...[pic] | |Module 3 – CSR: Old School Thinking in Disguise? | Learning outcomes After completing this module, you should be able to: • Describe the concept of corporate social responsibility • Discern the connections and differences between sustainability and CSR • Describe the convergence of sustainability and CSR and elaborate on its implications. Facilitation/presentation This week’s tutorial is centred on the ‘fair trade’ aspects of coffee industry and its CSR implications. Facilitating/presenting team is required to conduct research on real life examples of the coffee industry in relation to the social and environmental issues and present some of the findings in order to further the understanding of CSR in the beginning (these can be Youtube videos, newspaper articles, media releases, company websites etc.). Following the presentation, the team should use the case study below (and the following questions) to steer sub-group discussions. Once each of the sub-groups have completed their discussion, the facilitators/presenters will share their collated information with the whole class. The team is welcome to use their own case study in consultation with the tutor. | |CSR Case...
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...Government quotas and subsidies are justified at times. The US sugar policy is a long standing policy that is highly beneficial to sugar growers and a source of controversy for industries that rely on sugar. Government quotas are enacted to benefit domestic industries. The most prevalent reasons for quotas are: protecting domestic employment, hedging against low foreign wages, protecting infant industries, combating unfair trade and ensuring notational security. Foreign imports produced overseas using workers making lower wages would enjoy pricing advantages to domestic goods, so they may have a quota set. Infant industries in a country have to build up to compete with imports that may enjoy and advantage in economies of scale. Unfair trade occurs when products are dumped onto a market at below market price, possibly even below production price, a quota would at least limit that kind of tactic. If a good is seen as important to the security of the economy, which is a national security interest quotas can help protect that industry (Import Quotas, 2013). Export subsidies encourage domestic industries to export goods by increasing the revenue businesses receive by exporting goods. This may be to compete with foreign goods that are subsidized themselves or have a lower price for any number of reasons. When used judiciously these protectionist policies can be beneficial to industries but there is a concern about how they may affect domestic consumers. US sugar policy sets a floor...
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...Quotas: From Discrimination to Democratic Legitimacy EARLY DRAFT – NOT FOR CITATION It is an established rule of U.S. constitutional law that the state cannot impose or pursue race or gender quotas.[1] In the private sector, an employer’s pursuit of numerically fixed race or gender balance is suspect under Title VII.[2] Under both bodies of antidiscrimination law, quotas are regarded as discrimination. If a civil rights initiative can be portrayed as encouraging employers to adopt quotas, its political demise is nearly certain in the United States.[3] Narrow forms of affirmative action have survived, legally and politically, only to the extent that they can be distinguished from quotas. Quotas are so widely regarded as legally, politically, and morally repugnant that they are taboo: The “q-word”[4] is rarely the subject of any serious debate, even by those who favor stronger civil rights protections for women and minorities. The related belief in the illegitimacy of ever pursuing numerically informed demographic balance – especially along lines of race or gender -- is gaining strength in the Supreme Court’s major antidiscrimination cases in the last several years.[5] It is widely accepted – even by civil rights advocates – that pursuing racial or gender balance as a goal, “for its own sake,” would be illegitimate.[6] This principle threatens the constitutionality of race-based affirmative action, which may meet its demise in Fisher v. Texas next Term. Meanwhile...
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...to help shift the equilibrium struck in the U.S. as far as statistics of African Americans working in high-paying professional environments are concerned. A consequence of this action was seen in the case Bakke v. UC Regents, a case in which medical schools were setting aside racial quotas and accepting this quota of African-American students even though it was proven that their test scores were generally lower (Abernathy 1233). These quotas are not just for either race and racial equality is ultimately set when race doesn’t play a factor in whether someone gets hired or accepted into a position. There has been a host of court cases in America dealing with this “Affirmative action” issue in colleges and graduate schools. A look at this progression will help people to understand where Affirmative action is today and how colleges accept students based on race. Bakke v. UC Regents is an example case of a bigger issue in America about the fairness of affirmative action. This case is also what the first case to appear that really dealt with a racial bias as it was concerned to acceptance into a professional school. While affirmative action is not the reason in which this school set racial quotas, the idea behind setting it is the same as the idea behind affirmative action. With this information, the parallels may be considered almost identical. UC Regents refers to the governing board of the state medical schools in California. This particular case happened at the University...
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...Looking at Affirmative Action Timothy Eby Southern New Hampshire University Introduction to Critical Thinking PHIL - 111 Dr. Jean Suplizio October 11, 2015 Looking at Affirmative Action THESIS: Explore segments of the inherent disadvantages associated with affirmative action, as experience by non-minority college applicants. Present a relevant objection(s) and a response to the objection. DEFINITIONS: Affirmative action is defined as: “… programs required by federal statutes and regulations to remedy discriminatory practices in hiring minority group members; i.e. positive steps designed to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of past discrimination, and to create systems and procedures to prevent future discrimination; commonly based on population percentages of minority groups in a particular area. Factors considered are race, color, sex, creed, and age. National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 306 U.S. 240” (Black, 1990, p. 59). An additional definition can be found in the widely accepted Random House law dictionary: “… any step by a public or private employer, school, institution, or program, beyond the mere cessation of intentional discrimination, to promote diversity, provide opportunities, and alleviate the effects of past discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin or disability” (James, 2000, p. 20). REASON # 1: Colin Powell, the 65th United States Secretary of...
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...1) Distinguish between a tariff and a quota. Who benefits from and who is harmed by such restrictions on imports? A tariff is the taxes that are imposed by the government of a country on imported and exported goods. A quota is the limitation that is imposed on limiting the amount of goods that is imported and exported. The government benefits from the tariff since it increases the GDP of a particular country. Traders benefit from the gain that can be obtained through the quota. The regulations on imported goods hurts the people who has to pay higher prices for the goods that is made by such industries. Reducing the imports will reduce the income of foreigners. This in turn will reduce foreign purchases in the country that put the tariff on the imported goods. 2) What is the law of demand? Give two examples of how you have observed the law of demand at work in the “real world”. How is the law of demand related to the demand curve? Law of demand is when the price of a good or service increases then the consumer demand for that particular good or service will decrease. One example would be the gas prices. We have all seen the price of gas go up and down and then back up again. When gas prices rise people tend to not purchase gas as much as they used to causing the demand to decrease. The price of gas would cause people to conserve the gas they had and not do as much running around as they used too. Another example would be the housing market. The prices of houses would...
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...Police Quotas/Production Goals Outline 1. What is it? I.intro From corporate boardrooms to elementary school classrooms, performance measurement is everywhere. Our children are required to take standardized tests designed to ensure that school performance is up to snuff. With performance measurement appearing in such a diverse array of organizational settings, it is not surprising that it is now becoming a hot topic in policing. http://www.calea.org/calea-update-magazine/issue-83/measuring-performance-law-enforcement-agencies-part-1of-2-oart-articl * Police quotas also known as production goals are the minimal amount of arrests and/or summons the police are required to give out within a monthly basis. 2. How is it used in policing? * Production goals are used to measure performance in law enforcement agencies. * Unlike arrests, there are no national data on citations issued by police agencies. Police departments traditionally maintain their own records on citations and have historically paid close attention to citation productivity. Citations are one of the basic outputs of police agencies, used much more numerously than arrests. Of the estimated 19.3 million drivers who were pulled over by police at least one time in 1999, about 54% received a traffic citation, about 26% received a warning, and only about 3% were arrested.[48] Research has shown that there is substantial interagency variation in traffic citations for moving violations.[49] Traffic...
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...The constitutional issue was Allan Bakke a white male who applied to and was rejected from the regular admissions program, while minority applicants with lower grade point averages and testing scores were admitted under the speciality admissions program. Bakke filed suit, alleging that this admissions system violated the Equal Protection Clause and excluded him on the basis of race. The parties that were involved in the case were Allan Bakke, Supreme Court, Justice Powell, and also the Blacks, Chicanos, Asians, American Indians. The case had taken place by the Supreme Court of the United States which was argued on October 12, 1977, and was decided on June 28, 1978. Before the Supreme Court began when Allan Bakke applied at The Medical School of the University of California at Davis which had two admissions programs for entering the class of 100 students the regular admissions program and the special admissions program. Though he had a 468 out of 500 score in 1973, he was rejected, since no general applicants with scores less than 470 were being accepted after respondent's application, which was filed late in the year, had been processed and completed. In 1974 Bakke had applied early, and though he had a total score of 549 out 600, he was again rejected. In those two years his name was not placed on the discretionary writing list. In both years, special applicants were admitted with significantly lower scores...
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...Affirmative Action MGMT345 AIU Abstract This paper will discuss Affirmative Action and the initial intent of its legislation. It will discuss the conclusion of Bakke v. Regents and its basis. It will also discuss the positive and negative results of the AA legislation. Affirmative Action Introduction US history has shown us that not everyone has always been considered equal. Americans were allowed to own slaves and work them however they saw fit. After slavery was abolished, African-Americans were still not treated fairly. There was a “separate but equal” state of mind among Americans which kept whites and black separate in the workplace and schools. Once schools and workplaces were segregated the African-Americans were still treated unfairly. Today we see a lot less unfair treatment towards African-American’s because of the Affirmative Action policies and cases like Bakke v. Regents. What is Affirmative Action? What is Affirmative Action? Women and minorities are allowed entry into professions that were formally off limits to them because of affirmative action programs. Initiated in the 1960s this federal agenda was designed to counteract the discrimination towards women and ethnic minorities (Nittle, 2012). This program is meant to promote equal opportunity in employment, education, government sectors, and more. It is not meant to create reverse discrimination but in its modern form affirmative action can cause reverse discrimination by admissions officers...
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...Legislative quotas, apply to the candidate selection process by the parties, unlike party quotas in that they are not voluntarily adopted, but rather are legally order quotas that apply to all parties. This is the most contemporary kind of quota system, and only appeared in the 1990s, in developing countries, particularly in Latin America, post-conflict Africa, the Middle East, and across Southeastern Europe. Adoption of these quotas spread rapidly in part due to an active transnational women’s movement, which through information-sharing enabled local organizations, activists and intellectuals to publicize and politicize under representation of women in politics. Such activities and an international pressure on women’s political presence led many women’s organizations to...
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...Case Study on Board Quotas Prepared By- Md. Rokib Chowdhury (Id: 3-15-30-036) Md. Ifteakhar Alam (Id: 3-15-29-087) Biplab Vattacharjee (Id: 3-15-30-063) Md. Mosfiqur Rahman (Id: 3-15-30-062) Submitted to- Prof.Dr. Md. Abbas Ali Khan University of Dhaka Contents page no Summary …………………………. 3 Ques no1 …………………………. 4 Ques No2 …………………………. 7 Fig 1 ………………………….. 7 Fig 2 …………………………… 9 Ques no3 …………………………….. 9 Fig 3 ………………………………… 13 Ques no 4 ………………………………… 14 Summary Board Quotas for women is important for the participation of women in the workforce. In United States quotas for women is only 15%. Among 100 large companies in Britain quotas for woman is only 12%. In EU the Quotas contains only 9.7%, In India and China 5%. In this underrepresentation of quotas for women many countries make compulsory quotas for women on Boards. Question no: 1 Given that women participate in the labor force in roughly the same proportion as men, why do you think women occupy so few seats on boards of directors? Women are well established in professions like...
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...Gender Quota in European Companies Women are having a hard time reaching top positions in companies. The European Union recognizes this problem and decided to implement new laws that require quotas for women in businesses. According to the European Commission, women need to work an extra of 59 days to match the salary earned by men, which makes an average gender pay gap of 16.2% across the European Union in 2010. ("Equal pay day:," 2013). The reason why the quota system in Europe is not working is, because it has the status of a directive. Equality is one of five values on which the Union is founded. The Union is bound to strive for equality between women and men in all its activities. (3 Articles 2 and 3 TEU, Article 8 TFEU). Therefore, the EU has laws that forbid discrimination based on sex. Article two of the Maastricht Treaty (TEU) clearly states men and women are equal. (Van Ooik, & Vandamme, 2010, p. 5). In addition, article 121 of the TFEU states that men and women have the right for equal pay. Finally, article 21 of the Lisbon Treaty specifically prohibits discrimination based on sex (Van Ooik, & Vandamme, 2010, p. 161). This means that women in the EU are protected by law against discrimination based on their gender. However, in practice gender inequality still exists in European businesses. The European Union and its fight for gender equality has been a long battle. Despite EU law and directives the European Union has not been able to solve the problem....
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...Kary Bowser International Economics Professor Gelgelu 11 February 2013 The Protectionism Effect: Tariffs, Quotas, and Subsidies The most common way to protect one’s economy from import competition is to implement a tariff: a tax on imports. Generally speaking, a tariff is any tax or fee collected by a government. Sometimes the term “tariff” is used in a nontrade context, as in railroad tariffs. However, the term is much more commonly used to refer to a tax on imported goods. Tariffs have been applied by countries for centuries and have been one of the most common methods used to collect revenue for governments. This is because it is relatively simple to place customs officials at the border of a country and collect a fee on goods that enter. Administratively, a tariff is probably one of the easiest taxes to collect. (Of course, high tariffs may induce smuggling of goods through nontraditional entry points, but we will ignore that problem here.) Tariffs are worth defining early in an international trade course since changes in tariffs represent the primary way in which countries either liberalize trade or protect their economies. It isn’t the only way, though, since countries also implement quotas, subsidies, and other types of regulations that can affect trade flows between countries. These other methods will be defined and discussed later, but for now it suffices to understand tariffs since they still represent the basic policy affecting international trade patterns...
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...WOMEN’S QUOTA IN NORWAY - A GOOD PIONEER FOR GERMANY? | Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Definition Women’s/ Gender Quota 3 3. Gender quota in Norway 4 3.1 The road to the quota 4 3.2 Impacts and Changes 5 4. Gender pay gap in Germany 7 4.1 Causes for the Gender pay gap 7 4.2 gender quota in germany 8 5.Conclusion 9 List of Literature 9 Books/magazines 9 Internet Sources 10 Illustrations 10 1. Introduction The situation for women in every kind of different sectors has changed over the last centuries and decades. Nevertheless the result of an UNO- analysis in the mid 1990’s states that women have not the same chances as men in any society in the world even though that there has been made a huge progress. As Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the German Basic Law declares, “All persons shall be equal before the law.“ In addition Paragraph 2 of the same article states, “Men and women shall have equal rights. The state shall promote the actual implementation of equal rights for women and men and take steps to eliminate disadvantages that now exist.“ In contrast to this Article of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) describes that after a study made in 2012 Germany has one of the biggest wage gap between men and women among all countries in Europe. The study says as well that there are fewer women in management positions. This arouses the question “What are the...
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...Critically assess ‘Individual Transferable Quotas’ as a way of managing an Open Access Fishery Open Access Fisheries have long been susceptible to irrational over-exploitation by fishermen. The nature of such an open and accessible resource coupled with the issue of overfishing has resulted in a growing area of research and academia in sustainable management strategies. Economists became aware of the common property problems of the fishery through H. Scott Gordon in 1954 and have been concerned with effective measures of management ever since1. The economist, Parzival Copes 1986, pin points the problem that fisheries are absent of individual property rights. This, he argued, produces no incentive for fishermen to ‘husband the resource’ and invariably leads to excessive exploitation1. It is this exploitation that is a concern for governments worldwide as populations rise and the demand for such resources increase. This essay will look at one way of managing an Open Access Fishery, a strategy of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), and will assess the effectiveness of such an approach. An early output-limitation management strategy has been to impose a total allowable catch (TAC) in fisheries to try and prevent exploitation and conserve fish stocks. These limits on the amount that fishermen can harvest each season are aimed at allowing conservation objectives to be met, but in reality they resulted in a racing mentality, a ‘race for fish,’ as soon as the fishing season began...
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