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R for Beginners
Emmanuel Paradis

´ Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution Universit´ Montpellier II e F-34095 Montpellier c´dex 05 e France E-mail: paradis@isem.univ-montp2.fr

´ I thank Julien Claude, Christophe Declercq, Elodie Gazave, Friedrich Leisch, Louis Luangkesron, Fran¸ois Pinard, and Mathieu Ros for their comments and c suggestions on earlier versions of this document. I am also grateful to all the members of the R Development Core Team for their considerable efforts in developing R and animating the discussion list ‘rhelp’. Thanks also to the R users whose questions or comments helped me to write “R for Beginners”. Special thanks to Jorge Ahumada for the Spanish translation.

c 2002, 2005, Emmanuel Paradis (12th September 2005) Permission is granted to make and distribute copies, either in part or in full and in any language, of this document on any support provided the above copyright notice is included in all copies. Permission is granted to translate this document, either in part or in full, in any language provided the above copyright notice is included.

Contents

1 Preamble 2 A few concepts before starting 2.1 How R works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Creating, listing and deleting the objects in memory . . . . . . 2.3 The on-line help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Data with R 3.1 Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Reading data in a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Saving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Generating data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Regular sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Random sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Manipulating objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Creating objects . . . . . . .

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