...is broken down mainly into grain size. First there are intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks. These types of rocks cool within the crust and form large, visible crystals. The opposite would be extrusive, or volcanic rocks. “These rocks are characterized as either extrusive or intrusive”. Types of Extrusive Rocks Basalt is normally a dense, dark, massive rocks, high in calcium and iron magnesium- bearing minerals and low in quartz content. Andesite is an extrusive rock intermediate in composition between rhyolite and basalt. Andesite lava is of moderate viscosity and forms thick lava flows and domes. Rhyolite is a felsic extrusive rock. Due to the high silica content, rhyolite lava is very viscous. It flows slowly, like tooth paste squeezed out of a tube, and tends to pile up and form lava domes. Intrusive igneous rocks are made from silica and plagioclase. They tend to be grays and browns in color. And then, felsic rocks are light in color and contains with some amphibole and biotitew. Granite is an igneous rock composed mostly of two minerals: quartz and feldspar. It is an intrusive rock, meaning that it crystallized from magma that cooled far below the earth's surface. Diorite is an intrusive rock intermediate in composition between gabbro and granite. It is produced in volcanic arcs, and in mountain building where it can occur in large volumes as batholiths in the roots of mountains. The...
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...Lithology-based sequence-stratigraphic framework of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession, Lower Cretaceous, Atlantic coastal plain Brian P. Coffey and Richard F. Sunde AUTHORS Brian P. Coffey ∼ Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, present address: Apache Corporation, Houston, 2000 Post Oak Boulevard, Texas 77056; bpcoffey@ gmail.com Brian Coffey received his B.Sc. degree in geology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995 and his Ph.D. in geology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1999. He has worked at ExxonMobil, Simon Fraser University, and Maersk Oil and has been a private consultant specializing in carbonate reservoir characterization. He currently works as a carbonate specialist at Apache Corporation in Houston. Richard F. Sunde ∼ EnCana, 500 Centre Street, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2G1A6; richard.sunde@encana.com Richard Sunde earned a D.E.C. degree (Diplôme dietudes Collégiales) at Dawson College, Montreal, in 2000 and a B.Sc. degree in geology at McGill University, Montreal, in 2004. He then completed an M.Sc. degree at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, in 2008; his thesis research focused on the content presented in this article. Richard currently is employed as a Geoscientist at Encana Corporation in Calgary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT This study presents a lithology-based sequence-stratigraphic framework and depositional model for Lower Cretaceous, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate...
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...(Mammoth Bay on Shore of River) 7. Andesite Group: Igneous Texture: Aphanetic Type: Extrusive Collected: (Mammoth Bay near River) 8. Limestone Group: Sedimentary Texture: Fine Grain Type: Chemical/Bio clactic Collected: (Mammoth Bay Shore of River) 9. Andesite/Basalt (Basaltic Andesite) Group: Igneous Texture: Aphanetic Type: Intermediate Collected: (Along American River) 10. Metaconglomerate Group: Metamorphic Texture: Non-Foliated Collected: (Grass Valley, Trinity River) 11. Serpentine Group: Metamorphic Texture: Non-Foliated Type: Orthoclase Collected: (Mammoth Bay River Bed) 12. Diorite Group: Igneous Texture: Phaneritic Type: Intermediate Collected: (Mammoth Bay, Near River) 13. Quartz Group: Igneous Chemical Formula: SiO2 Collected: (Mammoth Bay River) 14. Chert Group: Sedimentary Chemical Formula: SiO2 Collected: (Mammoth Bay Trail) 15. Sandstone Group: Sedimentary Texture: Fine Grain Type: Clastic Collected: (Mammoth Bay River Edge) 16. Breccia Group: Sedimentary Type: Clastic Collected: (Mammoth Bay River edge) 17. Schist Group: Metamorphic Texture: Foliated Type: Intermediate...
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...SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview Form Color Odor Hazard Summary : Balls, pellets or tower packing : off-white : none : Repeated or prolonged exposure may irritate eyes, skin and respiratory system. Repeated and prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica in the form of quartz from occupational sources may cause cancer. Potential Health Effects Skin : Prolonged skin contact may cause skin irritation. Page 1 / 16 SAFETY DATA SHEET 3/4" SUPPORT MATERIAL F89393 Version 1.0 Revision Date 11/03/2012 Print Date 02/20/2013 Eyes Ingestion Inhalation : Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause eye irritation. : The product is considered to have a low order of oral toxicity. : Exposure to dust particles generated from this material may cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Repeated and prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica in the form of quartz from occupational sources may cause cancer. : Prolonged or repeated inhalation may cause lung injury/cancer. : Contact with skin and eyes. Exposure may also occur via inhalation or ingestion if product dust is generated. Chronic Exposure Primary Routes of Entry Carcinogenicity NTP: Quartz (SiO2) Known carcinogen. Quartz (SiO2) 1: Human carcinogen. 14808-60-7 IARC: 14808-60-7 Titanium dioxide...
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...petrified tree might be the thing to see. It is a short drive from village of Tower-Roosevelt and can be seen from the road, just off Yellowstone Grand Loop Road. Fifty million years ago the tree was a living redwood like the redwoods of California. At that time what is now Yellowstone had a warmer, almost subtropical climate, and rain was frequent. “Petrified” comes from the Greek “petros” and the Latin “petra”, meaning stone or rock. A living thing becomes petrified, or silicified, when it is turned to stone. The tree was covered in ash when a series of volcanoes erupted, spewing volcanic ash that contained silica. Silca, or silicon dioxide, filled up the living cells, turning them to rock Silica is a hard substance making up sand and quartz. It is used to make glass, porcelain, and cement. It also dissolves in water quickly. All living cells contain water, so it is easy to see how silica could become dissolved in living cells and turn them to stone. Much of a tree’s substance is composed of an organic molecule called cellulose, a substance made up of glucose, the sugar from which we all get energy. When cellulose is infiltrated with silica, the tree’s organic compounds are replaced with minerals and petrification becomes complete. There used to be three petrified trees in the area, but souvenir-stealing tourists destroyed the other two. Now there is a fence to protect the remaining petrified...
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...Robyn Wheeler May 31,2014 Geology 101 Lesson 1 Rocks go through a process in which they allow us to see how they transform from either igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic to another rock type. An example of one kind of igneous rock would be granite. A light-colored mineral deep beneath the earth's surface, that has been cooled from molten rock. As it cools, crystallization stats to take place causing the rock to become coarse. Forming feldspar and crystal of quartz. A process called weathering, a term used to describe when igneous rocks are exposed to the earth's surface causing the atmosphere to slowly disintegrate and decompose the rocks, takes place. Different elements such as running water, wind, or waves transport the particles which is known as sediment. Then the sediment undergoes a transformation called lithification, the conversion into rock. When ground water fills the pores with mineral matter sedimentary rocks form. Exposure to intense heat or pressure and the changing environment causes the rock to morph into the third type, known as metamorphic rock. Subjecting the metamorphic rock to additional pressure changes will cause it to melt starting the cycle all over again. The interesting thing about this process is that it doesn't have to go in order of the cycle. For example the igneous rock may remain under ground and skip being exposed to the elements causing it to go straight to metamorphic stage. Whether they take the long...
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...CE332A Survey and Geology Camp Geology Report Submitted by: Aaditya Verma 11002 Group no. 1 Group Members: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Aaditya Verma Ajay Kumar Sattavan Amanpreet Singh Daksh Langan Prakhar Singh Karol 11002 11046 11075 11230 11540 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…Pg. 3 Objectives………………………………………………………………………… Pg. 8 Day wise schedule of activities and observations … … ………………...………Pg. 9 Major learnings from the camp…………………………………………………..Pg. 21 Introduction This report is based on the camp conducted in Nainital, Uttrakhand conducted by Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur under the guidance of and Dr. Rajiv Sinha from 12th December, 2013 to 16th December, 2013.The camp was a part of the course CE332A (Survey and Geology camp). Nainital is one of the most famous hill stations in north India, especially known for the distribution of beautiful lakes in the region. The seven lakes in the region are Sattal Lake, Khurpatal Lake, Bhimtal Lake, Naukuchiatal Lake, Nal Damantital, Pannatal Lake and Naini Lake. It is spread over an area of 94 sq. km., which marks the catchment of all the seven lakes. Nainital is situated at 29º23’ N latitude, 79º30’ E longitude at an elevation of 2262m (7421ft) above sea level. The climate of the area is typical monsoonal with the three main climatic seasons being rainy (mid-June to mid-September), winter (November to February) and summer (April to mid-June). The transitional periods spring and autumn are March...
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...around so much that by the time they reach their destination all those tiny grains are round. Eventually the sediments are deposited in a river bed or valley where the current or wind can’t push it around anymore. When the sediments are deposited by a river a sedimentary rock will begin to form. The layer of water and the top layer of mud press the bottom layers tightly together to form sedimentary rocks (Ortleb & Cadice, 1986). Sedimentary rocks are classified by the sediments the rock is made up of. It is not hard to identify different types of sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary rock sandstone consists of sand size particles, usually of quartz and feels very gritty. Conglomerate is a mixture of finely-rounded pebbles (usually quartz) and tiny fragments of sand held tightly together. Shale is fashioned from tiny molecules of quartz and clay minerals under pressure. The type of sedimentary rock that is produced depends on how much pressure is on it and how much water is around the rock. Different pressure and water result in different rocks. About seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface is covered by sedimentary rocks. They are always steadily being formed, because the earth’s surface is constantly being eroded by wind, water, and ice and sediments are continuously being deposited and compressed into sedimentary rocks. Bibliography Ortleb, E., & Cadice, R. (1986). Geology-Rocks and Minerals. Dayton: Milliken Publishing Company. Rhodes, F. (1991)....
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...I went to Geology museum in UMKC last Tuesday, and I found out lots of new thing. This is the first time I have been to a geology museum. There are lots of interesting rocks, minerals, woods with different type and shape. I am interested in quartz and I really want to know more about it. I think there are varieties of quartz, and I found Amethyst in the museum. Amethyst is one kind of quartz with formula is SiO2. Its crystal class is Trapezohedral, and hardness in Mohs scale is 7. The best kind of Amethyst can be found in Brazil, Siberia, Sri Lanka and the far East. However, Amethyst also can be found in Yellow Stone National Park, he Mazatzal Mountain region in Gila and Maricopa Counties, Arizona, or in Zambia (South Africa). Based on Wiki,...
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...Examining Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. Physical properties citrine rose quartz prasiolite 1. COLOR agate milky quartz amethyst smoky quartz jasper Physical properties The color of a mineral when it is powdered is called the streak of the mineral. Physical properties metallic adamantine glassy The luster of a mineral is the way its surface reflects light. pearly dull waxy Hardness-Mohs scale 1 talc 2 gypsum 3 calcite 4 fluorite 5 apatite 6 feldspar 7 quartz 8 topaz 9 corundum 10 diamond Cleavage Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. one direction mica two directions feldspar three directions calcite Fracture Fracture is breakage that is not flat. The two main kinds of fracture are conchoidal (shell-shaped, as in quartz) and uneven. conchoidal Others… Heft is how heavy a mineral feels in the hand, an informal sense of density. Taste is definitive for halite (rock salt), of course, but a few other evaporite minerals also have distinctive tastes. What is a rock? A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or other rock fragments Rock classification Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous rocks Igneous rocks form when molten rock...
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...Sean Davis GE 254 8/12/13 The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is the natural transformation of rock over a period of time. Rocks are created and destroyed in cycles. The rock cycle is a model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes. Rocks are made of minerals; which are naturally occurring, crystalline solid of definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystal structure. Rocks are any naturally formed, nonliving, firm, and clear aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet. Igneous rocks are formed from magma cooling underground, or lava above ground are formed from prior igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks which have become melted, usually as a result of plate collision and seduction. When these igneous rocks are exposed to weathering and corrosion, they break down into smaller particles that are moved by wind and water to a place of deposition, where they can form into sedimentary rock strata, through a process where excess water is squeezed out by overburden pressures and the particles are cemented together by various minerals precipitating out of solution. Igneous and metamorphic rocks can both be turned into sedimentary rocks in this way. Igneous and sedimentary rocks can also be changed by heat and/or pressure into metamorphic rocks, by transforming their existing mineral structures into new minerals or realigning the existing minerals. There are...
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...CheckPoint: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism occurs when there is a mineralogical, textural, chemical, and structural change in rocks that happens when rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures. Metamorphic rocks originate from beneath the earth’s continental curst and above the earth’s mantel (Murck, Skinner, Mackenzie, 2008). This is where the per-exiting rocks are exposed to high temperature and pressure which spaces and forms them into metamorphic rocks. Formation of metamorphic rocks is influenced by the amount of time and at the rate high pressures and temperatures are applied to the rocks, and by the presence or absence of liquid. When rocks are subjected to high temperature some of its minerals began to recrystallize or involve chemical reactions that develop new minerals, however the composition of the rocks does not change (Murck, el at., 2008). As the temperature grade level of the metamorphism rises, new minerals began to form or at higher grade level the minerals disappear again (Murck, el at., 2008). The open space in rocks and sediments are called pores, and are usually filled with water or gas fluids. Fluids in pores expedite chemical reactions in metamorphism process, but if pore fluids are not present or are in small amounts the metamorphism process are much slower. Pore spaces are decreased when pressure builds and the fluid is pushed out of the rock, the fluid that is pushed out is often contain dissolved minerals, which can be absorbed...
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...you find metamorphic rocks at the surface of the earth, that means that either a lot of rock has eroded, exposing the rocks that were once much deeper in the crust, or there has been some really significant fault movement that has brought the rocks from deep in the crust toward the surface. Metamorphic rocks are formed from Igneous or sedimentary or both type of rocks due to excessive heat. The rocks first change their shape and size and then due to pressure, they become metamorphic rocks, Most metamorphic rock classification schemes first separate the rocks into two textural categories; those that are layered (or foliated), and those that are not. foliated rocks are crudely layered like slate non-foliated rocks are more crystalline like quartz. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a platy or sheet-like structure. There are several ways that non-foliated rocks can be produced. Reference...
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...Austin Pope Lesson 17 Exercise 29 April 2015 1. What do the various kinds of rocks used for monuments tell us about weathering? There are three principal types of stone used in the structures, pedestals, and ornament of the many monuments that may be found throughout the parks system: granite, limestone, and marble. Granite, an igneous rock, is formed through the cooling and crystallization of molten bodies within the earth. It is dense and durable. Limestone is a sedimentary rock comprised mainly of the mineral calcite and formed through the compression of mostly marine organisms in pre-historic times. It can be soft and flinty and porous and, though easy to cut and tool, it is susceptible to weathering from the effects of acid rain and other pollutants. Marble is created through a metamorphic process in which heat and pressure cause the recrystallization of sendimentary carbonate rocks, and is related to limestone. It is often prized for its variegated color and veining, but may also be found in a pure white. Most marble, especially the colorful variety, is actually limestone, though commercial quarries and vendors, unlike geologists, tend to distinguish the two. Marble is also highly vulnerable to damage from weathering and pollutants. As used in monuments, the same granite and marble may have a strikingly different appearance and coloration depending on whether their surface treatment has a flame finish, honed surface, or polished treatment. 2. What rock-forming...
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...Her anticipation for some sense of protection can be represented by the geodes that were given to her by Jeannette. For Jeannette, her geodes were beautiful, valuable objects. “From the outside, geodes looked like boring round rocks, but when you broke them open with a chisel and hammer, the insides were hollow, like a cave, and the walls were covered with glittering white quartz crystals or sparkling purple amethysts” (Walls 60). Not only can these rocks symbolize Jeannette’s own self, but in the same fashion, can be examined further and explained in more depth. The most compelling evidence when analyzed, is her choice for choosing quartz and amethyst in her description of the geode. Many people use quartz to protect and heal themselves and other people; the rock is said to absorb negative energy and purify the area around it. Amethyst, on the other hand, guards against drunkenness and instills a sober mind as well as protect from poison. By giving Maureen the rocks, Jeanette anticipated that her sister would be protected from her father’s alcoholic episodes, violence that arose, and would be able to heal every wound that the stress of a broken home caused. Maureen had a small reminder of her sister, but was also being shielded from...
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