...exercise as long as it promotes cardiovascular fitness (Tapley et al. 1995). The heart fuels every muscle with oxygen during these aerobic exercises. This in turn cause the heart to work much harder (Tapley et al. 1995). The heart itself is a muscle however, and this work makes the hear more conditioned and efficient. This means that, the higher the heart rate is, the harder the heart is working to deliver oxygen to all the muscles. To establish the cardio fitness of a subject, the individual’s heart rate can be measure before and after aerobic exercise. The Step Test is a reliable, inexpensive, simple and quick approach of measuring the heart rate of an individual (Mazic et al. 2001). The scientific investigation was done to determine if carrying extra weights will effect the heart rate of an individual. The results of this experiment are relevant since good cardiovascular fitness is an asset to living a good life. The null hypothesis for this experiment expects that the extra weight will have the same affect on an individual’s heart rate. The alternate hypothesis expects the additional mass to increase the individual’s heart rate because the heart must work harder to pump oxygen to all the muscles (Tapley et al. 1995). MATERIALS and METHODS Laboratory partners that were involved in this investigation were Tudor Costescu, Paniz Ghazanfari, and Michal Sheinis. Materials that were required for the lab included a 3lb weight, stop-watch, and a stepping platform. In order to...
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...current technology, the ASCII uses a combination of ones and zeros to display a single letter of the alphabet (Cellonics, 2001). Then the data is sent over radio frequency cycle to its destination where it is then decoded. The original technology also utilizes carrier signals as a reference which uses hundreds of wave cycles before a decoder can decide on the bit value (Legard, 2001), whether the bit is a one or a zero, in order to translate that into a single character. The Cellonics technology came about after studying biological cell behaviour. The study showed that human cells respond to stimuli and generate waveforms that consist of a continuous line of pulses separated by periods of silence. The Cellonics technology found a way to mimic these pulse signals and apply them to the communications industry (Legard, 2001). The Cellonics element accepts slow analog waveforms as input and in return produces predictable, fast pulse output, thus encoding digital information and sending it over communication channels. Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) are the mathematical formulations required to...
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... Introduction (11 marks) Note: use your text and the supplied journal articles to justify and support the development of the aims and hypothesis of the study. 5.75 What is blood pressure (BP)? (1 mark) 1 What is normal blood pressure? (1 mark) 0.5 Explain and Define mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP)and what they represent without showing their calculation (2 mark) 1 What can cause changes in blood pressure? (1 mark) 0.25 How is blood pressure regulated? (Focus mainly on the short term regulation of blood pressure, but also briefly mention long term regulation) Include the following: • What receptors detect changes in blood pressure? (1 mark) • Where is the signal transmitted? (1 mark) • What is the output and effectors? (1 mark) • What is the final result of effector action(s)? (i.e. Increased or decreased BP)? (1 mark) You do not complete your argument by including this information. 1 1 0.5 0 Aims and hypothesis. Explain what the study is testing and why (2 marks). Note: a hypothesis is a statement that you can test as being true or false so your results will either support the hypothesis or show it to be incorrect. A null hypothesis (H0) states that the intervention will not cause any change. 0.5 Methods (4 marks) 3 A detailed description of the methods (how the study was conducted) (1 mark) 0.75 This includes how to use and read the sphygmomanometer (1 mark) 0.5 Analysis (data) • How was PP and MAP calculated? (1 mark)...
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...Case Study 1. Mr. Stevens’ symptoms, such as frequent loss of balance and the inability to even draw a straight line are indications that the cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the...
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...vasilisg@mit.edu 6.638 Term Paper Attosecond Pulse Generation Abstract: The word “attosecond” (1 as = 10-18 sec) entered the vocabulary of physics when sub-femtosecond pulses of UV/XUV light were established. High harmonic generation (HHG) is currently the only experimentally proven method for generating attosecond pulses. Attosecond science has opened the door to real-time observation and time-domain control of atomic-scale electron dynamics. In this work, we review the essentials of the generation of attosecond pulses and we mention the applications of attosecond science in the control of electronic motion. 1. Introduction The need for finer time resolution and the quest for higher peak power explain the continuous trend towards shorter laser pulses since the invention of the laser. The historical progress of ultra-short technology is summarized in Figure 1. The first pulse lasers had duration of several hundreds of microseconds. The invention of Q-switching (Hellwarth, 1961) reduced the pulse length to 10 ns (four orders of magnitude decrease). The invention of laser mode locking (DiDomenico, 1964; Hargrove et al., 1964; Siegman, 1970) accompanied by broad gain laser media (Shank and Ippen 1974) further reduced the duration to less than 1 ps (another four orders of magnitude decrease). The ring cavity with intra-cavity prism compensation of the group velocity dispersion produced pulses of 6 fs (Fork et al, 1987), causing a further three-order...
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................................................................ 2 System A.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Procedure............................................................................................................................................ 3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 4 Effect of changing the number of pulse and how these results change with laser fluence, F ....... 4 Change of etch rate with increasing fluence .................................................................................. 4 Threshold fluence, FT and absorption coefficient, α ....................................................................... 5 System B.................................................................................................................................................. 6 Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 7 Effect of changing...
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...Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring Platform Santosh N Vasist Abstract: This project measures pulse rate, temperature and records ECG signal of a patient. It predicts the risk of a disorder related to the heart using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the absence of a doctor. This project uses an ECG sensor to measure the electrical activity of the heart using a three electrode system, a heartbeat sensor to measure the heart rate by analyzing the blood flow in index finger, and a temperature sensor to measure the body temperature. Additional parameters such as age, gender, height, weight along with the QRS interval from the recorded ECG is used to predict the risk of a disorder using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). I. INTRODUCTION Human heart generates small electrical signals which travel through the muscles of the heart and results in the contraction and relaxation of the heart thus in turn resulting in the pumping action. These electrical impulses can be detected by Electrocardiography. An Electrocardiograph is the record of the electrical activities occurring in the heart. Electrodes set on distinctive parts of the body distinguish electrical signs originating from diverse regions inside of the heart. Effectively almost all the diseases related to the heart can be detected by the ECG. An ECG is a quick and easy method for the doctor to determine the condition of the heart. The ECG readings are almost immediate and reliable, which means the findings of the test...
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...Case study This paper will use a case study approach to explore the registered adult nurse’s role in the holistic care, in the first 24 hours, given to patient presenting with chest pain, caused by a myocardial infarction (MI). Using clinical guidance and evidence based research. The case study will use the ABCDE assessment framework. The resuscitation council (2006) recommends that nurses should follow the ABCDE method when assessing acutely and critically ill patients as it ensures nurses quickly and accurately identify acute illness and promptly begin management of the condition/ illness (Jevon, 2010). The aim of the assessment is to determine the cause of the chest pain efficiently and prioritise care needed. The main priorities were; pain control, informing appropriate medical staff and the nurse in charge, reperfusion of myocardial tissue, managing anxiety and monitoring for complications of MI and the effects of the treatment given. A MI occurs when a coronary artery becomes occluded, most commonly by a thrombus due to the rupture of an atherosclerotic artery which results in the necrosis of myocardial tissue because of the ischemia the thrombus causes (O’Neil, 1996). For the purpose of this case study and in order to protect confidentiality and anonymity the patient used will be fictitious and given a pseudonym. However the events the case study follows are very much a reality (Edwards, 2002). Case scenario Brian, a 64 year old male, was recovering...
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...temperature rises, the brain begins to fail. (The brain can only function in a very narrow temperature range). As the brain overheats, the individual will become disoriented, combative, argumentative and may hallucinate. 4. Due to the growth, change of color and bleeding these are all first signs of melanoma. He should have them looked at by the dermatologist. The Dr. will more than likely take a biopsy of the mole. All potentially cancerous skin growths must be biopsied to confirm acancer diagnosis. Depending on the suspected type of skin cancer, the biopsy techniques vary slightly but crucially. Any potential melanoma requires a surgical biopsy, in which the entire growth is removed with a scalpel if possible. A pathologist then studies the sample under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present. If melanoma is diagnosed, other tests may be ordered to assess the degree of cancer spread (metastasis). They include: Imaging. Your doctor will order one or more tests to look for metastasis. They include CT scan, MRI, PET scan, bone scan, and chest X-ray. Other biopsies. Using a variety of techniques, your doctor may want to get tissue samples from lymph nodes. Skin growths that are most likely basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or other forms of nonmelanoma can be biopsied in various ways. Part or all of the growth can be...
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... 11/8/15 Case Study: CHF Helen Montgomery * An 83-year-old female presents to ambulance crew after an episode of sudden weakness. A GP is on scene and has assessed the patient, deciding on hospital admission by ambulance as a matter of urgency. History Patient became very weak and was put to bed by NOK. Her breathing became very laboured and the NOK called for the local GP out-of-hours service to attend. The doctor was on scene within 15 minutes, and upon assessing the patient requested an ambulance transfer to the ED. Initial Clinical Findings * Airway – clear & patent * C Spine – not indicated (MOI/NOI: episode of weakness) * Breathing – tachypnoeic * Circulation – Pulse present, irregular, tachycardic; skin colour normal, cap refill normal * Disability – No LOC before ambulance arrival, patient responding to verbal stimuli Clinical Impression * ? Exacerbation of CHF * ? CVA * ? Post-seizure AMPLE History * A – Allergic to penicillin * M – Currently taking Warfarin, Furosemide * P – History of CVA x 1 year, CHF * L – Last oral intake 7pm the evening previous * E – Son stated patient became very weak before going to bed Observations * Pulse rate 110bpm * Pulse rhythm Irregular * ECG rate 116 * ECG rhythm A Fib * Resp rate 24 per minute, regular, shallow * Resp quality Bibasal...
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...ASA University Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, July–December, 2011 Performance of Grameenphone and Robi in Telecom. Sector of Bangladesh: A Comparative Study S. M. Akterujjaman* Md. Rouf Biswas* Md. Nur-E-Alam Siddique** Abstract The last decade has brought the first wave of the truly mobile generation which is built around mobile phones, short messaging service (SMS), and portable electronic assistants. The mobile communications industry has been one of the most flourishing sectors within the ICT industry and, in general, within the economy. Grameenphone and Robi are the biggest mobile phone operators in our country and their contribution is very great to our economy. The prime objective of the study is to compare the performance between Grameenphone and Robi in the telecommunications sector of Bangladesh. This study is based on the basis of both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from relative mobile phone companies’ customers from Khulna city. Total 200 customers (100 customers of Grameenphone and 100 customers of Robi) were surveyed through the judgmental sampling method with questionnaire from March to June 2011. The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. After collection of primary data, hypotheses were formulated and paired samples T-test was used to test the hypotheses with 0.05 level of statistical significance. The statistical computer package SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze the data. The recommendations were provided based on the findings...
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...Lab report As part of my module Nip1002 I was required to perform a set of observational skills which included; pulse, blood pressure, respirations, hand washing and urinalysis and then compare them to previous results. In this lab report I am going to discuss blood pressure in detail. Procedure * Explain the procedure to the patient and gain consent * Wash hands thoroughly following the hand wash technique to prevent the transfer of bacteria * Clean equipment e.g. blood pressure cuff and stethoscope using antibacterial wipes * Ensure the patient is comfortable and has been resting for 10 minutes * Remove tight clothing and support the arm at heart level, overestimation or underestimation can occur if it is not at the appropriate level * Ensure you have the correct cuff size for the patient or this could give an inaccurate reading * Locate the brachial artery and apply the cuff * Estimate the systolic pressure by using the radial pulse and inflate the cuff until the pulse cannot be felt. This is important to provide an estimation and avoids error in reading. * To take the patient’s blood pressure use a stethoscope and place on the brachial artery pulse and inflate 20-30 mmHg higher than the estimated systolic pulse * Immediately release the pressure using the thumb valve at approximately 2mmHg per second. If it is deflated too rapidly you may not hear the sounds accurately * The systolic pressure is the level when clear tapping sounds...
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...Style Guidelines for Final Year Project ReportsReal Time Implementation of Mixed Excitation Linear Predictive Vocoder Final Year Project Final Report A 4th Year StudentUmer Hamid 06-0063 Faraz Hussain 07-0597 Supervisor: Ms. Durdana Habib Real time optimized Implementation of the Mixed Excitation Linear Predictive Vocoder on the TMS320C6416 DSP [pic] Electrical Engineering Department National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Islamabad Session 2009-2010 Abstract The purpose of our project is real-time implementation and optimization of a 2.4 Kbps mixed excitation linear prediction (MELP) speech-coding algorithm on a Texas instrument TMS320C64xx digital signal processor. The main emphases of the project is on efficient coding and optimization strategies in computationally intensive modules by exploiting fast L1/L2 memory architecture, 8-parallel data paths, enhanced direct memory access module and instruction set features of TMS320C6000 architecture. The implementation would be based on generic TMS320C6000 DSP series; the optimization techniques aimed are applicable to all types of DSP platforms. Lastly the enhanced DSP/BIOS features were used to implement a real time data handling technique to port the MELP vocoder for real time applications. Contents 1 Introduction 6 1.1 THE MELP SPEECH PRODUCTION MODEL 6 2 Development Process 29 2.1 DSP Architecture...
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...Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, Second Edition. Saeed V. Vaseghi Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-62692-9 (Hardback): 0-470-84162-1 (Electronic) 2 NOISE AND DISTORTION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 White Noise 2.3 Coloured Noise 2.4 Impulsive Noise 2.5 Transient Noise Pulses 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Thermal Noise Shot Noise Electromagnetic Noise Channel Distortions Modelling Noise N oise can be defined as an unwanted signal that interferes with the communication or measurement of another signal. A noise itself is a signal that conveys information regarding the source of the noise. For example, the noise from a car engine conveys information regarding the state of the engine. The sources of noise are many, and vary from audio frequency acoustic noise emanating from moving, vibrating or colliding sources such as revolving machines, moving vehicles, computer fans, keyboard clicks, wind, rain, etc. to radio-frequency electromagnetic noise that can interfere with the transmission and reception of voice, image and data over the radio-frequency spectrum. Signal distortion is the term often used to describe a systematic undesirable change in a signal and refers to changes in a signal due to the non–ideal characteristics of the transmission channel, reverberations, echo and missing samples. Noise and distortion are the main limiting factors in communication and measurement systems. Therefore the modelling and removal of the effects of noise and...
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...Section 1-2 Ex. 26 Surgery vs. Splints – A study compared surgery and splinting for subjects suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome. It was found that among 73 patients treated with surgery, there was a 92% success rate. Among 83 patients treated with splints, there was a 72% success rate. Calculations using these results showed that if there really is no difference in success rates between surgery and splints, then there is about a 1 in 1000 chance of getting success rates like the one obtained in this study. a. Should we conclude that surgery is better than splints for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome? It would be unfair to make such a conclusion. There are pieces of data missing: age of the patients, current health conditions of the patients, and prior treatments the patients had for this condition. b. Does the result have practical significance? The study did not generate enough viable results to make it practical for any use other than to ensure that a greater investigation should be conducted to verify the differences between the two treatment methods. These results were most likely voluntary responses, making the data gained, fairly useless. c. Should surgery be the recommended treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome? No, there is no defined level of severity for each patient. Without that information a logical recommendation for treatment cannot be assigned. Section 1-3 Ex. 30 Cloning Survey – A Gallup poll of 1012 randomly surveyed adults found that...
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