...Criminal Justice Paper Abstract When thinking of correction one may think of the impact that the correctional system has in law enforcement. Well the impact is heavy and the outcome is heavier then most may expect. Corrections go way back to the early 2000 B.C. time. This paper will address the past, current and future trends of how punishment is applied to the correctional system. Also address within this paper will be the impact that the correctional system has on law enforcement and the courts. History of punishment The history of the correctional system started in the early 2000 B.C to about 1800 A.D. This time frame was the introduction of the ancient Babylonian and Sumerian presented the first American Penitentiary. The early correctional system presented many different philosophies and practices of corrections. There were two that became very popular and still are till today. Lex Salica is he vigilante, a person whom decided to take the law and justice into his or her one hands. The vigilante is the person whom seeks revenge and retaliation upon the wrongdoing or upon his or her family. When the introduction of Lex talionis was presented it was like everyone became vigilante. Lex talionis was known for mean “an eye for and eye or a tooth for a tooth, this from of justice was when the government decide to take control and own the crimes committed. The governments become the only organization to deliver justice for the family and victim of criminal acts. In the beginning...
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...Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 1 Competing Theories of Corrections in The Criminal Justice System Nicole Yaniero AIU Online Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 2 Abstract In today’s system, there are several competing theories for what approach should be taken to improve the correctional system. Certain strategies, such as punishment and rehabilitation, have different goals. These goals, in most cases, are different from each other. People all over prefer one strategy to the other, and compelling evidence can be brought into perspective for each. Aside form the usual, non traditional aspects and approaches to fixing the corrections system are also talked about today. This paper will discuss all elements of corrections theories, its goals, its effectiveness, and the rating of completion of academic and vocational programs offered to inmates in prison. Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 3 Competing Theories Of Corrections In The Criminal Justice System In today’s day and age, many views and criticism take place of the Criminal Justice system. In specific, the correctional aspect of the system receives much of this criticism. There are two strategies particularly that come into play most often when speaking of corrections. These two strategies are punishment, and rehabilitation. Each of these strategies have its own set of goals...
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...CJ101: Introduction to the Criminal Justice System Lace Jenkins Professor: Gerald Wardrop Unit 9 Final Essay The Correctional System In the correctional system we have two things we look at. The first things we look at is how they punish offenders and the second is how they rehabilitate offenders. We will look at both things throughout this paper. We will discuss how they punish offenders and how they rehabilitate the offenders. We will also talk about which one we think is more effective in reducing crime. There are many ways the correctional system punish the offenders. First we have prison, this is where we send offenders who have committed a heinous crime. Most murders, rapist and child-molester’s get sent to prison usually for life. The offenders that we send to prison lose their liberty and freedom (2014. JusticeAction). We send offenders to prison as a preventative measure to make sure they don’t reoffend (2014. JusticeAction). Next we have jail as a punishment for offenders. Most people don’t realize there is a difference between prison and jail. Jail is a short term sentence, prison is a long term sentence (2014 FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters Business). We put offenders in jail that have been arrested, given a one year sentence and cannot bond out of jail (2014 FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters Business). We also have probation as a punishment for offenders. Probation is usually given to an offender as a second chance if they have not committed a heinous crime. Most...
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...Week Three Read Me First Correctional Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues...
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...Justice September 19, 2011 Christopher Manning Paper Correction Trends Evaluation The question at hand today is where and how is our correction system going to be in the future? But to understand and know how the future of our corrections will be, we must first understand the past and the present trends of corrections. In this paper I will discuss the past, present and future trends of corrections, I will analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the role/issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Past Corrections In today’s society the jails and prison pretty much function in the same ways. The history of the State prisons began at the Walnut Street Jail in 1790, it was called the first American penitentiary located in Philadelphia, and the building had been operated as a city jail. Some of the same functions and principles were used in England, also these functions were used in the United States as early as the eighteenth century, in England during that time did very little when it came down to punishment. There was very little difference between the two correction systems in the United States, the punishment was significant, but it was very noticeable that the American’s corrections’ system difference in punishment, for example: the use of capital punishment. Therefore, when it came down to the death sentence, the United States had more criminals sentenced to death than England’s courts. For many, they...
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...Week Three Read Me First Correctional Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues...
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...Correctional Theories Amber Eagler Abstract This paper is about working in a senator’s office as a staffer. The latest charges of abuse at the local jail, has caught the attention of the senator. The senator has recently been focusing on the state correctional system which has become a constant target of criticism for an increasingly vocal number of civil libertarian groups. The senator is speaking before the state bar association next week and intends to address the ways in which the correctional system may be improved. This paper is a detailed outline on the correctional theory in general, as well as a series of suggestions on ways to improve some of the nontraditional theories of corrections. Correctional Theories We all know that life is difficult and sometimes with those difficulties come more problems. What you put into life is what you get out. As the famous Isaac Newton once quoted “For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.” For this very reason correctional theories were created. These theories are based on two common principles within the corrections; system-punishment and rehabilitation. The criminal justice system’s idea of justice, punishment and correction is made up of a combination of strenuous, criticizing, and practical theories. ...
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...Probation and Punishment Criminal Justice 06/09/2014 Professor Karina Probation and Punishment Probation is an option provided by the court as a form of supervised punishment for criminal offenders that do not pose a major threat to society. After reviewing the file of Kris, Robert Donovan, a Jurisville probation officer, has suggested intensive probation. Probation officers review the file of a criminal defendant and make recommendations to the court. Intensive probation refers to supervision by a probation officer that is highly structured and designed to divert the offender from going to prison. Criminal defendants sent to prison are far more likely to commit further crimes upon their release then the defendant placed on probation. When reviewing the case of Kris the probation officer would have seen that the defendant committed a nonviolent crime with the theft of the jacket but Kris confessed to committing the crime which is a felony and must be punished. Instead of sending Kris to jail, where he will potentially learn new criminal skills, he can be placed on probation and given an opportunity to learn a new set of behaviors towards crime. Probation does not only allow the criminal defendant to avoid jail it provides an opportunity for the probationer to make positive changes and become a more productive member of society (Howell, 2009). Secondly probation helps to relieve overcrowding in prison. Many prison systems are overcrowded with prison...
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...prisons + crime = profitable industry we have an Increasing number of people under correctional supervision 6 million people under the correctional system by the end of the century - Tough on Crime Political Stance popular public policy 20 million victimizations in 2009 repeat violent felons off of the streets treat minors as adults create mandatory sentencing laws reduce time-off-for-good-behavior - Shift in Public Opinion 4.3 million violent crimes 33 million personal theft crimes - 7.2 million 3% (1 in 33) of adults in the U.S. are under some sort of correctional supervision -Probation (community sentence) and parole are NOT the same thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used to describe older or highly secure...
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...Penitentiary Ideal and Models of American Prison CJS/230 April 27, 2014 Penitentiary Ideal and Models of American Prison The Eastern State Penitentiary ideal was supposed to be both a spiritual and non-spiritual place of punishment, mostly created and intended for repentance. The punishment that was delivered was to be considered humane, as opposed to physical, corporal punishment delivered in the jails. (Foster, 2006) The idea of the penitentiary was to create a particular punishment that would be considered a common upon all serious offenders. It was intended to replace the many different types of punishment that was handed down by the Judges when prisoners were sentenced to jail. One goal of the penitentiary was to be a completely different concept than that of a jail, the vision was for the penitentiary to be a clean and humane place where inmates could be housed. Inmates were kept separate and away from each other, in solitary confinement in an effort to help them maintain a clean body and clean spirit. Discipline that was used in the penitentiary was intended to correct the inmate’s behavior by strictly enforcing particular rules. The penitentiary model allowed prisoners to be productive by laboring and making handmade items, such as shoes and leather goods. Prisoners were just not permitted to just sit around all day; similar to what was happening in the jails. Although, the penitentiary was a secular place, it was created with a more spiritual intent. The...
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...Introduction To Penology Prof. Dr. Ayman Elzeiny A :- Definition : The "penology" word is derived from "punishment or penalty" word . The energetic movement of human rights contributed to the adoption of the reforms penology as a science. Now, as the struggle against criminality uses not only penalties but also security measures and pure social methods, the denomination of penology became anachronistic. penology as a science could be divided into prevention science and treatment science. The prevention science operates before the commission of the crime, while the treatment science takes place after the occurrence of the crime to emend the criminal and avoid his recidivism. And also suggests the ideal methods of prevention and treatment, therefore it traces the ideal criminal policy. In conclusion we mean by penology nowadays "a substitute which we call "science of struggle against criminality "that means the ideal methods of prevention and treatment as regards criminality ". so we shall explain at first the prevention and after that the treatment whether its method is legislative, judicial or executive. (1) ___________________ (1) Andenaes, Johannes , "The general preventive effects of punishment." University of Pennsylvania Law Review ,U.S.A ,1966, pp: 949-983. - Gibbs, Jack P. ,"Crime, punishment and deterrence." Southwest Social Science Quarterly , 1968 , pp: 515-530. - Green, Donald E., "Past behavior as a measure of actual future behavior:...
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...The Principal Objectives of Punishment Esther Sanchez CJ 230 09-20-14 Steve Nance Abstract These writing analysis will cover the state and federal objectives of punishment. It will also cover the state and federal corrections systems. And it would cover the determinate and indeterminate sentencing. It would also cover the model that I feel it was more appropriate and will have some examples. Principal objectives of punishment within the U.S. corrections system: Everyday many people attend court because of some criminal act they did. Everyday judges have to review all cases before deciding any sentence. The punishment of a felony is incarceration of a year or more. Misdemeanors are a little shorter, it can be incarceration of a year a less. For repetitive offenders they have something called three strikes law. The judges have many sentencing categories from where to choose. They have economic sanction where the individuals pay a fine or do community service to pay for the crime they committed. There is probation where they are let out to society but are supervised 24/7, which is what most of the judges give to first time offenders. There is also intermediate sanctions that are either imprisonment or probation, it might depend on the crime or the judge. Short term confinement which is a year or less in jail and then there is imprisonment which is a year or more...
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...The Corrections The Correctional is one of the core components of the American criminal justice system. Once an offender has been convicted, it becomes the responsibility of the judge to impose some form of punishment. The sentence may take a form of supervised probation in the community, a fine, a prison term, or some combination of these. The correction process begins once an offender has been sentenced. One of the main problems in the correctional system is prison or jail overcrowding. Even thou many new prisons have been built throughout the nation during the past 20 years to accommodate the growing number of inmates, prison overcrowding is still very much a reality in many jurisdictions. Overcrowding by itself is not cruel and unusual punishment, according to the U.S. Supreme Court in Rhodes vs. Chapman (1981), which considered the issue of double bunking along with other alleged forms of “deprivation” at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility... The court, reasoning that overcrowding is not necessarily dangerous if other prison services are adequate, held that prison housing conditions maybe “restrictive and even harsh”, for they are part of the penalty that offenders pay for their crimes. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantee free citizens that right against unreasonable searches and seizures. Some states however had to scramble in an attempt to implement selective incarceration principles. In 2009, for example a federal judicial panel ordered...
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...CHAPTER 1 - What is Corrections? | Chapter Outline and Summary | | | Chapter OutlineI.IntroductionA.Growth of the system has changed how much people know about corrections1.In 1973 the prison incarceration rate was 96 per 100,000 Americans2.By 2008, after 35 years of steady growth, the U.S. imprisonment rate reached 506 per 100,0003.About 7.5 million Americans are now in the corrections system4.Correctional population growth continued throughout the 1990s, although crime rates fell by more than 50 percent between 1993 and 20075.The expansion of corrections has affected some groups more than others6.About one-third of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control7.Prison budgets, by far the most expensive portion of the overall penal system, grow even when monies for education and others services lag8.Today, Corrections pervasive—especially for poor, minority Americans II.The Purpose of CorrectionsA.Punishment1.From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control, of compelling people to behave according to the norms and rules of society2.Protecting society by defining limits of behaviorB.Three basic concepts of Western criminal law define the purpose and procedure of criminal justice1.Offense2.Guilt3.PunishmentC.The central purpose of corrections is to carry out the criminal sentence1.Corrections—the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management...
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...Corrections Abstract The following details the history of punishment, or known today as corrections, in the United States court system. The courts once housed inmates in penitentiary during the colonials’ period; where inmates do religious service and work to correct themselves, the correctional system has evolve in major ways since then. The differences of the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system are discussed. One of these systems allows inmate interaction, while the other does not. Also, how the court systems expedite or increase labor force to deal with increase workload is elaborated. History of Corrections Corrections The United State court system is unique to other countries because of the way they deal with criminals. Non-violent criminals are given the opportunity to correct themselves and ingrate back into society; they are not just imprisoned or put to death like other countries such as China. Correction is defined as “the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.” (Seiter 2011) The United States prison/jail have been dealing with overpopulation issues for quite sometimes, it has come to the point where it is only possible to incarcerate violent offenders for a long period of time because of resource issues. The system had to develop alternative sentence or punishment for nonviolent offenders. The system developed correction programs to ensure that the offenders...
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