...Radiation is all around us and has been present since the beginning of time. Naturally occurring radioactive materials were discovered in 1896. Less than 50 years later, the physicist Enrico Fermi split the atom, producing the first man-made radioactive materials (Robert Brent MD). We used radioactive materials for beneficial purposes, such as generating electricity, diagnosing and treating medical problems. Man-made source of radiation from medical, commercial and industrial activities contribute about 310mrem to the annual radiation exposure. One of the largest of these sources of exposure is a CT scan, which account for about 150mrem. Radiation can cause adverse effects, including genetic defects in the children of exposed parents or mental retardation in the children of mother exposed during pregnancy. Most diagnostic procedures expose the embryo to less than 5 rad or 50mSv. This level of exposure will not increase reproductive risks. Potential radiation effects vary depending on the fetal stage of development and the magnitude of the dose. In the first two weeks post-conception the embryo is very resistant to the malformation effects of x-rays. The embryo is, however, sensitive to the lethal affects of x-ray, although doses much higher than 5 rad or 50mSv can cause a miscarriage. From the third to eighth week of pregnancy the embryo is in the period of early embryonic development but is not affected with birth defects, pregnancy loss, or growth retardation unless the exposure...
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...A STUDY ON RADIATION PROTECTION AMONG PATIENTS AND STAFF IN THE IMAGING DEPARTMENT AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL. RESEARCH DONE BY: DENIS NOVENA MUNG’AHU COLLEGE NUMBER: D/MIS/10007/191 RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL IMAGING SCIENCES-NYERI CAMPUS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STUDY. JANUARY 2013 KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE P.O BOX 466 NYERI. Contents DECLARATION 1 DEDICATION 3 List of abbreviation 4 Operational definition 5 Chapter 1 6 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Broad objective 6 1.2 Specific Objectives 6 1.3 Problem Statement 6 1.4 Research Question 7 1.6 Study Justification 8 Chapter 2 9 Literature review 9 2.0: Introduction 9 2.1: Practice of radiation protection principles by the radiographers 10 2.1.1: Beam collimation by the radiographer 10 2.2.2: Beam Limiting Devices 11 2.2.2: Technique Selection 12 2.2.3: Patient identification 12 2.2: The practice of the radiation protection principles 13 The principle of limiting time 13 2.2.2 The principle of distance 14 2.2.3 The principle of applying shielding 15 2.3 To determine patients' level of knowledge 15 2.4 Conclusion 16 Chapter 3 16 Methodology 16 3.0 Background information 16 3.1 Position and size 16 3.2 Topography, climate and temperature 17 3.3 Population 17 3.5 Design 18 3.6 Study area 18 3.7 Sampling size determination 18 3.8 Ethical consideration 19 CHAPTER 4 19 APPENDIX I...
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...turn into a special form of energy. This is, however, only triggered by certain radiation. This radiation is that of Apricorns, those nut-like fruits people made Pokéballs out of in ancient times. The inside of an Apricorn's shell contains energy drainers, a sort of biological energy black holes - they let out that certain radiation and they can suck energy in to their centers. Those are there to protect the Apricorns from Pokémon that might want to eat them in a very effective way - a Pokémon that cracks the shell of an Apricorn will be hit by the radiation, turn into energy, and be sucked towards the Apricorn. This can imprison smaller Pokémon inside forever - which additionally provides the Apricorn with more power to suck in more Pokémon - or if it is a powerful Pokémon, it would feel dizzy and perhaps decide the Apricorn is not good to eat. If a Pokémon actually eats the Apricorn, however, it dies and the energy drainers release the energy they contained. Different types of Apricorns, targeted as food for different kinds of Pokémon, contain different kinds of energy drainers which suck in different types of energy - usually some form which is dominant in some Pokémon and not others (such as Water Pokémon, fast Pokémon, heavy Pokémon, etc.). All Apricorns contain some drainers for all variations, though, so they can all catch anything that is weak enough. Humans also react to the radiation from the Apricorns, but are nowhere near as unstable as Pokémon and only long-term...
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...scientist have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges are. To measure how far the stars are away from earth astronomers measures the distances to the close –by object. Then use the measurements observations to measure the other distance in the galaxies. This is a difficult because scientist cannot really make the correct measurements, its’ just a guess. Scientist can make direct measurements by using the Parallax to determine the distance of the stars, which can also guess the position of the plants. For the measurement of how hot the sun can get NASA scientists have not been able to get close enough to the sun to actually determine how hot the sun is. Scientist estimate the temperature of the sun by how much radiation that comes from the ball of gas, the gamma-rays and also the X-rays from the sun are measured to be very hot according to www.imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. The scientist uses a formula to measure the volume, density of the sun and the radius helps determine how hot the sun maybe. Scientist cannot get close enough to the sun to get the actual measurement. For the final difficult task how can scientist tell that there is life on Mars? Scientists are able to test the theory if life can live on Mars. The only challenge is that scientist are guessing that there is water on mars, and also methane gas is on the planet, but that does not mean life can live on the planet. Scientists are guessing from...
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...the 1930’s by Glenn T. Seaborg. Although Caesium was first discovered as non radioactive in water in Germany by two germans named Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen (Cesium, Radiation Protection). Before going into the science behind Caesium 137 I will explain what an isotope and a radioisotope is. All elements naturally occur as isotopes, they are basically atoms with a different amount of neutrons. For example, Caesium 137 and Caesium 136 are both isotopes of the element Caesium. We can tell these isotopes apart by naming them by their total mass numbers. The total mass numbers are calculated by adding the number of protons with the amount of neutrons. Each isotope has a different mass number, Caesium 137 has 82 neutrons and 55 protons, therefore it is labelled Caesium 137, as 82 added by 55 equals 137. The mass numbers of isotopes also indicate the atomic weight of the isotopes, Caesium 137 is 137 atomic mass units or 137 u. The atomic mass of the elements are decided by the mass number of their average isotope. Regular Isotopes always maintain the same amount of neutrons and protons, these are called stable. There are also isotopes whose nuclei fall apart, these are radioisotopes, like Caesium 137. These radioisotopes cause radiation, this radiation can be intensely dangerous. The radiation is caused by the discharge of waves from atoms. These radioisotopes can be absolutely no good, but can also be useful in life in good ways...
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...Lecture 8 Theme: Technogenic hazards. Outline: 1 Technogenic emergencies and accidents 2 Transport accidents 3 Accidents on chemically hazardous objects (HHO) 4 Accidents at radiation hazardous objects (RHO) 5 Accidents on fire, explosion hazardous objects (FEHO) 6 Accidents on hydro-technical construction (HTC) 7 Electric shock TECHNOGENIC EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS Technogenic (Anthropogenic) tmergensies - the situation in a certain area, established as a result of the accident, a major accident (crash) that resulted in the loss of life, damage to human health or the environment, considerable material losses and disruption of human living conditions. Anthropogenic catastrophe - an event with tragic consequences, a major accident with human death. Classification of accidents by severity and scale: Accident - minor accident with minor damage. Accident to the great detriment called - major accidents. Catastrophe - a large-scale accident that led to numerous casualties, significant property damage and other severe consequences. Accidents include the damages of: - Machines - Equipment - Vehicles - Power systems, buildings. They may be accompanied by explosions, fires, release of chemical, radioactive substances, without considerable material damage and serious human casualties (explosions can be caused by improper use of household and gas stoves or gas cylinders). In most cases, these accidents are evoked by violation of the production technology...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT RADIATION Technology has a significant role in today’s world. It can also affect many peoples’ lives. It makes life easier and more efficient. However in today’s world, there are some who have considered about the danger it may cause. People have started destroying our environment by using destructive weapons to defeat and lead with possession. There is dangerous equipment which had been manufactured throughout the world. Nuclear weapon is one of the most destructive weapons ever made which could really destroy the world in just a moment. It can cause a big effect in our lives as well to our environment. Radiation is an environmental hazard that people tend to worry about only when it is artificially produced (Schneider 336). When atoms combine it can causes a radiation which will affect molecules, cells and tissues. However there are some who think of biological effects of radiation on human body. The atoms unite through a process called ionization. So the biological effects begin with the result of radiation combining with the atoms which develops cells. There are several sources of radiation. In fact, It can be found everywhere. The homes which we live by contain amount of radioactive elements that decay into a chemical element called radon gas. It can leak into our homes which. It can also be found mostly in industry to control measuring equipment. Radiation comes from natural or artificial resources. However it was commonly found in natural...
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...UNCIANO COLLEGES COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY ‘’RADIATION SAFETY PROTOCOLS OBSERVED BY THE REGISTERED RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY’’ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study is to determine radiation safety protocols observed by the registered radiologic technologist and its application to keep the safety of the clients know that radiation itself is harmful. This study will answer the following question; 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following: 2.1 Educational backround 2.2 Years of experience 2. What are the safety protocols observed by the respondent addressing patient safety: 3.3 Prior to the radiation procedure 3.4 During to the radiation procedure 3. What are the safety protocols observed by the respondents addressing radiologic technology safety: 4.5 Prior to the radiation procedure 4.6 During to the radiation procedure Unciano Colleges Inc. Name (optional): Gender: 1. What is your educational backround? BSRT BSRT and Other MED BSRT and ongoing masteral BSRT and masteral BSRT and ongoing Phd BSRT and Phd 2. How many years of experience? 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-20 years 21 above 3. Mark if the following radiation protocol observed addressing the patients are either prior or during the examination. Protocols | Prior to the Procedure | During the Procedure | Use of protection apparel such as lead gowns,gloves etc. | | | Self...
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...administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs or cellular receptors. This property of radiopharmaceuticals allows nuclear medicine the ability to image the extent of a disease process in the body, based on the cellular function and physiology, rather than relying on physical changes in the tissue anatomy. In some diseases, nuclear medicine studies can identify medical problems at an earlier stage than other diagnostic tests. Nuclear medicine, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out", or "endo-radiology", because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. Treatment of diseased tissue, based on metabolism or uptake or binding of a particular ligand, may also be accomplished, similar to other areas of pharmacology. However, the treatment effects of radiopharmaceuticals rely on the tissue-destructive power of short-range ionizing radiation. Industrial uses Radiation sources provide critical capabilities in the oil and gas, electrical power (utilities) construction, manufacturing and food industries. They are used to treat millions of patients each year in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and also are used in a variety of military applications. In addition, academic, government, and private institutions use radioactive sources in technology research and development. These materials are as diverse in geographic location as they are in functional use. From transmittal letter to President of...
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...| ANTHRAX | IONIZING RADIATION | SARIN GAS | Pathophysiologicactions | Caused by Bacillus Centhracis bacteria. 3 ways of contact, cutaneous, ingesting, inhalation. Inhalation is the most deadly. Inhaled spores produce toxins within the lungs and lymph system. | Causes | Inhibits the breakdown of the enzyme acetylcholinesterace. It over stimulates the parasympathetic nerves in smooth muscle | | | | | Signs and Symptoms | Cutaneous- bumps, blisters with black centersGI- nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, bloody diarrheaInhalation- sore throat, mild fever, fatigue, muscle aches, high fever, trouble breathing, shock, meningitis, coma, death.Resembles flu like symptoms. | Radiation sickness- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, skin erythema, necrosis, sterility, damage to DNA, low birth weight babies, mental retardation, developmental delays, cataracts, cancers. | Runny nose, blurred vision, sweating, muscle twitching, tightness of the chest, headache, cramps, nausea, vomiting, involuntary defecation and urination, convulsions, coma, respitory arrest. | | | | | Treatments | Treat skin lesions, Oral antibiotics like PCN, Tetracycline, Ethromycin, and Cirpo. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Many symptoms will not appear for days, weeks even years.Blood transfusions stem cell transplant, and cytokine therapy. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Give Atropine and Pralidozine (PAM) | Bioterrorism is a constant concern today. As seen in the news, bioterrorism...
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...over the country are severely crowed with people taking advantage of sales and special offers on merchandize for the holiday season. A dirty bomb is a very effective terror weapon because it combines the mass lethality of an explosive device, plus exposure to radiation; this device causes mass fear and panic in a population and could have a serious effect on the nearby area and environment. A dirty bomb is a type of radiological dispersion device (RDD) which combines some type of explosive combined with some type of radioactive material. The explosive element of a dirty bomb will produce the most amount of damage and causalities depending on the amount and type of explosive material and shrapnel used. There is usually not enough radiation to kill or cause severe illness depending on the radioactive material; the type of radiation that is used and the amount of exposure to the victims. Depending the situation though a dirty bomb can cause a great deal of panic, fear and chaos, including contamination of buildings and property. Dirty Bombs are not a nuclear device. Nuclear bombs are tremendously more powerful and can destroy entire cities and produce catastrophic amount of casualties. The radiation fallout of a nuclear weapon can spread tens to hundreds of square miles and effect an area for years with radioactive contamination. Dirty bombs can be capable of contaminating a few blocks or a few miles depending...
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...1) There are five steps involved in an ethical analysis. The first is identifying and clearly describing the facts, which will be used to help define the solution. Second, you must define the conflict and identify the higher-order values involved. This is because the parties usually claim during a dispute they are all pursuing higher values. Third, stakeholders should be identified so you can figure out what they want, which might also be used later when figuring out a solution. Fourth, you must identify the options that you can reasonably take, even though this may not satisfy all the stakeholders. Finally, you must identify the potential consequences of your actions. This would include looking at the consequences from various points of views. There are also six ethical principles that can be used to help. One principle is called the Golden Rule, which is to do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Another principle is Descartes’ Rule of Change. This principle states that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all. Another principle would be the Risk Aversion Principle. This one says you should take the action that produces the least harm or least potential cost. There is also Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative, which first has you evaluate the action. If the action is not right for everyone to take, then it is not the right one to take at all. Another principle would be the Utilitarian Principle, which says that one should do the action...
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...PARENTING STYLES Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development. However, finding actual cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment...
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...reactors, causing a nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. (http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/fukushima_accident_inf129.html) What is radiation and how it damage people. Radiation may be defined as energy traveling through space. Non-ionizing radiation is essential to life, but excessive exposures will cause tissue damage. All forms of ionizing radiation have sufficient energy to ionize atoms that may destabilize molecules within cells and lead to tissue damage. (http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/food/foodsafety/the-nuclear-accident-in-japan/) History of radiation Japanese radiation generation How radiation influence the agricultural When a nuclear power plant releases radiation, many foods and edible plants can absorb radioactive particles, which can be toxic to humans. Fuel rods that are exposed to the atmosphere may release iodine, which can be carried by the wind and end up on grass and plants. Read more: Nuclear Radiation Effects on Plants | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8195801_nuclear-radiation-effects-plants.html#ixzz2KdNfqMPO Influence area Radiation can transport by cloud and water. ( http://www.socialintensity.org/) Japan radiation map. (Base on the wind and water, then compare with the map which published by japan media) How radiation food harm people Radioactive particles accumulate in the body and continue to release radiation. This may lead to changes in the molecular structure of the cells and has been linked to cancer....
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...Deoxyribonucleic acid is the very building block needed in the creation of life. It is composed of genetic instruction to map out the creation of an entire organism. DNA is well suited in the storage of biological information. Yet with all of this complex information there are certain chemicals or forms of energy that can damage or alter this special coding. In process of damaging or altering the coding of DNA the most dreaded situation of a cancerous cell can be formed. To start let’s look at the different kinds of radiation that may or may not effect DNA. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Ionizing Radiation can change the way our body’s work and develop. Direct includes covalent linkage between nitrogenous bases, and creating structure like thymine dimmers. Indirect is when it interacts with water to create free radicals which can interact with a person’s DNA. It can cause single or double stranded breaks in the sugar- phosphate backbone. (Buttons, n.d.) Alpha Radiation is a process that needs to be swallowed, inhaled, and or absorbed into the blood stream. This can increase the risk of cancer also known as lung cancer. Radon is a silent but deadly killer. To determine if one has been affected by alpha particles testing would be completed with special equipment and gear to prevent those from any exposure. Beta Particles can be a helpful process of treatment to many, such as treating thyroid disorders, cancer, and Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). It also is part of agricultural...
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