...Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. In 1898 Russia had pressured China into granting it a lease for the strategically important port of Port Arthur (now Lü-shun), at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula, in southern Manchuria. Russia thereby entered into occupation of the peninsula, even though, in concert with other European powers, it had forced Japan to relinquish just such a right after the latter's decisive victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Moreover, in 1896 Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan and, in the process, had won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok, thus gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory. However, though Russia had built the Trans-Siberian Railroad (1891-1904), it still lacked the transportation facilities necessary to reinforce its limited armed forces in Manchuria with sufficient men and supplies. Japan, by contrast, had steadily expanded its army since its war with China in 1894 and by 1904 had gained a marked superiority over Russia in the number of ground troops in the Far East. After Russia reneged in 1903 on an agreement...
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...Bibliography Gold, H. (1966). Unit 731 Testimony. In H. Gold, Unit 731 Testimony (p. 256). Boston: Tuttle Company. This is a hard cover book that covers the Japanese experiments on humans. It has firsthand accounts and will be useful with my research Kristof, N. (1195, 03 17). Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html I picked this article because it’s by the New York Times. This article removes the premises that unit 731 was something that the allies made up. It’s a very reliable source. Library, J. V. (2015, 09 11). Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved from Jewish Virtual Library: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/naziexp.html This website has many articles about the war and the holocaust. It will add to the strength of the books and help my argument. Spitz, V. (2005). Doctors from hell. In V. Spitz, Doctors from hell (p. 318). Boulder CO: Sentient Publications. This book goes over the evidence of what the Nazi did. It covers what medical procedures where done. It also talks about the trials of these doctors after the war. Wilkerson, I. (1989, 05 21). New York Times. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/21/us/nazi-scientists-and-ethics-of-today.html I am using this article because it is the New York Times. They are respected and will add strength...
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...broke loose in china’s capital city of Nanking. In December 1937, Japanese imperial army marched into China and proceeded to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city (The History Place, 2000). The war is viewed as the single worst atrocity during the World War II era and was the most dangerous act against humanity. The violence and wickedness portrayed were far beyond what the human mind could imagine. Ranging from rape, decapitation, death by shots from a machine gun, burying of humans while still alive and burning of fellow humans, the situation would not have been any worse. All these acts went against human rights. With the above analysis, it is imperative to highlight the significant effects brought about due to the violation of human rights in the rape of Nanking and the extent to which cruelty among humans was displayed. Japan’s uncontrollable desire for aggression, expansion and imperialism drove them to China. During the war, the Japanese believed that fighting was a way of fulfilling the role of Samurai, the ancient warrior whose fate was conquest or death. While they were fighting against China, the Japanese found plenty of conquest and death. Due to their very harsh training they believed this with their hearts (History.com, 2016). The Japanese saw the Chinese as people who were morally deficient and therefore they saw them as lesser beings. Before hitting Nanking, the Japanese first attacked Shanghai and to their surprise they were met with...
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...ey pts sc iK wer Ans Tran Answer Key Nature and the Environment Unit 1 A Picnic by the River A. New Words 1. litter 2. lunch 4. empty 5. throw B. Understanding the Context 1. (b) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. picnic 2. hungry 3. empty 4. litter D. Summary 1. (3) 4. (4) 3. hungry 6. picnic Unit 4 Bird Watching A. New Words 1. boring 2. beautiful 4. park 5. feathers B. Understanding the Context 1. (d) 2. (a) C. Focus on Details 1. area 2. tomorrow 3. boring 4. feathers D. True or False 1. T 2. T 4. F 5. T 3. area 6. tomorrow 3. F 2. (2) 5. (1) 3. (5) Unit 5 Trees in the Forest A. New Words 1. forest 2. hundred 4. damage 5. visitor 3. recycle 6. government B. Understanding the Context 1. (b) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. forests 2. hundred 3. Several 4. Visitors D. Summary 1. (2) 4. (5) 3. T 3. several 6. fee Unit 2 Let’s Recycle! A. New Words 1. environment 2. extra 4. money 5. return B. Understanding the Context 1. (a) 2. (d) C. Focus on Details 1. recycle 2. money 3. government 4. environment D. True or False 1. T 2. F 4. F 5. T 2. (3) 5. (4) 3. (1) Unit 3 Growing Roses A. New Words 1. bush 2. produce 4. Fertilizer 5. liquid B. Understanding the Context 1. (d) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. problem 2. fertilizer 3. liquid 4. recover D. Summary 1. (2) 4. (5) 3. recover 6. problem Science and Technology Unit 6 An Easy Way to Shop A. New Words 1. website 2. online 4. button 5. item B. Understanding the Context 1. (c) 2. (a) C. Focus on Details...
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...The 1905 Revolution in Russia took place under the reign of Nicholas II and was caused by a range of long and short term factors, some of which had a greater impact than others. Reformist groups did have an effect in Russia; however it is debatable whether they were the main cause of the revolution, or whether they were a contributing factor along with other factors such as peasants, the middle class, the urban proletariat and the army/navy. The reformist groups operating in Russia from the years 1881 were the Social Revolutionaries, Social Democrats, Populists and the Liberals (split into the Octoberists and the Kadets). Each of the reformist groups were acting in response to the continuous repressive Tsarist system in which they did not have the right to meet and operate , and were monitored by the Okhrana prior to 1905, however, some parties acted more radically than others. The Social Revolutionaries had the main aim of redistributing land to the peasants. In 1896, they formed the Union of Social Revolutionaries and murdered over 2000 aristocrats and ministers (including the assassination of Minister of the Interior Plehve in 1904) and were supported by the Peasantry. The Social Democrats were a Marxists party which organised strikes in St.Petersburg, in 1900 founded a newspaper called ‘Iskra’ (the Spark), but the two sides of the party meant that they split into the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and the Mensheviks led by Martov in 1903. This split made it difficult for the party...
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...How Accurate Is It To Say That The Growth of Reformist Groups In The Years From 1881 Was The Main Cause Of The 1905 Revolution? I do not think that it is very accurate to say that the activity of reformist groups was the main reason for the 1905 revolution since there were only two parties really mentioned, and they were mostly threats with no action. More prominent causes were social economic and political preconditions, the Russo-Japanese war and Bloody Sunday. The most important cause of the 1905 revolution were the preconditions, especially social and economic ones. The vast majority of the Russian population were peasants living in extreme poverty, especially industry and agriculture workers, even though the economy was thriving, apart from the agricultural side of it. The Russian population was growing rapidly and there was no space for them all too live and cities like Moscow and St Petersburg were full of slums. There was not enough food to harvest, leading to famines in 1892, 1898 and 1901. Conditions like this led to the trigger conditions that set off revolutionary activities like Bloody Sunday, and other strikes and protests. The second most important cause of the 1905 revolution was Bloody Sunday which happened on the 9th January 1905, according to the Russian calendar. It had started off as a peaceful demonstration led by a priest named Father Gapon. Suddenly the Russian army units opened fire on an unarmed group of protesters marching on St Petersburg’s Winter...
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...Comfort women are defined as young women and girls who were forced to work at comfort stations during World War II. These young ladies are mostly kidnapped from their homes, forced to be in sexual slavery in Japan, and have to serve Japan. Japanese army at that time established those prostitution for preventing the rape crimes and give their soldiers easily opportunities to solve their sexual needs. Most of comfort women come from neighbor countries, such as Korea or China, they are the majority of the number. Besides, other women come from the further countries as well, for example Malaysia, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan; and more than that, they can be Japanese too. After the war has ended, those comfort women can finally find...
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...February 8, 1904 war was declared between Imperial Russia and Imperial Japan. Within 17 months, the war ended with peace talks (Treaty of Portsmouth) led by President Theodore Roosevelt following an impressive naval battle at Tsushima. After the Russo-Japanese War, both Alfred T. Mahan and Sir Julian Corbett provided their literary insights on the war and used the outcome to further illustrate their views on the role of sea power and its’ link to national greatness. Both strategic philosophers made credible justifications using the back drop of the war to support their theories, but only Corbett's analysis and previously published theories fully explained how an inferior force consisting of the Japanese Imperial Navy and the Imperial Army ultimately defeated the great power of Russian. Corbett's writings highlighted the need not only for a powerful Navy but also a powerful army to win a nation's wars. Corbett believed in a diverse naval force that would be used for battle, protection of commerce, protection of sea lines of communication, and commerce raiding rather than seeking a decisive battle. In contrast, Mahan believed in having full control/command of the sea to fight numerous battles using capital ships, ultimately culminating in a decisive battle that would tip the scales towards victory. Even though Mahan's theories were not completely supported throughout the Russo-Japanese War, many of his theories were applicable and still are today. Corbettian War Unlike...
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...Korea) was invaded by Japan in 1910, Korean women were forcibly sent to Japan as comfort women: sex slaves of the Japanese military. ‘Comfort woman’ is a euphemism for a female sexual slave to the Japanese Imperial Army before and during World War II. The Japanese military recruited young and unmarried Asian women to join the military, then sent them to brothels in China and other Asian and Pacific countries in order to “comfort” Japanese soldiers. One of the few surviving Korean comfort women, Soon-duk Kim, gave the following testimony to Sangmie Choi Schellstede, the editor of the book, Comfort Women Speak: Testimony by Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military: “I was promised a job as a military nurse…[however, the Japan military took us to] a ruined village of Shanghai. Rooms were divided into tiny cubicles. Each of our fifty girls was divided to one of these cubicles. Now this house became a brothel, and we were sex slaves in it” (38). Kim was wounded due to numerous rape. She explained about the horrible remedy she received: “One day our manager gave me packets of black powder to take once a day…[But] after I used it several times, he then told me the powder was made from a leg of a Chinese soldier’s corpse” (38). This experience is not limited to Kim. Approximately 200,000 Korean women suffered as sex slaves of Japan’s military system before and during the World War II. Today, however, not many people remember this event, resulting in maltreatment towards the survivors of Korean...
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...Groups from 1881 were undoubtably a contributor toward the 1905 revolution but it can be argued on whether they were the main cause. The SRs were probably the biggest group fuelling the 1905 revolution. The social revolutionaries were radical in their ideology, they believed that all land should be taken from the rich and given to the peasants along with completely getting rid of the Tsar. The SR's took radical action to achieve their goals such as assassinating the Tsars uncle grand Duke sergei. The SRs would be one of the main causes of the 1905 revolution as they had such a broad appeal, which certainly made them attractive amongst the uneducated masses, whom are the peasants and the peasants were desperate for change. Peasants would want reform one way or another due to their poor standards of life. although Witte reforms seemed to be the best course of action for Russia, in the long term it was not. Witte increased tax on peasants to feel industrialisation which would have obviously increased peasants will for change since they had no money as it is. Workers in the cities will also feeling the aftermath of Wittes reforms, the economy started to slow down in the late 19th century which led to the workers real incomes falling by 20% which meant that imported goods or necessities couldn't be easily purchased when the price increased Since the workers had such bad living and working conditions on the 22nd of January a priest Father Gapon gathered 150,000 people for...
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...Anna Stanley To what extent was the Russo Japanese War the cause of the 1905 Revolution? Russia was in an extremely delicate state before the 1905 Revolution. There were many causes behind leaving Russia’s population increasingly alienated, provoked, and feeling let down by the Tsar. .. ..The Tsars plan to use a successful war in the far East as an opportunity to divert peoples attention from the deteriorating conditions back home hopelessly backfired. There was mass humiliation in defeat and the Russo Japanese war irrevocably revealed the inefficiency, weakness and corruption of the Tsarist state. ..However, the Russo Japanese War wasn’t entirely to blame for the 1905 revolution. Nevertheless, there was a great impact caused by the Army’s embarrassing mistakes. ..The army highly underestimated the capability of the Japanese. Firstly, the Army lost the battle of Mukden, One of the largest land battles to be fought before WW1. Russian casualties amounted to nearly 90,000. The Russians had also lost most of their combat supplies as well as most of their artillery and heavy machine guns. ..The Russian Army was also defeated in the battle of Tsushima...
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...They were brutally injured ,traumatized or killed. Defenseless men were made POWs, murdered or used for bayonet practice. They were also burned and buried alive. The raping of nanking violates human rights because no one is subjected to torture or cruel inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. This event violated article 5. (Source 8) Japan & China had several feuds prior to this incident. Japan and China went to war in 1884 to gain control of China’s trading ports. Between 1899 and 1907 a city called the Hague in netherlands agreed to to prohibit the mistreatment of POWs and civilians. By the 1930s Japan thought it was their destiny to conquer China. Refugees tried to escape crossing the Yangtze river. Due to no transportation they were trapped on the east bank, many tried to swim across. Japanese soldiers arrived firing several shots. A Japanese soldier reported he had seen an estimate of 50,000 bodies adults & children. (Source 2)...
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...Many Australians experienced extreme weight loss during the Changi camp. Weight loss was a severe and universal problem. This was because, the energy required for tiresome labour, largely exceeded caloric intake. The Changi prisoners of war diet was entirely rice-based. Australians received minute portions of vegetables and occasionally meat or fish. Rather they were predominately served small amounts of poor quality rice. This resulted in an endless amount illness, included vitamin B deficiency, beriberi and thiamine deficiency. Painful lower leg neuropathy was especially common with symptoms worsening at night. It became known as ‘electric’ and more ironically ‘happy feet’. Autonomic and myelopathy syndromes were also suffered. It was typically manifested by bladder dysfunction. The list of illness caused by nutritional disease is endless. Many Australian’s suffered tremendously from this during the Changi Prisoners of...
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...Wars for re-division of the world: Russian-Japanese war. Since the beginning of escalating of capitalism into imperialism, development of capitalist countries became increasingly uneven. In the end of the XIX century, countries such as Britain and France, which were the strongest, were pushed by young capitalist countries - Germany, the United States, and Japan. There was a series of wars of expansion and spheres of influence. The USA victory in the Spanish-American war has opened the way for further expansion to the south of Latin America. In 1899-1902 England was at war against the two Boer republics in southern Africa ended with their defeat. Russian-Japanese war is also refers to the wars for re-division of the world. This war was the largest and had great impact on the whole world. Russian-Japanese war began in 1904. The reason of the war was the Russian expansion in Manchuria. Telling about previous situation, which led to the war, in May, 1896 Russia attained from China the concession for building and exploitation of Chinese-Eastern Railway from Harbin to Port-Arthur, in March, 1898 – rent of Southern part of Liaodong Peninsula and Port-Arthur. Port-Arthur soon after became Russian main naval base in Far East. In 1900, while in China was Ihetuan Rebellion, Russian army occupied Manchuria. But this attempt, to save her military attendance, faced with resistance of Japan, Great Britain and the USA. They were against strengthening of Russian influence in North...
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...CHINA & JAPAN The main issues primary issues that separate China and Japan is mainly the acknowledgement of the roles each country during the second Simo-Japanese war during the second war. The main bowl on contention is the Nanking massacre in which Japan invaded China and conquered and occupied Nanjing, which was then China’s capital for six weeks and the mass rape and murder that ensued by the Japanese imperialist army. At lot of the victims were buried in mass graves level of evil and China claims that 300,000 of its citizens lost their lives even though the veracity of that number is debated.1 The saying goes winners get to write history and losers get the gallows and it means the when two cultures clash the winners live to write the history of the events and war while the losers are obliterated. However, in the case of China and Japan both the winner and loser got to write the history but two different versions of it. Fast-forward to today over 70 years after the Nanjing massacre, the historical significance of this event that is being passed down to younger generations in both countries could not be more different and therein is the problem. 1 The Japanese then to glaze over this event and instead focuses on the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which makes them looks like victims during the war. One of the official history books being used middle schools in japan refers to the massacre as the incidence, downplaying the atrocities committed during that period.1 China...
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