...Dysfunctional Family Systems and Disordered Self-Image Abstract: Disordered self-image, sense of self, and self-esteem are affected negatively by dysfunctional family systems. Maladaptive perfectionism affects mood, causes decreased self-esteem, and contributes to the development of avoidance tactics. Adolescent dysregulations includes disordered eating behaviors and/or eating disorders, anxiety, depression, body dissatisfaction, and extreme attempts at weight control; all of which can be caused by child sexual abuse, maladaptive perfectionism, parental attachment issues, and the development of alexithymia. Other dysregulations include faulty coping mechanisms, which are also affected by anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. Thesis: An adolescent’s sense of self, self-image, and self-esteem are affected by dysfunctional family systems, including family systems that reflect child sexual abuse, poor attachments, alcoholism, and the development of alexithymia. The adolescents in families such as these have psychological reactions to their disordered self-images and the dysfunctional family systems. Dysfunctional Family Systems and Disordered Self-Image Adolescent development of eating disorders, disordered eating behavior, and/or subclinical eating behaviors may be caused by perfectionism, child sexual abuse, or other trauma such as having alcoholic parents. Poor self-esteem, poor sense of self, and family dysfunctions may be caused by perfectionism, childhood sexual...
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...Abstract The quest for an answer to what determines human behavior has been going on for many years now, is it nature or nurture? The broad scope of human behavior has compelled researchers across various fields to systematically analyze what compels individuals to act the way they do. Is human behavior encoded in genetics or does it evolve by way of individual experience and environment. Through the review of recent empirical data across these various fields it is clear that both nature and nurture plan an important role in the development of human behavior. Subsequently multidirectional models have emerged with a mounting emphasis on how nature and nurture act independently in addition to collectively each forever shaping the other. Together Nature and Nurture Shape Human Behavior. The discussion concerning the appropriate significance of genetics and environment in human behavior has been around for quite a long while. This topic has generated massive attention, throughout the years, gaining numerous supporters on both sides of the debate. This attention essentially, has lead to some of the most remarkable psychological discoveries in recent years. The terms nature and nurture can be traced back to13th century France, expressed by Francis Galton in 1874 (Nature versus nurture, 2011). The term nurture in refers to the manner in which behavior is shaped by culture and environment. It builds its foundation on John B. Watson's theory of behaviorism...
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...Social-Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives Jamie Anderson University of Phoenix, Psychology 203 April 11, 2015 Introduction Wilhelm Wundt was a German physiologist who is a founding figure of modern psychology. He was the first who noted psychology as a science and was the first one to call himself a psychologist. After his findings of psychology, those that studied underneath him and learned his teachings took his information and embellished on it. This is where additional theories were developed including the social cognitive and humanistic perspective. The first perspective that I will be discussing is the social cognitive perspective which helps psychologists study personality by combining the interactions of traits, thoughts, and the environment (Boyd, 2015). The second perspective that I will be discussing is the humanistic perspective that also includes humanism and humanist. These are terms in psychology that relate to an approach which studies the whole person and how each person is unique in his or her own way (McLeod, 2012). Both of these perspectives were developed from Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology building blocks, however are quite different in many different ways. In this essay I will discuss what are the main concepts that are found in each perspective, how each perspective is different and what possible limitations each perspective has. Main Concepts Let us start off by looking at the main concepts for both the social cognitive...
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...Marissa Letz PSY 102 (1) December 1, 2011 Mr. Broder Differences between Liking and Loving Liking and loving are interesting emotions. Every person in the world has liking and loving as an emotion. Love is defined as an intense feeling of strong liking or affection for some specific thing or person (Reber, 1985). Liking is defined as a feeling of attraction or fondness for a thing or person. People long for relationships with other people. Most movies, books, and magazine articles are based on liking or loving another person, thing, or animal. Nothing seems to be more important to a person than having a relationship with someone else. Because liking and loving are such major social subjects it has been a focus for many social psychologists. The name of the study of liking and loving is called interpersonal attraction. Interpersonal attraction means a positive feeling for another person (Bailey & Gustavo, 1989). There are many theories to liking and love, but because they are such complex thoughts and feelings they are hard to explain, describe, and understand (“Theories of love”, n. d.). According to social psychologists there are three aspects that determine whether someone likes a person. Psychologist say proximity has to do with liking someone. Therefore, people that live or used to live in the same area have a better chance of becoming friends. Proximity leads to liking. Also, repeated exposure to any person leads to liking them. Exposure to any person...
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...The Importance of a strong persuasive leadership team Elizabeth M. Clausell Ashford University Business 600 Dr. James Moore December 5, 2011 With today’s landscape of constant change, a successful business rely on persuasive messaging in both internal and external communication. Can a strong interpersonal leader effectively communicate the main objective to his subordinates? A strong leader must convey strong communication skill to his audience to better align the organization plans. It is a vital and a key factor for an organization to have effective leadership detailing the ultimate goal and business strategy. Many organizational leaders in today’s business world lack this type of leader skill. Managing change in a business organization is never an easy task for leaders. This will be easily facilitated when an organization has a persuasive leader on the management team. The objective of this paper is to determine the challenges a leader faces but with the appropriate gateway of techniques will be able to persuade and influence the audience with the key components needed. Having the interpersonal skills is essentially a skill for a leader’s main objective to capture the message. However having the ability to persuade an audience is one of the most difficult skills to develop. A leader‘s persuasive message aims to influence the audience to who may be inclined to resist at first. One often need to implement or learn persuasive techniques to convince...
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...Video Games and Violence When it comes to recreational fun, many people to turn to video games to entertain and occupy their time. Although there are mixed feelings when it comes to playing video games, marketers benefit from consumers because they provide such variety of entertainment. Research states that video games can cause the player to become prosocial, antisocial, and demonstrate different forms of anxiety (Greitemeyer and Osswald, 2011). Positive video games can develop prosocial thoughts and actions. Prosocial behavior is defined as the willingness to helps others, cooperation, volunteering, donating, and sharing. Players who were exposed to positive video games have been viewed to demonstrate exceptional behavior versus those who played neutral or violent games. Super hero video games may urge a player to help others in need, and video games that deal with shopping or cooking may urge the player to donate or cooperate with others (Greitemeyer and Osswald, 2011). However, research shows that visuospatial cognition can develop, and this will also lead to better communication and social skills. In other words, the world the player is seeing, he or she will adapt to it (Ferguson, 2007). Yet, there is more research that defines the results of violent video games rather than non-violent ones. Violent video games can develop antisocial thoughts and actions. Antisocial behavior is known to harm or have no consideration of others. These types of games can...
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...Introduction In this assignment, I will be explaining the people character affect the person's behavior. I used The Experiment as a case study to investigate idea about personality. First of all, I used the personality traits to describe the personalities of Travis Hay (He is as a prisoner, NO.77), Michael Barris (He is as a guard.) and Mr. Nix (He is as a prisoner, NO.17). Such as, the Big Five, etc. Secondly, I will be explaining the unique situation influenced the behaviour of the Travis Hay, Michael Barris and Mr. Nix. Personality are influenced by many factors, this is I will speak content Body The early work in the structure of personality revolved around attempts to identify and label enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. Popular characteristics include shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal and timid. Those characteristics, when they are exhibited in a large number of situations, are called personality traits.[1] In recent year, an impressive body of research supports the theory that five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most of the significant variation in human personality.[2] Extraversion is that a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive. In the beginning of the film, Travis actively met girl. After that, he made friend with Michael Barris and always say “Flying man” Tinker Bell. He and his boss was talking in the office. His boss said:”you’ve been talking about...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...Course Description Psychology asks, and in scientific ways attempts to answer, questions about why and how people think, feel, and behave as they do. Because we are all human and have much in common, sometimes discoveries can be applied more universally. However, psychology must also take into account differences in biology, in the social and cultural contexts of our lives, and in the individual way we interpret the world. Differences in perspective and the power of perspective to shape experience are themes that run throughout the course. We will study the major perspectives in psychology, research methods, brain and nervous system structures, states of consciousness, learning, memory, cognitive and social-emotional development in infancy and childhood, social psychological issues such as conformity and obedience, and some of the major categories of psychological disorders and therapies. You will have a chance to pursue some topics in more depth. The goal of the course is to strike a balance between giving a survey of a very rich, complex field and covering topics in depth. Both understanding of basic psychological principles and practical application will be emphasized. The aim is to enrich your knowledge of psychology and your ability to apply psychological principles to everyday life. Required Text Myers, D. (2011). Exploring psychology, 8th ed. NY: Worth. ISBN: 1-4292-3826-7 Course Learning Objectives To be able to understand, illustrate, apply, and discuss: ...
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...Aggressive Leadership and the Effects on the Employee The manner in which leaders communicate with employees is an essential topic for organizations to recognize. Communication approaches that leaders apply towards junior employees vary in style, tone, and delivery. The literature review for this research will examine aggressive communication approaches that leaders utilize towards subordinate employees and the effect they have on the organization. The aim of this research is to gain an empirical insight to implications of the inter- and intra-personal relationships within the workplace. Aggressive communication according to Infante (1995) refers to the involvement of one individual (sender) applying force to influence another individual (receiver). In addition, abusive supervision is viewed as a significant source of psychological distress according to Restubog, Scott, and Zagenczyk (2011). The mode of communicative aggression varies from one person to another and is considered a behavioral script based on previous encounters in their lifetime. The interpretational and behavioral scripts a person brings to social situations influences that person’s preparedness for aggression (Huesmann, 1988). Communication is displayed through verbal and non-verbal means and is requisite in organizations where two or more employees have to interface either in person or remote from each other. Aggressive communication utilized by leadership breaks down the ability for the healthy ebb...
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...HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Health psychology is defined as the application of psychology to the relevant areas of health, disease and the health care system. Medicine and health psychology have many common themes and interests but they differ in their approaches. The primary focus of medicine is the diagnosis, treatment and cure of illness. The focus of health psychology goes beyond that of medicine to stress the prevention and enhancement of health. It expands the biological framework of medicine to also include psychological and social factors. The scope of health psychology is very broad because many theories and methods of psychology can be applied to health-related issues. Maes & van Elderen (1998) (cited in Gross, 2009) defines health psychology as “…a sub-discipline of psychology which addresses the relationship between psychological processes and behaviour on the one hand and health and illness on the other...”. Health psychology aims to understand, explain, develop and test theories by evaluating the role of psychology and its perspectives as factors affecting illness, predicting unhealthy behaviours and understanding and evaluating the role of psychology in the experience and treatment of illness. It also aims to put theory into practice by promoting healthy behaviour, preventing illness and thereby improving the health care system and health policy. For example, from programmes developed to help people reduce risk factors to their health, such as obesity and...
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...Development of the social brain during adolescence Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Adolescence is usually defined as the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood. The beginning of adolescence, around the onset of puberty, is characterized by large hormonal and physical changes. The transition from childhood to adulthood is also characterized by psychological changes in terms of identity, self-consciousness, and cognitive flexibility. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that various regions of the human brain undergo development during adolescence and beyond. Some of the brain regions that undergo particularly protracted development are involved in social cognitive function in adults. In the first section of this paper, I briefly describe evidence for a circumscribed network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. Next, I describe evidence that some of these brain regions undergo structural development during adolescence. Finally, I discuss recent studies that have investigated social cognitive development during adolescence. The first time Uta Frith made an impression on me was when I was 15. That year I was given a copy of her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma (U. Frith, 1989), which had recently been published. I knew nothing about autism and found Uta’s book captivating. It inspired me to write to its author and ask if I could...
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...This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Dreaming, Vol. 1, No.4, 1991 The Effects of Dream Length on the Relationship Between Primary Process in Dreams and Creativity Glenn Livingston l and Ross Levin l ,2 The effects of dream length on the relationship between primaty process in dreams and a measure of creativity unconfounded by IQ was investigated in a sample of 93 graduate students using the Auld, Goldenberg, & Weiss (1968) Scale of Primary Process Thought (SPPT) and a modified Wallach-Kogan (1965) creativity batte/yo Consistent with previous research, total and mean primary process were found to correlate significantly with creativity (r = .28, P < .01 and r = .23, P < .05, respectively). Both significant relationships disappeared, however, once the effects of dream length were partialled out, confirming Wood, Sebba, & Domino's (1989-90) contention that this relationship may be artifactual. It is suggested that dream length as an individual difference in and of itself may thus be a more fruitful variable to examine in future research investigating the relationship between creativity and dreams. KEY WORDS: dreaming; dream length; primary process; creativity. The contention that creativity and dreaming may reflect similar psychological processes has long been maintained by...
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...successful. With job satisfaction there is the energy to come to work and perform with the highest job performance. Job satisfaction also secures job stability and helps reduce cost in turnover ratio. Engagement is a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption (Boudreau and Cascio, 2011, p. 145). Engagement in an organization helps find ways to reduce cost. With engagement, there is a dedication to be involved in the organization success through customer satisfaction, productivity, quality, safety, and cost. Pay fairness and employee outcomes: Exacerbation and attenuation effects of financial need Shaw, Jason D; Gupta, Nina. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74 (Sep 2001): 299-320. Pay is arguably one of the most critical, if not the most critical, outcome of organizational membership for employees (Gupta & Shaw, 1998). Actual pay and people's attitudes about it are the subject of much research (Lawler & Jenkins, 1992; Miceli & Lane, 1991) but, over the decades, the vast majority of studies concentrated on the precursors of different kinds of pay attitudes(e.g. perceptions of pay fairness, pay satisfaction, etc.) rather than on their consequences (Heneman, 1985). In...
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...How to Critically Analyse Psychological Research Table of Contents The Theory 2 The Research Rationale 2 The Participants 2 The Design and Procedure 2 1. Research method 2 2. Lab vs field research 2 3. Demand characteristics 3 4. Experimenter bias 3 6. Social desirability 3 7. Validity of the experimental manipulation 3 8. Stimulus sampling 4 9. Reliability and validity of measures of the independent and/or dependent variables 4 10. Confounding variables in 4 11. Order of items/events 4 The Statistical Analyses 5 1. Excluded participants 5 2. Missing data 5 3. Validity and reliability of dependent variables 5 4. Sufficient statistical power 5 5. Statistical assumptions 6 6. Correct use of inferential statistics 6 7. Correct interpretation of analyses 6 8. Alternative analyses 6 The Discussion 6 1. Alternative explanations 6 2. Cause-effect ambiguities 6 3. Third variable 7 4. Mediators and moderators 7 5. Replication 7 6. Interaction or main effect?: 7 Place the Research in the Context of Similar Research 8 Suggestions for Future Research 8 Inappropriate Criticisms 8 1. Criticizing the article rather than the research 8 2. Ethical criticisms 8 3. Incomplete criticisms 8 4. Criticisms of the reliability or effectiveness of methodology that produced the predicted results 9 5. Random allocation of participants to conditions 9 How Not to Use this Document! 10 Structuring a Critical...
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