...Introduction to Psychology: January 12, 2015 3 Main Problems of Psychology 1) Determinism vs. Freewill * The idea that everything that happens has a cause (determinism) versus the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions (freewill) 2) The Mind-Brain Problem * The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. 3) The Nature-Nurture Issue * “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Intro to Psych: Wednesday, January 14 2015 Three major philosophical issues with psychology: Free Will vs. Determinism - Determinism: Everything that happens has a cause. - Free Will: the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions The Mind-Brain Problem - The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. - How is brain activity linked with our experienced? - There is a close relationship with brain activity and psychological events - “Do we feel first, or do we think first?” Nature-Nurture Issue - “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Milgram and the shock experiment test Psychiatry - different from psychology in the way that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication and psychologists can not. - branch of the medical field that focuses on the brain and mental disorders **Get to know both of the “What Psychologists Do” handouts from class Quick History of Psychology Early era...
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...Psychology G544 Revision Notes Psychology G544 Section A Revision Notes Hypothesis Experimental hypothesis – predicts the effect of the IV on the DV. Operationalised hypothesis – shows how variables are going to be tested, by describing them. Null hypothesis – states that there will be no effect of the IV on the DV. One tailed hypothesis – predicts the direction in which results are expected to occur (directional) ie, revision improves exam performance. Two tailed hypothesis – states there is some kind of difference between two events (non-directional) ie, revision will affect exam performance. Experiments Independent variable – the variable that you manipulate (cause) Dependent variable – the variable that you measure (effect) Experimental design |Design |Repeated measures |Independent measures |Matched pairs | |Explanation |Performance of participants in one condition |Performance of participants in one condition |Participants in each condition matched to eac| | |compared with performance of the same |compared with performance of different |other on variables, such as age, sex, IQ, etc| | |participants in another condition |participants in another condition |(so it’s like they are the same person in | | ...
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...Psychology AS Level notes COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- MODELS OF MEMORY The multi- store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin) SENSORY MEMORY- EVIDENCE FOR SENSORY MEMORY IS SPERLING • Sperling showed grid of letters for less than a second- 4 items were recalled on average. • Encoding= raw from the senses • Capacity= 4 items • Duration= around 2 seconds SHORT TERM MEMORY- • Encoding (Conrad)= acoustic • Capacity (Miller)= 7 +/ 2 items • Duration (Peterson and Peterson)= less than 30 seconds LONG TERM MEMORY- • Encoding (Baddelely)= semantic • Capacity= unlimited • Duration (Bahrik)= up to a lifetime EVALUATION OF MULTI STORE MODEL: STRENGTHS- • Glanzer and Cunitz read out a list of words to prticipants and asked them to recall as many as possible. They found participants recalled more words from the start (primacy) and the end (recency) of the list. This supports the idea of LTM and STM being two unitary stores as first words were in the LTM at time of recall and the last words were in the STM. • Case study evidence- cases of patients who have suffered brain damage to either their hippocampus and have memory deficits. The victim lost the ability to form new long term memories, but he had normal functioning STM but anything after 30 seconds was completely forgotten. He could remember memories prior to brain damage, • Brain scanning research-MRI scans show different parts of the brain being used when certain tasks were carried out. WEAKNESSES- • It does not...
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...Behaviourism Behaviourism is a theoretical framework that believes behaviour can be explained without an analysis of internal mental processes. The primary tenet of this school of thought is that behaviour is a response to a stimulus determined by a previous experience of similar events or stimuli. A useful link: http://www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/approaches/AS_AQB_approaches_BehaviourismBasics.pdf Cybernetics Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach to exploring regulatory feedback systems, their structures, constraints and possibilities. What I gain from this theory is the idea of feedback and reciprocal effects. I have come to perceive the mind as being interconnected with the environment in a 2-way system, each and responding to the other Cognitivism In contradiction to Behaviouralists, Cognitivists are primarily concerned with thinking and brain function in order to explain behaviour. Behaviorists acknowledged the existence of thinking, but identified it as a behavior. Cognitivists argued that the way people think impacts their behavior and therefore cannot be a behavior in and of itself. Constructivism This theory suggests that that human knowledge is actively constructed. It stemmed from a critique of the “associationist” approach, which postulates that the mind is a passive receiver of information from its environment that, through knowing, produces a copy in the act of knowing, it is the human mind that actively gives meaning and order...
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...Introduction: The Origins of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt The Founder of Psychology Today, psychology is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes, a definition that reflects psychology’s origins and history. KEY QUESTIONS What roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? What were the early schools and approaches in psychology, and how did their views differ? you need to understand how the definition of psychology has evolved over the past 130 years to what it is today—the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Indeed, the early history of psychology is the history of a field struggling to define itself as a separate and unique scientific discipline. The early psychologists struggled with such fundamental issues as: • How should psychology be defined? • What is the proper subject matter of psychology? • Which areas of human experience should be studied? • What methods should be used to investigate psychological issues? • Should psychology include the study of nonhuman animal behavior? • Should psychological findings be used to change or enhance human behavior? These debates helped set the tone of the new science, define its scope, and set its limits. Over the past century, the shifting focus of these debates has influenced the topics studied and the research methods used. Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual or auditory stimuli...
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...A. What is the self? -General characteristics of the self -illusions of the self - collectivist, individualists, self-construal B. What is the self? -An organism collected of concepts and schemas that define how we perceive our selves -Self concepts are the concepts of the self and determined what we believe and how we feel about our selves -self schemas mental structures that affect how we organizes and process information. (computers processes= self schemas); (Computer files=self concepts) C. Two of functions the self: 1. Organization -self reference effect; enhances memory 2. Regulation -Limited resource ideas D. The self-guides and colors our perceptions of the social world Central everything revolves around self 1 what we attend to and care about 2 Determined how we interpreted events 3 pervasive/ omnipresent (Always present) 4 motivated -think well of themselves -Egocentric (everybody is egocentric) -Associate self with good, distance them self from bad (we won/ they lost) -Overestimate self-agency 4. Automatic -Background operation -Cocktail party effect (hearing your name around a crowd of people) E. Who are you? 1. “I am” written over again 2. Number of identify vs number of personal attributes 3. Majority of responsibilities will be personally attributed F. independent views of self vs interdepended view of self 1. Individualist culture (US, Australia, England) 2. Collectivists Cultures ...
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...* Introduction to developmental psychology (history, basic issues) * Theories of development * Research methods in child development Introduction History Child development as a science Parental preoccupation with “expert” child rearing started in the early 20th century. Parents started turning to paediatricians and psychologists for advice. John Watson pushed for rigid feeding schedules for infants and an orderly approach to child rearing. Benjamin Spock’s urged parents not engage in conflicts over issues such as weaning and toilet training, and to display affection to their children. Today Watson’s views are seen as emotionally cold and excessively rigid, while Spock’s recommendations as overly indulgent. What does developmental psychology study? Developmental science seeks to identify variables that influence development and to explain how they work together to shape an individual’s life. Scientists develop theories and conduct research aimed at describing, explaining, and predicting age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions and social relationships. Definition Orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, thought processes, and behaviour. 3 broad goals in the study of 3 child development: * To understand changes that appear to be universal * To explain individual differences * To understand how children’s behaviour is influenced by the environmental context or situation. ...
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...Memory Without it, you’d be constantly living in one moment to the next. You wouldn’t know who you are, where you came from or where you are going. But what is it? And how does it work? To answer these questions, early memory researchers decided to break memory down into simple structures. The mysterious power of our mind to store images, words and sounds, was reduced into several components. All of these components were then thought to interact through simple processes. Simplifying memory in this way was a necessary step in developing our understanding of how memory functions. From this structured view of memory, two important models of memory were developed: the Multi-store Model and the Working-Memory Model. Section 1: Multi-store model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Do you think you have a good memory? What is your earliest memory? The multi-store model is a structural model which states that memory is made up of 3 distinct, separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Each of the stores can be analysed based on three factors: 1) Capacity: how much information can be stored 2) Duration: the amount of time the information can be stored 3) Encoding: how the information is represented by the memory system Sensory memory The first store in the multi-store model is the sensory memory store. This store provides an account of the environment as experienced by our senses. A copy of the stimulus is kept here until we determine...
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...Those notes can only be sequenced so many times before they are repeated by a new musician and called “original”. Intellectual property has been protected in the courts systems, but has favored personal interest over creativity and borrowing. In the case of Weber vs. Repp for example, Repp was claiming to be the owner of the copied Catholic folk music stolen to create music by Weber. With help from a lawyer, it is proven that Weber wrote a song previous to the music and songs by Repp. It was demonstrated that Weber wrote a song, Repp wrote another song sounding similar, and then Weber wrote the song in question. This showing that Weber borrowed from himself and Repp borrowed from him. The musical notes played in the same sequence were copied by both composers and therefore the courts dismissed the case, musical notes are not owned by any one composer. It does not matter what you copy but how much you choose to take. The idea behind Gladwell’s argument is that borrowing some to be creative is and needs to be acceptable in the eyes of “plagiarism...
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...to harmonize, considering it was our first year learning an instrument. There was no reading or writing when it came to playing the instruments, but with music, a story can be made. For example, half the class would play our recorders in sync with one another, and other students in the class would play percussion. With the rhythm of the music combined, the feel and sound of the music gives the audience a feel of a different environment, such as feeling as though you are taking a journey through an Indian village, or celebrating the first fourth of July in America. As I progressed through the year, music classes turned into singing as well. In order to know the words that we were singing, we had paperback music, which had music lines, notes, and words for us to...
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...through the paper. Halfway through the paper, I saw my friend John suspiciously looking at the class. My instincts told me that something was wrong. As a result, I began to keep an eye on John. Suddenly, I saw John taking notes out from his pencil case! My mouth hung wide open and I gasped in shock. How could John do that! I thought should I report him? The devil in my mind said that I should not care about this thing after all, he is still my best friend while the angel said that I should be honest and report him. After thinking for a while, I decided to report him. I raised my hand and told the teacher “ Mr Tan, John is cheating by using notes from his pencil case.” The teacher nodded his head and walked towards John’s table. Mr Tan said “John! Why are you cheating?” John shook his head to deny that he did not cheat. Mr Tan confiscated his pencil case and dumped the contents out. Out came pencils, erasers and pens. But there was no notes inside! John let out a smirk from his mouth. I was shocked! I thought that there was a note? Just when I thought all hope was lost, Mr Tan found another zip at the pencil case and he opened it. Suddenly, John’s smirk began to vanish. Waves of panic overwhelmed him. The hidden note was found there! Mr Tan looked at John sternly. He brought John to the principal’s office to explain what had happened. On the next day, the fiery-tempered Discipline Master caned John during assembly period. After this incident...
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...Side Notes: • I came up with a killer Mozart-style arrangement involving several songs by modern artists. But I ran into a roadblock with getting permissions. So I decided to do variations on a theme by making my arrangement an original tune. Helpful Hints: • Learn the hardest parts first with the correct fingering. Instead of using a slower tempo to practice longer sections, try using the actual tempo to practice overlapping shorts sections (as small as 2 notes...hands alone if needed). • For those who have heard the recording or seen the video on • When I practice, it helps me to realize that it takes up to 300 YouTube, Steven Sharp Nelson laid down over 100 tracks, including (perfect) reps before muscle memory kicks-in. cello textures never before known possible. Every single sound on the video was made using only the instruments shown: piano, cello, • I like to imagine totally soft and relaxed hand muscles as I play... think "soft hand" when approaching hard sections. mouth percussion and kick drum. Of course we put in additional cool effects. For example the U2-style delay on Steve's pizz at the • For a two-minute-edit version, start at measure 109 beginning. (two-minute-edit minus track available at jonschmidt.com). • A recording of the orchestration only (minus piano) is available at jonschmidt.com. This is very fun for live performances with a monitor speaker next to you on stage so you can hear the parts well. Michael meets Mozart = 91 chills up copyright...
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...Dean Helton Note-Taking Assignment 1. Why did you choose Cornell, Outline, or Visual Map? I chose the visual map way of taking my notes this morning at church. I have actuallynever taken my notes that way before, but I really enjoyed it. I am a kinesthetic learner and seeing maps and graphs help me understand things a lot better than just simple notes. I was nervous at first to take my notes this way but I very quickly got the hang of it. After the sermon it was much easier for me to look over my notes and understand what the message and sub nots were pointing out. I will now take all of my sermon notes this way. 2. What did you like about the style of note taking you chose? I enjoyed using this style for many reasons. One of the main reasons was because it gave me the opportunity to listen more to the sermon wrather than focusing on writing down the notes that we were given. It also was a huge help to me after when I was looking over the notes. It gave me a clearer picture of what the sermon was about. 3. What did you dislike about the style of note taking you chose? I think the only thing I disliked about it is that it is almost like an outline,a nd if you are not careful you could miss an important long point that need sto be recorded just for the sake of making your picture graph look good. I added a few take away points at the bottom of my notes that I felt like I needed to add so that I could better understand the over all message. 4. How do you plan...
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...Symbols Facebook Symbols for Status Everyone fancy a cool status update decorated with facebook symbols. People always wonder how their friends got symbols for status when they add hearts, music notes , stars and other signs into their status. Actually its not difficult. Follow my steps and you will learn how to add facebook symbols for status. Before you start decoration your status updates with symbols, take a look at complete list of all facebook symbols. These are Unicode text characters that you can put into your status. Just use your imagination and creativity and you will come up with nice ideas. Take these symbols and combine them to create status decoration where you can add your ‘text update’. Most common facebook symbols people use for decoration are heart symbol, star symbol, math signs and music notes. Here we have got the most comprehensive list of facebook status symbols. Just copy and paste them in your status. ๑۩۞۩๑ Type your status message!! ๑۩۞۩๑ ๑۩๑ Type your status message!! ๑۩๑ ▂ ▃ ▅ ▆ █ Type your status message █ ▆ ▅ ▃ ▂ ★·.·´¯`·.·★ facebook symbols for status ★·.·´¯`·.·★ ..♩.¸¸♬´¯`♬.¸¸¤ Type your status message here o ¤¸¸.♬´¯`♬¸¸.♩.. ¤♥¤Oº°‘¨☜♥☞¤ symbols for facebook status ¤☜♥☞¨‘°ºO¤♥¤ ♬ •♩ ·.·´¯`·.·♭•♪ This is musical notes ♪ •♭·.·´¯`·.·♩ •♬ »——(¯` Type your status message here ´¯)——» ¸.·’★¸.·’★*·~-.¸-(★ facebook symbols ★)-,.-~*¸.·’★¸.·’★ •(♥).•*´¨`*•♥•(★) Type your status message here (★)•♥•*´¨`*•.(♥)• O...
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...discussions. No warning will be given to you and the invigilator will make a note of your name and update the Program Manager. You are not allowed to leave the examination hall till you finish your examination. You are required to switch off your mobiles always. |Course |Date |Time |Duration |Type of Exam |Comments | |Principles of Management |Wednesday |10.30 am - 12.30 pm |2 hours |Closed Book/Closed notes |Multiple choice ( 50 min) | | |4th Feb, | | |Laptops not allowed |Descriptive(1 hr 10 min) | | |2009 | | |Internet not allowed |Write with pen no scribbling | | | | | | |Mobile phones are not allowed in the class | |Organisational Behaviour |Wednesday |2.30 - 4.00 pm |90 min |Open Book/Open Notes | ...
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