...A protocol is a set of invisible compute rules that govern how an Internet document will be transmitted onto the screen. For two computers to communicate with one another, they must be able to understand one another through the same language. In order for computers to exchange information there must be a preexisting agreement as to how the information will be structured and how the sides will send and be received. The most important that defines the common networking protocols is the OSI known as Open Systems Interconnection. Introducing the TCP and the IP are two different protocols that are often linked together. The linking of several protocols is fairly common since the functions of different protocols may be complementary so that together they carry out particular tasks that are bases of operation layers. These suits of protocols are often used with many local area networks and carries out the basic operations of the Internet. Emailing also has its own set of protocols that has a variety of both for sending and receiving mail. The most common protocol for sending mail is the SMTP that is known for as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Then for receiving emails, the protocol being most commonly used is the Post Office Protocol, POP for short. Both the SMTP and the POP is used for managing the transmission for delivery of mail across the Internet. Web pages that are constructed to a standard method are called Hypertext Markup Language known as HTMO. The HTMP page...
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...LAYER PROTOCOLS • IP (Internet Protocol) • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) • RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 4.7.1 The IP PROTOCOL • IP represents the heart of the Internet Protocol suite • Provides the main service of the layer: data transmission in connectionless mode – datagram IP Header Format IP Header Format (Including user data, this makes an IP packet) IP Header fields: • Version - Indicates the version of IP currently used (now 4); • IP Header Length - Indicates the datagram header length in 32-bit words (value = 5); • Type-of-service - Specifies how a particular upper-layer protocol would like the current datagram to be handled. Datagrams can be assigned various levels of importance through this field; • Total length - Specifies the length of the entire IP packet, including data and header, in bytes. • Identification - Contains an integer that identifies the current datagram (sequence number). This field is used for re-assembling the datagram fragments; • Flags - A 3-bit field for fragmentation control: 000 - last fragment; 001 - not last fragment; 010 - the fragmentation not allowed. • Fragment offset - measured in double-words (offset from main datagram); • Time-to-live - Maintains a counter that gradually decrements down to zero, at which point the datagram is discarded. This keeps packets from looping endlessly; • Protocol - Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives...
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...The four major protocols for circuit switching and packet switching are as follows: • X.25 • Frame Relay • ATM or Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol • TCP/IP X.25 is probably one of the very first of packet switching protocols. It performs really well, especially considering how long it has been around. X.25 uses a virtual circuit approach, mainly using POTS or plain old telephone service lines, which are different from lines such as ISDN. The POTS lines are analog copper lines, so they can experience a lot of errors. But, once the lines have been connected, X.25 connections are really reliable. It's quite an efficient way to send packets across various data networks, with the X.25 protocol redundant error checking at each of the nodes. Frame relay is different because it doesn't require the need for analog wires or overhead wires like X.25 does. But this means that Frame Relay doesn't have the added framing and processing that X.25 has that provide guaranteed data transfers. It also doesn't have link to link reliability. So if a frame is corrupted, it is discarded, which is different than TCP as it detects and recovers any and all discarded frames. Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol is used with either a coaxial cable, twisted pair, or fiber. ATM also takes advantage of a 53-btye cell, having 48 application bytes and 5 bytes are allocated for the ATM headers. ATM shows a lot more enhancements over Frame Relay...
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...The importance of communication protocols: Unless Patton Fuller Community Hospital has an agreement between the two communicating parties information may get lost or un-communicated. This agreement is called the protocol. Communications protocols usually have a number of parts, Handshake, encoding method, compressions methods, packet / frame structure, and addressing.. This is why protocols are often defined by standards bodies, but some protocols SSL can be used widely even though they are not specifically from a standards body. A protocol must be implemented to enable effective, efficient communication by using a set of rules. Protocols are also described as hardware or software components that carry out the OSI model guidelines for transferring information on a network In short - if we don't have a protocol we won't be able to communicate between different devices. Identify the protocols in your design and provide rationale for your decision Define the overall network architecture. The design of a communications system, which includes the backbones, routers, switches, wireless access points, access methods and protocols used May refer only to the access method in a LAN, such as Ethernet or Token Ring Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its...
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...LAB 3.1-3.4 3.1.1 – WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WIRELESS DEVICES WERE NOT GOVERNED BY THE WI-FI ALLIANCE AND EACH VENDOR HAD ITS OWN STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS? A. WIRELESS DEVICES WOULD HAVE DIFFICULTY COMMUNICATING. WHAT IS OKAY WITH ONE VENDOR MAY NOT BE OKAY WITH ANOTHER VENDOR. PRICES OF DEVICES AND CONNECTIONS WOULD ALSO CHANGE. 3.1.2 – GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A MODEL THAT IS USED TO VISUALIZE SOMETHING THAT IS DIFFICULT TO OBSERVE OR PERCEIVE. A. CONNECTIONS REQUIRING ROUTER EQUIPMENT – HUBS, SWITCHES AND ROUTERS. 3.1.3 – WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT LAYERS YOU THINK WOULD BE NECESSARY FOR COMMUNICATION TO BE MAPPED TO A MODEL? A. APPLICATION LAYER, PRESENTATION LAYER, SESSION LAYER, TRANSPORT LAYER, DATA LINK LAYER AND PHYSICAL LAYER. 3.1.4 – WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF A MODEL IS TOO GENERAL? TOO GRANULAR? A. THE MODEL WOULD NOT BE FLEXIBLE IF TOO GENERAL; IF TOO GRANULAR, A LOAD IMBALANCE WOULD OCCUR. 3.1 REVIEW – 1. WHY WOULD A 3-LAYER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION THAT HAS THE LAYERS PHYSICAL, NETWORK AND APPLICATIONS BE INSUFFICIENT TO ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS? A. THE 7-LAYER COMMUNICATION MODEL WAS TESTED AND SUCCESSFULLY PROVEN TO WORK. IF A LAYER IS MISSING THE MODEL WILL NOT WORK PROPERLY. 2. WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL? A. TO SERVE AS THE FOUNDATION OF THE ESTABLISHED WIDELY ADOPTED SUITE OF PROTOCOLS THAT ARE USED BY INTERNATIONAL INTERNETWORKS. 3. WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF THE TCP/IP MODEL? A. BOTH DEVELOPED TOGETHER (INTERNET AND TCP/IP)...
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...INTERNET PROTOCOLS & APPLICATIONS * TCP/IP: The TCP/IP suite of protocols has become the dominant standard for internetworking. TCP/IP represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of information are exchanged between computers over one or more networks. * IPX/SPX: Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange is the protocol suite originally employed by Novell Corporation’s network operating system, NetWare. It delivers functions similar to those included in TCP/IP. Novell in its current releases supports the TCP/IP suite. A large installed base of NetWare networks continue to use IPX/SPX. * NetBEUI: NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a protocol used primarily on small Windows NT networks. NetBEUI cannot be routed or used by routers to talk to each other on a large network. NetBEUI is suitable for small peer-to-peer networks, involving a few computers directly connected to each other. It can be used in conjunction with another routable protocol such as TCP/IP. This gives the network administrator the advantages of the high performance of NetBEUI within the local network and the ability to communicate beyond the LAN over TCP/IP. * AppleTalk: AppleTalk is a protocol suite to network Macintosh computers. It is composed of a comprehensive set of protocols that span the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The AppleTalk protocol was designed to run over LocalTalk, which is the Apple LAN physical topology...
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... Networking Protocols and Facts What is meant by protocol? A protocol is a special set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network. They specify the interactions between the communicating entities like one computer to another. There is a protocol for every part that connects a network known as TCP/IP which means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. They TCP and IP are two different protocols that preform different tasks in the networking world they are built into all major operating systems. TCP allows and enables two computers or hosts to connect and exchange data streams from one to the other guaranteeing that the delivery of data and packets being delivered come in the same order they were sent out. Utilizing the Idea of TCP being like your Mail courier dropping off your mail because he has the link and means to communicate or find your destination. Internet Protocols use a packets instead of streams, also known as datagrams, and addressing scheme. Picture the IP protocol as a post office you drop off a packet of information, without being combined with TCP it cannot be delivered. The TCP part of the protocol it the mail truck or the courier like I stated in the last paragraph. The reasons why IP cannot be a standalone software is because it deals in packets which is small bits of information with now true way of keeping it order, from going missing, and even duplicating itself. A fact of the TCP/IP protocol was that it was...
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...Essential Network Protocols Modern computer networking leverages many components to enable computers on one network (or opposite side of the world) to communicate with a computer on a different network (or other side of the world). Of the components that enable network communication, there are several in the TCP/IP suite of protocols that work in the background to provide reliable Internet connection and data transport every day for millions of computers worldwide. Internet protocol or IP is an essential component of modern internetwork communication. IP is a connectionless protocol that provides neither fault tolerance nor error correction. It is also not responsible for the setup or teardown of network communications. The primary job assigned to IP is logical addressing and routing as it resides at layer 3 (the Network layer) of the OSI model. While every host on the network has a hardware address (also called a MAC address), hosts can only communicate with other hosts in the same broadcast domain using MAC addressing. For internetwork communication, a logical, unique network address is required so that the devices forwarding network traffic (primarily routers), can determine the source and destination and best route to forward data packets. The ARP or Address Resolution Protocol enables devices on a single network, in a single broadcast domain, to find the hardware or MAC address of a device on the network given the IP address...
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... INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) The primary network communications protocol used on networks today is the IP (Internet Protocol). IP relays or transfers network packets, also known as datagrams, to destinations on local networks or across the public Internet. It defines the structures which encapsulate information as well as the legal addressing methods used to identify the source and destination network hosts or computing devices. IP was the datagram service included with the TCP (Transmission Control Program) protocol providing a connectionless service coupled with the connection-based TCP protocol. The primary version of the protocol in use on the Internet today is IPv4, Internet Protocol Version 4. TCP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL): TCP/IP is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network. When we set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that we may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that...
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...Table of Contents Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol 2 ASEAN and Copenhagen Conference 3 Climate Change as an Issue 4 Sustainable Development 5 Impact of Kyoto Protocol on ASEAN 7 Challenges faced by ASEAN under Kyoto Protocol 9 Conclusion 11 Referencing 12 Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol In 1992, countries coupled together for an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, by 1995, countries realized that provisions of emission reductions in the Convention were insufficient. Due to this reason, they launched negotiations to reinforce the global response to climate change. These negotiations lead to the adoption of an agreement known as Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2013). The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference held in Denmark raised climate change policy to the highest political level. 115 world leaders attended this high-level segment, building it one of the major gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people that represent governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, media, faith-based organizations UN agencies applied for accreditation (UNFCCC, 2013) The Copenhagen Accord enclosed numerous key elements on which there was strong union of the views of governments. This incorporated the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature...
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...The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which is mainly linked to ‘the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’ and thus it has set international State Parties to reduce green house emissions, based on premise that man-made carbon dioxide and global warming have caused it.It is thus a climate control protocol that controls the world’s economy and the power of the United Nations by ensuring that all the industrialized nations have submitted to restrictions on the production of carbon dioxide.`In essence its believed that it is the developed countries which are mainly responsible for the very high levels of the emissions due to the many years of industrial acivities that have been rampant in the countries. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objectives of the UNFCCC, which was to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with climate system. Climatic Change Convention is not all about pollution abatement and conversation in usual sense of those terms but it is mainly about the transformation which in essence brings about greater efficiency in the use of resources and also a greater equity in accessing them. It is not this convention on global environment; it is rather the convention on the sustainable development of the global economy and also the scientific community that has put it clear that we are in bq,/;l;’jle. This is a global issue that...
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...there. These countries are the richer more developed areas of the world who have the money to spend of such things. The developing countries are still spending their money to catch up, and trying to balance their population increase with their economic needs. Smaller developing countries do not have the money needed to combat climate change, so, they are reaching out to the developed countries for help. They will need support during the next few decades if they are expected to participate in the efforts to beat global warming. The costs to the developing countries is far more than the developed ones because they are still growing as a industrial nation. Benefits of the Kyoto Protocol The most obvious benefit of the Kyoto Protocol is the reduction of green house gases (GHG) worldwide. The idea of the protocol is to reduce or reverse the course of global warming. The idea behind this is to set a standard for the nations involved to reduce their carbon emissions by six, seven or eight percent depending on the counties needs. Another benefits is that it is one of the few things that globally all the countries can agree upon as a needed change. It gets everyone working together on the same page and unites our countries under one...
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...EIGRP and OSPF Comparison For Client Sponsor Prepared By Scott Hogg Project Number 02 Date March 14, 2002 |Distribution List | |Name |Title/Duties |Company | |John Vogt-Nilsen |Manager – Network Operations | | |Sammy Hutton |Principal Systems Analyst | | |Scott Hogg |Principal Consultant |Lucent | |Phil Colon |Managing Consultant |Lucent | |Revision History | |Version |Date |Author |Comments | |1.0 |03/14/2002 |Scott Hogg |Initial Draft | | | | | | |...
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...Proto/ang 11/13/2000 3:39 PM Page 181 CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY TEXT AND ANNEXES Proto/ang 11/13/2000 3:39 PM Page 182 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY TEXT AND ANNEXES Montreal, 2000 Proto/ang 11/13/2000 3:39 PM Page 184 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Introduction Montreal, 2000 Copyright © 2000, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity ISBN: 92-807-1924-6 This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that uses this publication as a source. For bibliographic and reference purpose this publication should be referred to as: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annexes. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This booklet contains the text of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which starts on page 2. Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity For further information, please contact: The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 393 St. Jacques, Suite 300...
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...Jenell Davis 12.21.12 IS-3220 Assignment 1 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. TCP is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received. IP responsible for moving packet of data from node to node and it forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address also known as the IP number. The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to organization to region and then around the world. DNS stands for Domain Name Space and it has three major components, the database, the server, and the client. The database is a distributed database and is comprised of the Domain Name Space, which is essentially the DNS tree, and the Resource Records that define the domain names within the Domain Name Space. The server is commonly referred to as a name server. Name servers are typically responsible for managing some portion of the Domain Name Space and for assisting clients in finding information within the DNS tree. Name servers are authoritative for the domains in which they are responsible. They can also serve as a delegation point to identify other name servers that have authority over subdomains...
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