...This explanation disregards the fact that, adult females who do register in the justice system, while fewer other and less vicious than their male counterparts, generally come to be extensive users of the system. In concentrating on the devastating quantity of males in the criminal and juvenile justice organizations programs, procedures and services usually fall through to produce a mixture of options for conducting with the gender and culturally specific complications of female offenders implicated in the system. For Gottfredson and Hirschi, transgression can generally be diminished to “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest,” which is speculative of both cross-cultural and reforming authentic interpretations of crime. Besides, “similar behaviors” are enactments which though not unlawful, but they are parallel to delinquency in that they also have straight advantages and long-term repercussions. However, people with despicable identity focus on the direct advantages procured from such conducts. For example; Gottfredson and Hirschi disagree that people with low self-control (Gunnison Phd...
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...1: Quantitative methods of business in Sociology research Abstract: The determination of this issue is to familiarize to you the essential features of scientific exploration which enable us to engender a thoughtful of the business world. The topic begins with a short-lived incursion into standards which provide us with a distinct set of lens through which we indicate to view social miracles around us. Next we sharpen the discrepancy between the two major paradigms – reckonable and qualitative approaches – while at the same time admitting that there are perhaps more alterations within each paradigm than there are between them. In other words, they are not polar inverses. In fact elements of both paradigms can be combined to bring about a diverse methods method to business research. Philosophies are the main head to scientific investigation and we will consider their configuration in terms of essential concepts, constructs and variables and how these are correlated to proposals. Finally, we take a look at the framing of inquiry hypotheses and the ways in which that progression differs from producing research questions. Scale of data measurement: Glaser and Strauss’s unique conceptualization of beached theory has undergone some changes. While numerous disparities of the innovative idea exist, as Charmaz notes, they all have the following apparatuses in mutual: (a) Immediate data collection and scrutiny; (b) search of growing themes through early data analysis, (c) discovery of...
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...Hirschi’s social bonding theory is implemented into this study as a means to address social bonds during childhood and their overall importance in relation to developing antisocial behavioral characteristics. Social Bonding Theory Travis Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory is known as the social bonding theory in which a collaboration of elements interact with one another in consideration of one’s bond to society in relation to the participation of deviant behavior. The social bonding theory was founded upon the theory of social disorganization, which originated within the study of ecology and contemplates the correlation between individuals and their environment (Thabit, 2006). Research Questions If this study were a quantitative analysis, the research question would be: What is the correlation between the abuse of animals in childhood...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper 334 CJA June 13, 2011 Research Process and Terminology Terminology in any profession is key to understanding what is being done and why. Many professions have their own way or methods of research. Not knowing the proper terminology can affect one’s job. One’s that know the terminology and methods have a wide range throughout their job when evaluating and analyzing research. Research is the process of collecting and analyzing information, and includes any gathering of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Once the professional has become familiar with the terminology used in the research process, the professional will be able to provide technical reports, academic concepts, and provide the discoveries of his or her research. When does research process begin? It begins with problem formulation. Problem formulation is to review, selection, and specification of the area to be investigated. Researchers organize research by formulating and defining a research problem, which is the main issue of the research in most cases. Before attempting to solve a problem, researchers must first define the problem as in any problem. The more difficult it is to define the problem, the harder he or she has to try. Once the problem formulation is complete, researchers can stay focused on the research process. Second is research design. Research designs are the type of experimental or non-experimental...
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...Introduction to Social Research Name Institution Date Introduction The module, introduction to social research is crucial as it introduces a student to the process of understanding what is entailed in social research. The module is grouped into ten lectures, and eight of them are concerned with introducing a student to theoretical and practical issues involved in conducting an empirical social research. The remaining two lectures are concerned with the workshops that help a student to understand the discourse of academic writing and reading. This paper seeks to highlight the basic information of each lecture a student should expect while undertaking this module. Additionally, this paper will note some key points from each seminar and try to define some concepts pertained therefof. Lecture 1 This lecture is aimed at helping a student to understand the significance of social research and why it matters. A learner will understand that a research method is a technical subject that encompasses its own language and this language ought to be utilized in precise way. In this course, the precise meaning of technical terms ought to be learned and then applied carefully, more so in undertaking examinations. A student of social science, a learner will be familiar with the idea of sociology as multi-paradigm discipline. Debates and controversies aside, the main divide in social research has been about the philosophical basis of sociological research and the...
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...create reality and describe by Comte. This paper tells different type of research methods that are applied in the criminal justice field and how the terminology involved with these types of research methods. Scientific Research in Criminal Justice In many criminal justice fields, the law enforcements start to gather the documents and data information. They begin to observe the information or facts about the crime. Many of them use a systematic method to check the information such as asking questions about who, what, where, when, why, and how of the crime. They begin to gathering the piece together, by the facts and determining if there is enough evidence for the case. The hypothesis takes a part of the case to help gathering the information for the crime. The hypothesis used to form a theory to what happened and how it occurred in the scene. The hypothesis plays a big part of criminal justice and that why most law enforcements like using it because they prove or disprove either theory or hypothesis. They also must draw conclusions about the cases, and prove that the crimes very occur....
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...Youth Offending – A critique of the possible risk factors. By Caren Rossall Student I.D - 20166665 Abstract This report provides an insightful outlook on the potential risk factors associated with delinquent youths. An analysis of the mixed method research carried out by the author is provided. Questionnaires were distributed between 2, diverse areas which provided a set of contrasting opinions and beliefs. Personal, information is also shared on the topic from the interview with a previous youth offender. Why it is that children and young people become involved in criminal activities has been the focus of leading researchers for many years, resulting in a wide and varied literature base for this particular study. Some of the contemporary material has been evaluated and used in conjunction with the primary data attained. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to unravel some of the possible risk factors associated with youth offending. Why it is some children, as they grow up, become involved in criminal activities while others respect the law and stay out of trouble has been a largely debated question for many years (Utting et al, 1993). Not only has this topic been chosen as it is of great interest to the researcher but the classic British longitudinal studies of youth offending appear to be many years old. Existing literature from theorists, professionals, government reports and any other secondary research carried out regarding this chosen topic will...
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...Justice Although research in criminal justice varies considerably, there are five general steps that are followed in order to conduct research. The first step is called problem formulation. This is the selection and specification of the area that will be investigated. The next step is research design which is the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, with the use of control groups and studying group(s) at one time or over a period of time. The third step is data collection methods which give a choice of various methods to be used such as observation, questionnaires, or interviews. The fourth step is analysis and presentation of findings which is to summarize report and when necessary statistically analyze and present findings. The fifth step is conclusions, interpretations, and limitations which is what the researcher believes the study explains. Quantitative Research in criminal Justice Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Oxford University Press, 2010). With the various Page 2 forms of research methods available to...
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...Research Article Analysis CJA/334 05/02/2016 Introduction There are many research studies that are done covering a variety of issues across the country, knowing how to dissect a research article is a great way to learn new information while honing your own research skills. In this paper, we're going to look a research study from a professional journal that has been peer-reviewed, along with answering various questions about the data collected, results of the study and design of the study. The study we're using is: Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Poverty and Crimes in Albany/Dougherty, Georgia by Nwaokoro, Amaechi N., Marshall, Clifford, Mittal, Shiwam, Journal of Business & Economics Research, 2013. Purpose of the Study For many communities it's easy to say the worse parts of town breed crime. Poor people are the ones who break the laws, they're the ones that need to be kept away from the higher class citizens. Is this really true? In some communities, it just may be. The purpose of this study was to determine if in fact poverty causes crime. Does a person's financial state and area of housing cause push that person into a life of crime? Another purpose of the study is to show if the area in question, Albany/Dougherty Georgia, had over time seen their crime rates rise as the population rose. Design of the study The design of the study is the Case Study Design, where a number of different factors are studied in the process of...
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...In reality, apart from a few strictly defined physical sciences, most scientific disciplines have to bend and adapt these rules, especially sciences involving the unpredictability of natural organisms and humans. In many ways, it is not always important to know the exact scientific method, to the letter, but any scientist should have a good understanding of the underlying principles. In many ways, if you are going to bend and adapt the rules, you need to understand the rules in the first place. Empirical Science is based purely around observation and measurement, and the vast majority of research involves some type of practical experimentation. This can be anything, from measuring the Doppler Shift of a distant galaxy to handing out questionnaires in a shopping center. This may sound obvious, but this distinction stems back to the time of the Ancient Greek Philosophers. Cutting a long story short, Plato believed that all knowledge could be reasoned; Aristotle that knowledge relied upon empirical observation and measurement. This does bring up one interesting anomaly. Strictly speaking, the great physicists, such as Einstein and Stephen Hawking, are not scientists. They generate sweeping and elegant theories and mathematical models to describe the universe and the very nature of time, but measure nothing. In reality, they are mathematicians, occupying their own particular niche, and they should properly be referred to as theoreticians. Still, they are still commonly referred to...
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...Section | Sub-section | Topic | Study | Aim of Research/Findings | Method Used | Evaluation Points | After a Guilty Verdict | Imprisonment | Planner Behaviour once freed from jail | Gillis and Nafekh (2005) | Aim: To investigate the effect of planning employment on recidivism.Results: Those on employment programmes were more likely to remain on conditional release and less likely to reoffend. | Content Analysis | * No cause and effect. * Reoffending figures will not include “hidden crime”. * Strength of matched pairs design. | | | Depression/ Suicide Risk | Dooley (1990) | Aim: To examine the characteristics and motivations for suicides.Results: Characteristics – more suicides in those serving longer sentences and those convicted of violent/sexual offences. Motivations – Intolerable prison situation, guilt for the offence and mental disorders were found to be significant motivations. | Content Analysis | * Reliability of the sources used in analysis (e.g. other inmates) * No cause and effect. * Subjective interpretation of notes * Individual/situational explanations | | | Prison situation and roles | Haney and Zimbardo (1998) | Aim: To describe the past and present of the US prison system.Results: Original experiment found that the prison situation changes behaviour – ‘normal’ people became aggressive. The journal article states that prison situations are damaging, so alternatives should be considered. | Journal article (linked to their previous 1973...
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...Miller points out that the quantitative analysis of terrorism frequently focuses on terrorist attacks as the unit of analysis, rarely examining terrorist organizations. Using the GTD, she examines the terrorist activity of 557 organizations that were active for at least 1 year between 1970 and 2008. Much like research on conventional crime, prior research on terrorism has focused almost exclusively on the onset of criminal behavior and has neglected determinants of declining activity. Miller hypothesizes that organizations that attack more rapidly and more frequently will last longer. Using dual group-based trajectory models she calculates the annual ratio of attacks to attacks-at-peak for each organization in order to isolate patterns of onset and decline, independent of the absolute magnitude of activity. Miller explores the extent to which the ways that terrorist organizations begin can be used to predict how they will end....
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...®nally analysing and reporting data. This is the purpose of this chapter. Description and explanation Social researchers ask two fundamental types of research questions: 1 2 What is going on (descriptive research)? Why is it going on (explanatory research)? Descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as `mere description', good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society. Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age pro®le of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively 2 WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining?', `How secular is society?' or `How much poverty is there in this community?' Accurate descriptions of the level of unemployment or poverty have historically played a key role in social policy reforms (Marsh, 1982). By demonstrating the existence of social problems, competent description can challenge accepted assumptions about the way things are and can provoke...
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...1. Introduction The proposed research project is explicitly concerned with the causal connection between youth sub-cultures in the criminal justice system and the effects of over representation. In addition, this encompasses the question topic area of how Becker’s labelling theory (Becker 1993) and Merton’s strain theory (Merton 1968) affects mainstream society’s perceived deviance of the Goth youth sub-culture and how much of this contributes to this youth sub-culture’s actual deviance. Moreover, a specific area of concern is whether the Goth youth sub-cultures of the past and present, is a site of deviance or a site of creative resistance to norms in mainstream society. Researching the contribution that labelling and stigmatisation of the Goth youth sub-culture have on criminogenic effects, is exceedingly important and valuable as it seeks to identify various gaps in previous research, such as the limited knowledge on the extent to which these factors contribute to deviance. Moreover, there is a lack of theoretical concepts that could possibly account for Goth youth sub-culture’s perceived behaviour. 2. Research question, significance and aims of the research i) Does negative labelling and the over-representation and stigmatisation of the Goth youth sub-culture, cause successive results of emerging and higher levels of deviance? Also, do the effects of stigmatisation cause youth to join the Goth sub-cultures in order to overcome their marginalisation in society...
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...reporting domestic violence incidents, from urban decay communities across the nation yearly. The minimalist versus maximalist theory’s has been the primary discussion for victimization in criminology where one perspective decides to look at more variations for the violence, and the other takes the crimes to the necessary degree to provide of government legislatures (NCVC, 2010). With today’s society modernized through time, Americans understand the existing problems of sexual exploitation and violence that is an ineluctable dilemma in society. The cases of domestic violence increase to more than fifty thousand lives which are from violent episode reports. Many victims are in urban communities that have subsidized housing that endure the abuse of their significant other to avoid being evicted if the landlord is alerted of any disturbances involving the tenant. This is a requirement of the public housing assistance program that women receive with low income called Section 8. These women fear reporting the violence against them because there are not many places to go, so they stay and, endure the domestic violence. For the women who do have the strength and courage to report these crimes they are forced to search for refuge in local homeless shelters for temporary shelter (NCVC, 2010). These sexual assault and domestic disturbances for urban communities increased by twenty five percent, and there needs to be newly adopted ways to assists these individuals and families...
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