...A Review on Race Classification By Facial Features Abstract - This paper has been discussed about race classification by facial features. There were several methods and algorithms reported in order to detect race classification by facial features. The proposed classification method are face detection method, skin color extraction method and the other secondary features which are forehead and lip. Keywords : Face detection, Skin color extraction, Race classification, Facial features, INTRODUCTION The main purpose of computer vision is the identification of humans. Human can be identified by many ways such as facial feature, skin color, iris and fingerprint. There are many research that has been done by previous researchers in...
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...GENDER-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND REVERSE GENDER BIAS: BEYOND GRATZ, PARENTS INVOLVED, AND RICCI ROSALIE BERGER LEVINSON* I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. History Behind the Affirmative Action Race/Gender Anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. The Circuit Split on the Race/Gender Conundrum . . . . . . . . . IV. Analogy to Race-Based Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Remedial Purpose as a Justification for Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. The Diversity Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. The Arguments Against Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. INTRODUCTION The blockbuster race discrimination cases in recent years have all involved affirmative action and reverse discrimination. The Supreme Court has made it clear that race classifications, whether benign or invidious, will trigger rigid strict scrutiny analysis, which requires that the government prove its program is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest. In 2003, the Court, in Gratz v. Bollinger,1 ruled that while student diversity in educational institutions may be a compelling interest, an affirmative action program...
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...Race and ethnicity, gender and age, and social class in the United States shape the experience surprisingly. This reality has been generally archived in consider and, to some degree, is commonly understood. New studies interpret race and ethnicity, gender and age, and social class in the United States are interlocking classifications of experience that influence all parts of life; along these lines, they all the while structure the encounters surprisingly in the public eye. At any minute, race, ethnicity, class, age or sex may feel more notable or important in every individual life, yet they are covering and aggregate on their impact on individuals' encounters. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Age and Class observation invites us to distinguish between...
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...support. The Alabama Court of Civil Appeals affirmed. In the Language of the Court The U.S. Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits peremptory strikes based solely on race, and it extends to forbid gender-based peremptory challenges. A peremptory challenge must not be solely based on the juror characteristic of gender. If gender does not serve as a proxy for bias, unacceptable jurors may be removed, including those members of a group or class. Previously, the Court held that Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governed the exercise of peremptory challenges by a prosecutor in a criminal trial. A defendant has no right to a jury composed of people of his or her own race, but a defendant does have the right to be tried by a jury whose members are selected based on nondiscriminatory criteria. The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly issued opinions that reaffirm its commitment to jury selection procedures that are fair and nondiscriminatory. Whether the trial is civil or criminal, potential jurors and litigants have an equal protection right to jury selection procedures that are free from state-sponsored group stereotypes rooted in and defined by historical prejudice. Intentional discrimination on the basis of gender by state actors in the use of peremptory strikes in jury selection violates the Equal Protection Clause. Litigants in any...
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...Mark Cheng 1. What are suspect classifications and what is meant by strict scrutiny? The suspect classifications most frequently at issue are racial classifications. Traditionally, race and national origin were the only suspect classifications. For a time, however, it appeared that alienage would be viewed as a suspect classification as well, and classifications based on alienage would therefore be subjected to the strict scrutiny standard of review. However, such extensive exceptions have been made to the use of strict scrutiny in cases involving laws which discriminate based on alienage that it too has essentially been relegated to the realm of intermediate scrutiny (with laws that discriminate on the basis of gender). So far, no classifications other than those based on race and national origin have been squarely labeled “suspect” by the Supreme Court, but it is important to know that the door is open. It is also important to note that while no other types of classifications have been deemed “suspect,” the same strict scrutiny standard applied to these classifications is also applied to laws which burden fundamental rights regardless of who is burdened or whether a suspect classification is used. In order to apply the strict scrutiny standard based on the use of a racial classification, the classification must be (1) purposeful, and (2) invidious. We will address each in turn. For a court to apply strict scrutiny, the legislature must either have significantly abridged...
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...prohibit the Chudasamas from sharing Mazda's proprietary information with anyone. They filed a motion for such a protective order on August 16, 1994. The Chudasamas objected, but indicated that they would accept a "sharing" protective order that would allow them to share the information with similarly situated plaintiffs, but not with anyone else. A protective order was issued by the court for the protection of Mazda's confidential information from disclosure to its competitors. 2. What is the practical consequences of a default judgment being entered against the defendants? The default consequences would be at the court discretion. The court decided that Mazda would provide the plaintiff with all information, the discovery. The court based their decision in the plaintiff’s failure because Mazda of withheld information. 3. Is a ruling of this nature likely to have any impact on the litigation process in this country? Finding that the district court abused its discretion, we vacate the order...
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...definition of race prior to watching the video was that race is a grouping method used to classify humans into similar populations or groups based on cultural, ethnic and social background. Race, to me, represents a person's physical appearance, such as skin color, eye color, hair color, build structure, etc. My ideas about race come from social experiences. My new definition in regards to race is that we are very similar to one another whether we want to accept it or not. That we, as a Society, are the ones who created the classification of individuals’ base in the situation we were born into. Nowadays it is believed that race is a matter of cultural interest rather than scientific facts such as that of skin, eyes, and structural build. Race is not hereditary. Experiences and education at home, schools and society interactions are how we have learned to judge individuals in regards to color, social and cultural differences we all experience through life. I was surprised to see how many similarities were found in the science projects after analyzing DNA from each student. I believe the students were also surprised as at the beginning of the project they voiced who they picked to have the greatest similarities with themselves, as we could see every student pick the person they though could be closes match to them because they based their answers on physical similarities such as skin color and ethnic background. The students, as well as I, now see race classification have been wrongly...
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...2: The Advent of American Constitutional Law: Brown 7 6. RACIAL EQUALITY 7 7. Brown I (1954) The segregation of children in public schools based solely on race violates the Equal Protection Clause. 7 2. Brown II 8 3. What was the constitutional harm in Brown? 8 4. THEORY 8 5. Subsequent School Desegregation 9 Class 3: Local Efforts to Desegregate: Parents Involved 11 6. Parents Involved 11 Class 4: Rational Basis Review: Cleburne, Romer, etc. 13 2. Tiers of Scrutiny 13 3. Beazer (1979) 13 4. Moreno (1973) 14 5. Cleburne (1985) 14 6. Romer (1996) 15 7. Nordlinger (1992) and Allegheny Pittsburgh (1989) 16 8. Lee Optical (1955) 17 Class 5: Racial Classifications and Heightened Scrutiny: Strauder, Korematsu, Loving 17 9. Heightened Scrutiny Analysis 17 10. Strauder (1880) 17 11. Korematsu (1944) 18 12. Loving (1967) 19 13. Theories Supporting Strict Scrutiny of Racial Classifications 20 14. Tiers of Scrutiny 20 15. Tiers of Scrutiny Table 21 Class 6: Facially Neutral Classifications: Washington v. Davis 21 16. Types of Discrimination (from Fall) 21 X. Disparate Impact 21 XI. Purposive Discrimination 22 XII. Proxies for Race 23 2. Other Rules 23 3. Types of Discrimination Based on Race 24 4. South African Constitution 24 5. Arlington Heights-“A Motivating Factor” 24 6. Arlington Heights-Footnote 21 24 7. Discriminatory...
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...GENDER DISCRIMINATION OUTLINE I. Constitutional law A. Background: 100 years of discrimination > theme: law responding to gender discrepancies 1) Should men & women ever be treated differently under the law? a. Definition of equality: = choice/power/income i. Pay gap: women earn $0.74 for every $1.00 a man earns b. Linda Hershman article, Homeward Bound: Many educated & intelligent women decide to stay home with their babies > those decisions are connected to the fact that women are paid less than men, in general c. Evolution in law i. Common law (blackstone): women lost their identity after marriage (merged with husband) & considered inferior to men (acted under husband) - Result: Tenants in the entirety or joint accounts > assumed man put in all the $ (women has BOP to prove otherwise) ii. After 14th amendment > women began to feel that they should have rights as well B. 19th Century: 2 sphere ideology where women queen of home & men marketplace people > no = protection because genders seperaet 1) Privileges and Immunities Clause of the 14th amendment - a. Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) i. FACTS: Bradwell and her husband ran the most influential legal paper in the Midwest & she wanted a license to practice law...
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...Is Affirmative Action still necessary? Introduction This topic will explore if Affirmative action is still necessary in the 21st century. Affirmative Action is the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority group members, in employment. It has been commonly referred to as a positive discrimination policy or program designed to counter discrimination against minority groups and women in areas such as employment and education (dictionary.com). “Pro” position There are several reasons to justify Affirmative Action. It was developed to assist society’s less-advantaged members by promoting affirmative action policies is to remedy the effects of past discrimination. Along with the use of the Affirmative Action policy there is the recognition that wrongs have been committed in the past and acknowledgment that there is a moral obligation to set things right (pros and cons). African Americans are not the only, or even the main beneficiaries of affirmative action. There are a wide range of groups that have benefited from Affirmative Action. Some of the groups include women, Native Americans, Arab Americans, Latino/as, Asian Americans, and African Americans. According to the United States Department of Labor, it found that white women are the primary beneficiaries of affirmative action (aapf.org). “Con” position The opposing view point states that it is reverse discrimination. Those opposed of affirmative action do not contest the moral obligation to...
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...GENDER DISCRIMINATION OUTLINE I. Constitutional law A. Background: 100 years of discrimination > theme: law responding to gender discrepancies 1) Should men & women ever be treated differently under the law? a. Definition of equality: = choice/power/income i. Pay gap: women earn $0.74 for every $1.00 a man earns b. Linda Hershman article, Homeward Bound: Many educated & intelligent women decide to stay home with their babies > those decisions are connected to the fact that women are paid less than men, in general c. Evolution in law i. Common law (blackstone): women lost their identity after marriage (merged with husband) & considered inferior to men (acted under husband) - Result: Tenants in the entirety or joint accounts > assumed man put in all the $ (women has BOP to prove otherwise) ii. After 14th amendment > women began to feel that they should have rights as well B. 19th Century: 2 sphere ideology where women queen of home & men marketplace people > no = protection because genders seperaet 1) Privileges and Immunities Clause of the 14th amendment - a. Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) i. FACTS: Bradwell and her husband ran the most influential legal paper in the Midwest & she wanted a license to practice law...
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...used to refer to cohabitation or intermarriage between racial groups. Regulated by state law, miscegenation was illegal in many states for decades. However, interracial marriage in the United States has been fully legal in all U.S. states since the 1967 Supreme Court decision, Loving v. Virginia, that decreed all state antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional. Many states, of course, had chosen to legalize interracial marriage much earlier. According to a May 14, 2012, Huffington Post article entitled “Interracial Marriage Statistics: Pew Report Finds Mixed-Race Marriage Rates Rising,” the 1980 Census (the first to collect data on interracial marriage) reported that 3% of all married couples were from different races. The number had risen to 8.4% (one in twelve couples) by 2010. Looking at marriages recorded in the years between 2008 and 2010, we find that 22% of newly-married couples in Western states were of different races or ethnicities, compared to 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast, and 11% in the Midwest. QUESTION 1: Analyze and evaluate each case independently by providing the following (about two paragraphs per case): LOVING V. VIRGINIA CASE. 1. Facts of the case: In 1958, Mildred Jeter, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were married in the District of Columbia. The two had gone to the District of Columbia to obtain a marriage license and returned to their home state of Virginia afterward. The couple was then charged with and convicted of inter-racial...
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...In the English language when looking at the word race, in Anthropology, according to Dictionary.com, LLC (2001), defined as a noun, “an arbitrary classification of modern humans, sometimes, especially formerly, based on any or a combination of various physical characteristics, as skin color, facial form, or eye shape, and now frequently based on such genetic markers as blood groups” (race2 , para. 3 b). For my own definition of the word race it has little meaning. I was raised with no bias, hate or animosity for people of different color or nationality. For each person I come into contact with during my daily travels, I approach them as a friend and make adjustment to my perception of them on their interaction with me. I personally feel that judgment of others based on the color of their skin, their assumed nationality, hair type, facial features or dialect is, JUST NOT THE RIGHT WAY. This touches on another issue the people of the world have, racism. The term ethnicity, according to Dictionary.com, LLC (2001), defined as a noun, “ethnic traits, background, allegiance, or association” (ethnicity, para. 1). My own meaning of the word ethnicity is based on the area of origin for a particular person or people. The differences in people are a narrow view when based on their ethnicity. The importance of the concept of race and ethnicity to the society of the United States is mainly based on the census and personal views of the population. The two concepts are usually brought...
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...Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Empowerment: How are gender and race socially constructed? From a social construction point of view, gender and race don’t mean anything. They have meaning because the society defines a meaning for them (Judith, 1998). By social construction, we mean how the society group people and how it gives certain groups an advantage over others. For instance, somebody believes that he is a man only because the society says he is a man, not because he wants to be a man. One has no choice to become what he or she wish, but must follow the classification the society has defined. According to Ruth (1993) our daily lives are influenced by race and gender, whether we are aware of it or not. Everyone sees life through a racial lens that colors our society. This view leads to the racial formation. Judith (1998) defines racial formation as a socio-historical process whereby categories are formed, inhibited, changed, and destroyed. By socio-historical, Judith (1998) meant that race was created and given meaning by society due to the many historical events that happened over time. The society classifies people as white, black, Asian or any other minority group (Ruth, 1993). Therefore, the way are seen and how we see other people affects different aspects of our lives. These elements can include the type of friends we have, the kind of job we have, and the amount of money we make. They may also include the type of school we attend and many other things that make us...
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...Race is the major division of human kind. The classification an individual. Yet we are all human, all from the same species, does that not make us equal? Is the inequality amongst the human race biologically or sociologically constructed? Race has become the fundamental thing, telling you who someone is and where they belong. Race defines you as an individual. Brian Jones stated; “Race is a social fiction imposed by the powerful on those they wish to control.” Jane Elliot, conducted an exercise where she divides her class based upon the color of their eyes and bestows upon one group privileges and on the other group impediments. She is famous for her experiment (Elliot, 1970). Jane is trying to portray to young children how discrimination feels, by classifying students according to eye color and not skin color. She causes major conflict between the students who have been classified in a lower class than what they feel they are. Jane is emphasizing how easily it is to judge someone according to physical appearance and that people fail to see what lies behind the human eye before judging them. Jane shows how superficial and society based race actually is. Jane’s experiment shows how different races became more friendly towards each other, due to the emotional development from this exercise. This exercise increased the motivation of young children to socialize with people who were socially defined as a different race. It also portrays how racial identities are...
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