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Proteins

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Por qué ingerir proteínas en el deporte?
Proteínas y deporte tienen, hoy en día, una estrecha relación pero es importante desechar los falsos mitos para poder optimizar todas sus propiedades.
¿Qué son las proteínas? Las proteínas son uno de los tres componentes esenciales de la nutrición junto a los lípidos (grasas) y los carbohidratos (azúcar). Las proteínas son los materiales que desempeñan un mayor número de funciones en las células de todos los seres vivos. Por un lado, forman parte de la estructura básica de los tejidos (músculos, tendones, piel, uñas, etc.) y, por otro, desempeñan funciones metabólicas y reguladoras (asimilación de nutrientes, transporte de oxígeno y de grasas en la sangre, inactivación de materiales tóxicos o peligrosos, etc.). También son los elementos que definen la identidad de cada ser vivo, ya que son la base de la estructura del código genético (ADN) y de los sistemas de reconocimiento de organismos extraños en el sistema inmunitario.
Son macromoléculas orgánicas, constituidas básicamente por carbono (C), hidrógeno (H), oxígeno (O) y nitrógeno (N); aunque pueden contener también azufre (S) y fósforo (P) y, en menor proporción, hierro (Fe), cobre (Cu), magnesio (Mg), yodo (I), etc.
Estos elementos químicos se agrupan para formar unidades estructurales llamados AMINOÁCIDOS, a los cuales podríamos considerar como los "ladrillos de los edificios moleculares proteicos". Se clasifican, de forma general, en Holoproteinas y Heteroproteinas según estén formadas respectivamente sólo por aminoácidos o bien por aminoácidos más otras moléculas o elementos adicionales no aminoacídicos.
Los aminoácidos son las unidades elementales constitutivas de las moléculas denominadas “Proteínas”. Son pues, y en un muy elemental símil, los "ladrillos" con los cuales el organismo reconstituye permanentemente sus proteínas específicas consumidas por la sola acción de vivir. Los alimentos que ingerimos nos proveen proteínas. Pero tales proteínas no se absorben normalmente en tal constitución sino que, luego de su desdoblamiento ("hidrólisis" o rotura), causado por el proceso de digestión, atraviesan la pared intestinal en forma de aminoácidos y cadenas cortas de péptidos. Esas sustancias se incorporan inicialmente al torrente sanguíneo y, desde allí, son distribuidas hacia los tejidos que las necesitan para formar las proteínas, consumidas durante el ciclo vital.
Se sabe que de los 20 aminoácidos proteicos conocidos, 8 resultan indispensables (o esenciales) para la vida humana y 2 resultan "semi-indispensables". Son estos 10 aminoácidos los que requieren ser incorporados al organismo en su cotidiana alimentación y, con más razón, en los momentos en que el organismo más los necesita: en la disfunción o enfermedad. Los aminoácidos esenciales más problemáticos son el triptófano, la lisina y la metionina. Es típica su carencia en poblaciones en las que los cereales o los tubérculos constituyen la base de la alimentación. El déficit de aminoácidos esenciales afectan mucho más a los niños que a los adultos.
Hay que destacar que, si falta uno solo de ellos (aminoácido esenciales) no será posible sintetizar ninguna de las proteínas en la que sea requerido dicho aminoácido. Esto puede dar lugar a diferentes tipos de desnutrición, según cual sea el aminoácido limitante.
¿PROTEÍNAS DE ORIGEN VEGETAL O ANIMAL?
Puesto que sólo asimilamos aminoácidos y no proteínas completas, el organismo no puede distinguir si estos aminoácidos provienen de proteínas de origen animal o vegetal. Comparando ambos tipos de proteínas podemos señalar: Las proteínas de origen animal son moléculas mucho más grandes y complejas, por lo que contienen mayor cantidad y diversidad de aminoácidos. En general, su valor biológico es mayor que las de origen vegetal. Como contrapartida son más difíciles de digerir, puesto que hay mayor número de enlaces entre aminoácidos por romper. Combinando adecuadamente las proteínas vegetales (legumbres con cereales o lácteos con cereales) se puede obtener un conjunto de aminoácidos equilibrado. Por ejemplo, las proteínas del arroz contienen todos los aminoácidos esenciales, pero son escasas en lisina. Si las combinamos con lentejas o garbanzos, abundantes en lisina, la calidad biológica y aporte proteico resultante es mayor que el de la mayoría de los productos de origen animal.

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