...7th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FINANCIAL CRIMINOLOGY 2015 13-14 April 2015,Wadham College, Oxford, United Kingdom Enhancement of the Accountability of Public Sectors through Integrity System, Internal Control System and Leadership Practices: A Review Study Mohamad Azizal Abd Aziza, Hilmi Ab Rahmanb, Md. Mahmudul Alamc, Jamaliah Saidc* a Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kelantan Campu, Malaysia c School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia c Accounting Research Institute (ARI), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract Currently, governance in public administration has become a global issue as a result of the continuous stream of governance failures, fraud, inefficiency, corruption, and poor internal control and financial management. Public sectors worldwide are now under pressure to justify the sources and utilizations of public resources as well as improving the performance in their services delivery. Now it is considered as public rights to monitor the transparency and efficiency of public administration. To ensure good governance, understanding the way to improve accountability in public sector is very essential. Therefore, to enhance the accountability in the public sector, based on the literature review this study discusses on the organizational internal factors that has influences on accountability; integrity system, internal...
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...PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE 1.0. Introduction: One of the main distinguishing factors between public and private sector organisations lies in their objectives and sometimes funding structure. While public sector bodies have a more social objective and focus more on the allocation or distribution of public goods and services within the country, private sector bodies have the main objective of increasing the wealth of their shareholders (IFAC, 2011). However, both private and public sector bodies face similar operational and business challenges brought on by the economic environment and climate. A crucial question therefore is how to account for the activities of private sector bodies and public sector bodies in a way that reflects the operational structure of the organisation and yet their varying objectives (Barton, 2000). There exist two main schools of thought on the nature of accounting in the public sector, each of which is formulated by the view of the role of the public sector within the economy (Evans, 1995). The traditional method of accounting within public sector organisations has often advocated the use of the cash basis of accounting, with larger emphasis rather placed on compliance with the rules and regulations governing the sector (Wynne, 2003). However, weaknesses in public sector management have brought to the fore the importance of efficiency and hence the adoption of the accrual method of accounting within the public sector. According to...
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...I have over 20 years experience in accounting , management and auditing gained from : • Post conflict and conflict geographical locations in Burundi ( specifically Ngozi, Sudan, Uganda : • Environmental disasters in Tanzania; Mozambique and Kenya • HIV affected and infected communities in Botswana and The Zambia • Donor-funded projects, financial institutions and Government organizations. I have been involved in Financial management and management audits of various organizations. This include Project Planning and Management, development of Accounting Systems and internal control systems, Budget Management on Donor funded Non-Governmental Organizations, Project Management, Finance and Management Accounting and Staff Performance appraisal, both private and public sector Organizations. Currently am managing the Regional Finance and Administration as supervisor in the East and Southern Africa Region and I have been responsible for coming up with policies and procedures that are in line with the organizations’ long term strategies. This involved review of existing structures, and Advising management on possible implementation procedures and processes and the costs/benefits associated with them. I have therefore had to work with consultants and different authorities in order to accomplish these goals. The job is based in Uganda but I receive reports from all the above mentioned countries through email on a monthly basis by the 5th of every month, import into ACCPAC ...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1.0 Introduction and Background Of The Study 4 1.1 Statement Of The Problem 6 1.2 Main Objectives 7 1.2.1Specific Objectives: 7 1.3 Research Questions 7 1.4 Significance Of The Study: 7 1.5 Limitation Of The Study: 7 2.0 Literature Review Of Succession Planning 8 2.1 Theoretical reveiw 8 2.1.1 Key Steps Towards Effective Succession Planning 9 2.1.2 Measures For Effective Succession Planning 13 2.1.2.1 Part A Measures: Group 1 -- Basic Plan Usage Factors. 13 2.1.2.2 Part A Measures: Group 2 -- Assessing Whether Your Plan Contains Key Design Features 14 2.1.2.3 Part B Measures: Group 3 -- Operational Indications Of Plan Success. 15 2.1.2.4 Part B Measures: Group 4 -- Measures Of Direct Business Impacts 16 2.1.2.5 Part B Measures: Group 5 -- Indications Of Plan Failure 17 2.2 Empirical Studies Of Succession Planning 18 3.0 Research Methodology 20 3.1 Introduction: 20 3.2 Research Design: 20 3.3 Area Of The Study: 20 3.4 Unit Of Enquiry: 20 3.5 Sample Size And Sampling Procedure: 21 3.5.1 Sample Size. 21 3.5.2 Sampling Technique 21 3.6 Data Collection Methods: 22 3.6.1 Questionnaires: 22 3.6.2 Interview: 22 3.6.3 Participant Observation: 22 3.6.4 Documentation: 22 3.7 Work Plan and Research Budget...............................................................................22 3.7.1 Research Activities & Work Plan.....................................................................22 3.7.2 Budget………………………………………………………………………...
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...Privatization on Service Sector Preface We know that the countries which are developed today are getting very strong in service sector day by day. Without having a very significant service sector it is impossible to retain the development of the economy of a country. Service sector is the accelerator of an economy. And Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries of the world with a huge number of different problems but most importantly with an emerging service sector. Really this is a great tonic for this underdeveloped country on the way of development. So to utilize this potential setting up of a lot of service organization is needed. But the service organization should not be public rather private. Because we all know about the poor service quality and negative profit of the public service organizations of Bangladesh. So the privatization of service sector is one of our desired initiatives. It is one of the leading aspects with a very bright potential to boost-up the economy of this third-world poor country. Prepared by: Md. Abdul Hai – 07882860 Essence of Privatization Despite a significant degree of public ownership in health, education, communication, utilities and energy sectors in the pre-independence period, Bangladesh inherited basically a private sector dominated economy at the time of independence in 1971. A set of three inter-related reasons are put forward as rationale for privatization in Bangladesh. These are: • Improvement of the governments’ fiscal...
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...Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood...
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...the public and private sectors often triggers debates all over the world. The Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (PSASB) holds the view to adopt a sector – neutral approach. However, debates often occur on whether reporting rules for the public sector should be identical to those which are applicable to the private sector. This essay will discuss the sector – neutral approach adopted by the board, the arguments on the application of accounting concepts which take heritage and community assets of accrual accounting as examples and their effect on meaningful financial information. According to the Institute of Internal Auditors (2011), public sector is comprised of governments, agencies and enterprises which are all publicly controlled or publicly funded and other entities that deliver public programs, goods or services. The new website of the Investopedia (2014) considers the private sector as the part of the economy that is not controlled by state, and is individuals and companies run for profit. Depending on the definitions, public sectors are usually owned or operated by governments, such as educational and health care bodies; private sectors are usually not owned or operated by governments, like retail stores and local businesses (PrivacySense, 2014). Though the differences exist between the two sectors, people hold different views on whether accounting choices suitable for the two sectors should be identical or not. Barton (1999, p. 22) states that: The public and...
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... MGI’s mission is to help leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors develop a deeper understanding of the evolution of the global economy and to provide a fact base that contributes to decision making on critical management and policy issues. MGI research combines two disciplines: economics and management. Economists often have limited access to the practical problems facing senior managers, while senior managers often lack the time and incentive to look beyond their own industry to the larger issues of the global economy. By integrating these perspectives, MGI is able to gain insights into the microeconomic underpinnings of the long-term macroeconomic trends affecting business strategy and policy making. For nearly two decades, MGI has utilized this “micro-to-macro” approach in research covering more than 20 countries and 30 industry sectors. MGI’s current research agenda focuses on three broad areas: productivity, competitiveness, and growth; the evolution of global financial markets; and the economic impact of technology. Recent research has examined a program of reform to bolster growth and renewal in Europe and the United States through accelerated productivity growth; Africa’s economic potential; debt and deleveraging and the end of cheap capital; the impact of multinational companies on the US economy; technology-enabled business trends; urbanization in India and China; and the competitiveness of sectors and industrial policy. MGI is led by three McKinsey &...
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... MGI’s mission is to help leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors develop a deeper understanding of the evolution of the global economy and to provide a fact base that contributes to decision making on critical management and policy issues. MGI research combines two disciplines: economics and management. Economists often have limited access to the practical problems facing senior managers, while senior managers often lack the time and incentive to look beyond their own industry to the larger issues of the global economy. By integrating these perspectives, MGI is able to gain insights into the microeconomic underpinnings of the long-term macroeconomic trends affecting business strategy and policy making. For nearly two decades, MGI has utilized this “micro-to-macro” approach in research covering more than 20 countries and 30 industry sectors. MGI’s current research agenda focuses on three broad areas: productivity, competitiveness, and growth; the evolution of global financial markets; and the economic impact of technology. Recent research has examined a program of reform to bolster growth and renewal in Europe and the United States through accelerated productivity growth; Africa’s economic potential; debt and deleveraging and the end of cheap capital; the impact of multinational companies on the US economy; technology-enabled business trends; urbanization in India and China; and the competitiveness of sectors and industrial policy. MGI is led by three McKinsey &...
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...PUBLIC ENTERPRISE INEFFICIENCY AND THE ROAD TO PRIVATIZATION IN BANGLADESH Tanweer Akram Abstract This essay provides an overview of public enterprises inefficiency and discusses the main issues concerning the privatization program in Bangladesh. The paper points out how the country’s privatization program can be improved. Keywords: Privatization, Public Enterprises, Bangladesh. The Scope of this Essay This essay provides an overview of public enterprise inefficiency in Bangladesh and issues related to the problem of privatization of public enterprises in Bangladesh. The main argument of this essay is that there is ample scope for improving the country’s privatization program. The terms and conditions of sale must be well defined and upheld. The potential buyers must have access to material information about the firms. The financial sector must be disciplined. In order to show the importance of financial sector discipline, empirical findings on the debtdefault status of privatized enterprises in Bangladesh are presented. The proceeds from privatization can be used for workers’ compensation and labor training since in the short-run labor retrenchment due to dismissal of excess workforce may lead to social and political problems unless alternative arrangements are available for workers. Prudential regulatory environment is required to protect the interests of the consumers when public monopolies are transferred to the private sector. Privatization program needs to be carried out...
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...Prior to 1988 there was virtually no private sector in Russia or throughout the former Soviet Union. To take part in all but the most basic private sector activities was illegal. All productive assets, including land, industrial enterprises, homes and farms were in theory owned by “the people” (Leonard, Watson, 2013). This statement essentially sums up how privatized firms would be met if de-privatization becomes law. Their investment firms would become illegal and they would have to explore other ways to work within the law or dissolve. If we explore free markets they would be Pareto efficient and would favor the young. However, it would hurt the politically charged groups from the old regime like government officials. (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, 2009). Mass privatization was an excellent solution to the problem that state ownership was omnipresent and domestic wealth holders were insufficient to buy the assets. The mass privatization strategy also facilitated an extremely speedy ownership change in most transition economies, as few countries had contained a private sector of any significance in 1990 (Leonard, Watson, 2013). This information makes de-privatization favorable in my opinion. While privatization seems excellent, it stifles future growth and limits opportunities for all. The process to transition should be gradual and well thought out. Privatized companies run a large risk of losing their business if a violation is made. Politicians and Soviet era managers...
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...Tamnun E Mursalin "Digital Bangladesh" is currently the most commonly used words in politics, media, among the intellectuals and the civil societies. Since our Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in her party's election manifesto pledged to develop a digital Bangladesh by 2021, it has given a great hope to the citizens of Bangladesh. It turned out to be an opportunity for our prime minister to be in the United States during the time of election, and experiencing the Obama election campaign. Her learning has helped Awami League wining the election in Bangladesh in 2008 with Obama-like campaign strategy-the call for 'change', which has been responded widely by the Bangladeshi citizens. However, the focus here is Digital Bangladesh, widely accepted by Bangladeshi people from all walks of life. Not too many people understood the concept of digital Bangladesh but they believed it, as something related to information technology. It has been widely accepted by a good number of young voters, believing that the concept of Digital Bangladesh will solve most of our national crisis involving corruption, unemployment, illiteracy, poverty and price-hike. Even though without knowing Bangladesh has already gone through a bit of experience on digitization through few national level of ICT projects, such as, Chittagong Customs Automation System, selection process of teletalk mobile user through internet, project initiated by the pervious government on machine-readable digital passport system and finally...
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...pay performance is attractive to the public sector because its basis is rooted in the perception that superior performance should be acknowledged and rewarded. Its implementation is varied, consisting of individuals, work groups, or departments being evaluated and having financial incentives distributed as base pay increases, one-time bonuses, or a combination. “Merit pay” is a term typically associated with pay for performance where individual performance ratings are directly correlated to annual salary increases in hopes that the incentive with increase employee effort and productivity. However, the critical component that directly affects success with this pay structure is employee perception on how equitable and attainable the expectations are within the incentive plan. Employees form beliefs and take actions based on how satisfied they are with their jobs as well as an opinion about state agencies as places to work and pursue careers. If these employees feel that the performance appraisal systems are not fair, then they will not be motivated by the premise of linking their pay to incentives. Moreover, these same employees will eventually become disgruntle and work at less productive rates because they feel as though “politics” or favoritism determines the outcome of their evaluations not personal achievement. Many employees were attracted to public sector jobs because of they were perceived to be secure with good benefits. Now, public agencies are moving from the traditional...
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...(540MW), Talwandi Sabo(1980 MW), Rajpura (1400 MW)and with NTPC (2640 MW with PSPCL share of 1320 MW). So the total installed capacity in the state by the end of 2014-15 is expected to be 9118 MW. In addition, has signed MOUs with private companies for setting up thermal plants in the state of more than 5000 MW capacity. In addition, presently P has allocation of 1840 MW from central sector plants which is expected to cross 470 MW in the next 5 years. As there is no difference between the powers contracted on long term basis with plants set up outside the state either by central sector or private sector companies and the PPAs signed for procurement of power with private companies setting up plants in the state so mission appears to have been secured well before 2015 without investing even a penny in any project. The question is what will be doing in the next 5 years whereas generation is concerned? In the past, the management of repeatedly argued in favour of setting up plants under state sector and has mentioned it many a times that "setting up of thermal plants in the state sector is in the interest of the state" but surprisingly this commitment has not been explicitly depicted in the draft vision statement which is not only shocking but depressing for the engineers. We would like to know the vision of the company to expand its generation business by setting up new plants with own resources and also up-gradation of the capacities of the existing plants. We will like...
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...PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING Assignment 5 ------------------------------------------------- Melina Subastian / 296511 Number 3: Based on five public sector accounting techniques, which one do you prefer as the best to be applied? Explain your answer! First of all, I think it is necessary to observe the five techniques that can be applied in public sector accounting in order to decide which one is the best to be applied. 1. Budget Accounting. This technique presents the budgeted amount and the actual amount recorded in pairs (double entry). 2. Commitment Accounting. This accounting technique recognizes transactions and records them at the time the order was issued. This can be used in conjunction with cash accounting and accrual accounting. 3. Fund Accounting. The technique is performed with the concept of fund. It treats a working unit as an accounting entity and budget entity which stands alone. 4. Cash Accounting. In this technique, revenues are recorded when cash is received, and expenses are recorded when cash is removed. 5. Accrual Accounting. This technique differentiates between cash revenues and rights to earn cash, and cash expenditures and obligations to pay cash. In my opinion, accrual accounting technique is the best technique to use for public sector organizations. In this technique, revenues and expenses are recognized when earned or incurred, regardless of whether cash is received or spent. The use of the accrual basis in the public sector is one...
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