choices in their lives. This is what was considered the traditional views on poverty, however, Jacob Riis`s interpretation made the latter views an understatement from what was really going on. According to Jacob Riis, behind the scenes we had an oppressive tenement system that would over charge its already under paid residents, to pay for housing that was unhealthy. This oppression caused these poor residents to slip even further down the poverty slopes, so that they became victims by force rather than the traditional views that painted these folks as choosing to live this way. Jacob Riis made Americans realize the irony of the situation which was that without proper and fair control of...
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...The 1920’s Chapter 20 section 3 PROHIPITION & CRIME Banning of alcohol use was since the early 1800’s. Temperance reformers had reformed against alcohol. By 1917 75% of Americans lived in “dry” counties that had banned alcohol. World War 1 also supported for temperance it seemed unpatriotic to use corn, wheat and barley to make alcohol when soldiers overseas needed bread. In 1919 the states then ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the constitution, which was the banning of alcoholic beverages. It forbade the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcohol anywhere in the United States. This amendment had been passed largely on the strength of rural votes. Then congress passed the Volstead Act a law that officially enforced the amendment. People that said the ban of alcohol was the right thing were advocates of prohibition. They were called “dry’s”. They said it improved individuals; strengthen families and then society on a whole. It was also that liver disease and so forth declined during this prohibition. The “wets” also known as the opponents of prohibition countered that the ban of alcohol did not stop people from drinking. They said prohibition created hypocrisy and increased organized crime. The Volstead act did not stop Americans from drinking but it did stop them from buying it legally. So instead people made homemade alcohol or smuggled it in from other countries. Bootleggers sold illegal alcohol to consumers. In different cities they were secret establishments...
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...Introduction Oppression and resilience of people have been in practice since the beginning of human existence. Oppression can be defined as a person or group of people weighted down by a dominant force. This force has the power to define and label groups. They control societal ideologies of every aspect of our lives including sexuality, family relationships, and self respect. Those who have this power hold it sacred and dear. Their fear of a power shift from the dominant to the subordinate or the majority to the minority continues to guide them in enforcing ideas and laws within society that a particular gender or race has little or no value. Resilience is the ability of those oppressed to continue surviving after being compressed by such a powerful force. It is the oppressive forces of the majority group that have smothered minority groups (women and people of color) for hundreds of years and it is the resilience of those oppressed who continue to inspire change throughout history. Historical Oppressive Forces The Noel Hypothesis is a social learning theory that explains the development of a minority group. It suggest that if two or more groups come together characterized by a differential in power, ethnocentrism, and competition the result will be ethnic/racial stratification (Guadalupe lecture notes, 2008). This theory can also be used to explain the development of gender stratification as well. The majority group in relationship to this paper would be...
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...1 Organized Crime Group: The Gambino Family Melissa Castle CJA/384 June 11, 2012 Bryan Kaminski Introduction The organized crime group Learning Team A chose to conduct research on was The Gambino Family. Their entire organization was based in New York City. This paper will reflect the Gambino's national and multinational structure and operating methods pertaining to the drug business. Also a comparison of the Gambino's from their past to present role in prohibition, drug syndicates, political corruption, and other illicit activities will be examined. Over time, the Gambino family had various business interests that made them even more notable in the Italian Mafia history. National and multinational structure and operating methods, pertaining to the drug business. The Gambino family’s drug business structure and operating methods stem from very strong ties in the Sicilian Drug trade (Critchley, 2008). Until 1914, there were no real laws or boundaries against the drug industry in the United States of America (Critchley, 2008). The Boylan anti-drug Law, passed by the New York state legislature on March 28, 1914, was the first regulatory limitations seen against drugs. This law was not truly enforced until the 1920s, with legitimate businesses continuing to serve recreational drugs to addicts. This drug law was instituted because of the overwhelming numbers of innocent drug slaves, according to Charles B. Towns, the attorney who...
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...uniform, representing his or her status as enforcer of laws, preventer of crime, and preserver of domestic peace. However, there is one controversial line of law enforcement that restricts the use of police a uniform. Undercover police work entails the practice of remaining in disguise during investigations of criminal activity. A police officer may assume a different identity acting as an undercover agent, as a method for gaining valuable information or evidence. Undercover work is by far the most dangerous and controversial areas of law enforcement. Nonetheless, undercover work is also one of the best investigative techniques implemented by police departments. The first plainclothes police unit was organized in France during the early 1800’s. Eugène François Vidocq has been recognized as the originator of the “Brigade de la Sûreté”, or “security brigade”. In his self-titled memoir, Vidocq explains the goals of his early undercover police network: “to procure information, to undertake searches, and to obtain particulars of every description; to make nightly rounds…to assist the commissaries of police in their searches, or in the execution of search-warrants; to explore the various rendezvous in every part; to go to the theatres, the boulevards, the barriers, and all other public places, the haunts of thieves and pickpockets.”[1] Great Britain later developed their own national security forces called the “Special Irish Branch”, an undercover unit of London’s Metropolitan...
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...Development of Corrections Mary Montes CJS 230 – Gerry Norris November 27, 2011 University of Phoenix Online – Axia College There was a perplexing problem in the early 1800’s because the rate of women incarcerated was much lower than the rates of women incarcerated today. In reality women’s prisons did not exist, therefore the jails often treated women the same as they did the men, as well the women were punished the same way the men were “with the exception that pregnant women were often spared punishment until after they had given birth” (Foster, 2006, pg. 32). Most women incarcerated were because of prostitution and stealing. Foster also states that women incarcerated were generally mixed with the makes and they were supervised by males. (Foster 2006, pg. 32). According to Foster this began to change when Elizabeth Gurney Fry took a visit to Newgate Prison in 1813. Gurney Fry organized the Association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners on 1817. In 1863, the Detroit House of Correction was opened. This facility had a unit separated for the women, and there were female guards in this unit. In today’s society, the female prisons are much like the male prisons. They operate with increased security concerns, and there are special housing units for the disorderly. While there was a movement to improve the prisons for women there were also reformers who were working hard to help reform the laws for children. In that era children who committed crimes were treated...
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...exploitation and forced labor. The greatest threat of trafficking facing Indonesian men and women is that posed by conditions of forced labor and debt bondage in more developed Asian countries and the Middle East. The government stopped permitting Indonesian women to travel to Japan and South Korea as “cultural performers,” to curtail a practice that led to victims being trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. However, in 2007 traffickers increasingly used false documents, including passports, to obtain tourist visas for women and girls who are subsequently forced into prostitution in Japan, through the unlawful exploitation of recruitment debts as high as $20,000 each. Trafficking of young girls to Taiwan as brides, mainly from West Kalimantan, persisted. Traffickers use false marriage licenses and other false documentation in order to obtain visas and subsequently force the women and girls into prostitution. Women from the People’s Republic of China, Thailand, and Eastern Europe are trafficked to Indonesia for commercial sexual exploitation, although the numbers are small compared with the number of Indonesians trafficked for this purpose. The Government of Indonesia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. While the government made clear progress in bringing sex trafficking offenders to justice, in part through use of its new anti-trafficking law, a pronounced weakness shown...
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...wars, presidents, scientists. It is totally true that people could thing about that, but there are many secrets about the history United State that haven’t told yet. Back to the eighteenth century, there was a hard time for people fight for freedom. All of the difficulties were written in “A Renegade History of the United States” by Thaddeus Russell. Sexual industry, slaves’ life, and many other factors were explained as a crucial part of history, since it was the origin of freedom in America. Sexual industry, which was controlled by madams and prostitutes, developed very well at that time. Overall, madams owned a lot of properties and have prosperous life. In the 1800s, madams and prostitutes were considered better off the common woman, they brought to the society many influences and contributions. In the 1800s, the life of the common woman was hard and many women chose to avoid that life. In fact, even though woman worked hard, they only had a little salary. According to Russell, “A U.S Department of Labor study in 1916 found that in the major legitimate occupations for women-department store clerking and light manufacturing-the average weekly wage was $ 6.67, which at the time represented a subsistence standard of living.” (Pg103). Common women only earned about $6 per week while they had too much things to take care of, such as bills, savings money, food, etc. They even did not have money to dress up for themselves, and had no savings. Therefore, many women chose to work...
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