Premium Essay

Rate Law

In:

Submitted By shj970101
Words 1519
Pages 7
CAcT HomePage
Rate and Order of Reactions

Skills to develop

Derive the integrated rate laws from differential rate laws.
Describe the variation of concentration vs. time for 1st order reactions.
Describe the variation of concentration vs. time for 2nd order reactions.
Figure out order of reaction from concentration vs. time plots.
Rate and Order of Reactions

The rate of a chemical reaction is the amount of substance reacted or produced per unit time. The rate law is an expression indicating how the rate depends on the concentrations of the reactants and catalysts. The power of the concentration in the rate law expression is called the order with respect to the reactant or catalyst.
This page deals specifically with first- and second-order reaction kinetics, but you should know that other orders such as zeroth-order and 3rd order may also be involved in chemical kinetics.

Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

In acidic solutions, hydrogen peroxide and iodide ion react according to the equation:
H2O2 + 2H+ + 3I- = 2 H2O + I3-.
In this reaction, the reaction Rate can be expressed as decreasing Rate of H2O2, - d[H2O2]/dt decreasing Rate of H+, - d[H+]/dt decreasing Rate of I-, - d[I-]/dt increasing Rate of H2O, + d[H2O] /dt increasing Rate of I3-, d[I3-]/dt
However, from the stoichiometry, you can easily see the following relationship:

d[H2O2] 1 d[H+] 1 d[I-] 1 d[H2O] d[I3-] - ------- = - - ------ = - - ------- = - ------ = -------- dt 2 dt 3 dt 2 dt dt
In reality, if the concentration of H2O2 is low, the changes in concentrations of H+ and H2O are very difficult to detect because their quantities are so large in the solution. The merit in this equation is to show you that the rates of decreasing of reactant concentrations are governed by the stoichiometry. So do the rates of increasing

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

The Operating Budget

...Part I: The Operating Budget for the City of Kyle Texas PAD 505 Public Budgeting and Financ Introduction The city of Kyle, Texas is on its way to becoming a full service community with targets to continue to grow their quality healthcare, higher education, and retail industries for the benefit of the local residents. According to the City Kyle website, Kyle is home to over 60,000 persons with a projected growth rate of 6.9% between 2010 and 2015 (www.cityofkyle.com). These total conflicts with the US Census website, which reports the City of Kyle was home to 29,293 residents in 2011, and had a projection growth of 4.6% (www.census.gov). Following the US Census calculation the population rate for the City of Kyle would project the 2012 population rate to be 30,640. The two totals conflict sufficiently and will evidently cause some confusion with the projected outcomes. The City of Kyle is considered a Home Rule City, a city with an adopted home rule charter for its local self-governance. In addition to being a Home Rule City, the City of Kyle also operates with a City Manager form of Government. The City Council is comprised of a Mayor and six Council Members. The resident voters choose the Mayor and three Council Members at large and the other three Council Members are elected from their prospective districts. The goal of the proposed budget for the City of Kyle is to maintain the current service...

Words: 1631 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Physics

...initial velocity of 33.8 m/s. How high does the ball travel above the ground? It goes up and then falls down to the ground below. How much time is it in the air total? [133.3 m, 8.67 s] 6. A ball is thrown straight down from a bridge with an initial velocity of 18.5 m/s. If it travels for 2.3 sec, how high is the bridge? [68.5 m] 7. A ball rolls down a ramp with very little friction. Which of the following is not true? (A) The ball covers a greater distance with each time increment. (B) The ball’s acceleration increases with each time increment. (C) The ball’s velocity increases with each time increment. (D) The distance that the ball covers in one second depends on the time and the ball’s initial velocity. 8. A race car accelerates at a rate of 15.6 m/s2. If it starts from rest, how much time until it is traveling at 325 km/h? [5.79 s] # 9 is on the back 9. A cart travels along a straight section of road. A velocity vs time graph illustrating its motion is graphed to the right. (a)...

Words: 458 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Logan

...arrival rate of 50: 15 seat plane: 352* 6.55/60+30.9*6.55/60*(15*0.65)*50=3565.79 50 seat plane: 672* 6.55/60+30.9*6.55/60*(50*0.65)*50=5554.89 150 seat plane 1590*6.55/60+30.9*6.55/60*(150*0.65)*50= 16618.17 For the arrival rate of 55: 15 seat plane: 352* 12.52/60+30.9*12.52/60*(15*0.65)*55=3531.08 50 seat plane: 672* 12.52/60+30.9*12.52/60*(50*0.65)*55=11665.67 150 seat plane 1590*12.52/60+30.9*12.52/60*(150*0.65)*55= 34908.10 For the arrival rate of 59: 15 seat plane: 352* 60.5/60+30.9*60.5/60*(15*0.65)*59=18278.29 50 seat plane: 672* 60.5/60+30.9*60.5/60*(50*0.65)*59=60422.10 150 seat plane 1590*60.5/60+30.9*60.5/60*(150*0.65)*59= 180836.77 b) According to the FAA definition of delay, the airport would only experience delays at an arrival rate of 59. Therefore, the cost for arrival rates of 50 and 55 for all planes would be 0 as there’d be no delay. For arrival rate of 59, the costs would be the same as part a). I’d expect that a delay of 15 minutes would mean little for the passengers, so the cost per passenger would be negligible as well. It’s also possible that the cost per passenger and operational costs aren’t evenly spread out over an hour (i.e. the first 15 minutes don’t contribute 25% of the cost). Given this information, and given the FAA’s expertise on the matter in the first place, only considering a delay a “delay” after 15 minutes seems reasonable. d) Given the dramatic effect even a small change in arrival rate has...

Words: 427 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Dell Case

...less space needed for inventory. Disadvantages include not having the product ready on time, and lack of control of time because Dell is depending on its suppliers. When technology was changing, Dell was able to jump on it fast. Dell was the first manufacturer to convert its entire major product line to the Pentium technology. Dell was able to offer faster systems at the same price its rivals were. Since Dell used just in time inventory, Dell was able to update any flawed chips and offer the new Windows 95 system the day it was launched. 2. Dell’s sustainable growth rate in 1995-1996 was: (Sales/Assets)*(Assets/E)*(Net Income/Sales)*(100%) (3,475/1,594)*(1,594/652)*(149/3475)*100% 2.1801*2.44478*.0429*.1 22.89% The actual growth rate is 1996: Ending Sales-Beginning Sales Beginning Sales (5,296-3,475)/3,475=52.40% Since the actual growth rate exceeded the sustainable growth rate which means that Dell was growing beyond what was sustainable which raised a red flag if they could keep in business for a long period of time. 3. We were not given definite rules for completing the pro forma statement. We increased everything as a percent of sales which was not...

Words: 509 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Lab 5.1 Flow Charts

...The Condition | True or False | attAverage >= verizonAverage | True | tmobileAverarge == 868 | True | verizonAverarge < spirntAverage | False | sprintAverage != attAverage | True | The condition | Expected Ouput | If tmobileAverage > 800 and VerizonAverage > 800 ThenDisplay “Both have average download rates over 800”ElseDisplay “One or both of the averages are less”End If | Both have average download rates over 800 | If sprintAverage == 800 ThenDisplay “Sprint download rate is 800”End If | Sprints download rate is 800 | If attAverage >= 1300 OR tmobileAverage >=900Display “Select either carrier”End If | Select either carrier | Score | Employment Category | Interview Possibility | 85 or above | Definite | Yes | 70- 84 | Likely | Yes | 60-69 | Maybe | Yes | 59 or below | No | No | Main Module() //Declare variable on the next 3 lines //Declare Interger testScore = 0 //Declare String category = “ “ // Declare String inverview = “ “ //Make Module calls and pass necessary variables on the next 4 lines //Module getScore() //Module employCat() //Module interviewPoss() //Module displayInfo() End Main Module getScore(Interger Ref testScore) //Ask the user to enter a test score End Module Module employCat(Integer testScore, String Ref category) //Determine what employment category they are in based on their test score //Similar to if the score is less than 60, then category is “No” //Otherwise, if score is less...

Words: 268 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Final Tds Rate Chart Fy 2009-10

...NEW TDS RATES APPLICABLE (AS PROPOSED IN THE FINANCE BILL, 2009) ` S. No. Particulars Nature of Payment Section IT 1 Salary 192 If recipient is an Individual or HUF Upto 30-09-2009 SC EC Total During 01-10-2009 to 3103-2010 IT SC EC Total IT If the recipient is a Domestic Company or Firm Upto 30-09-2009 SC EC Total During 01-10-2009 to 31-032010 IT SC EC Total SC not applicable. Only levy EC Payment in excess 10.00 of Rs.5,000 p.a Criteria for Deduction As per slab rates prescribed for women, senior citizens and other Individuals. 2 Interest other than interest on securities 194A 10 - - 10.00 10 - - 10.00 10 - - 10.00 10 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e Payments to Contractors (other than 3b to 3e) Payments to transporters, where PAN is not available Payments to transporters, where PAN is available Payments to Advertising Contractors Payments to Sub-contractors 194C 194C 194C 194C 194C 2 2 2 1 1 - - 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1 1 0 1 1 - - 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 2 2 2 1 1 - - 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 2 2 0 2 2 - - 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 Payment in excess of Rs.2,500 p.a Payment in excess of Rs.1,20,000 p.a Payment in excess of Rs.1,20,000 p.a Payment in excess of Rs.20,000 p.a Payment in excess of Rs.20,000/- per contract or Rs.50,000 p.a 4 Commission or Brokerage 194H 10 - - 10.00 10 - - 10.00 10 - - 10.00 10 - - 10.00 5a Rent...

Words: 540 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Standardized Tests Affect Student's Performance In Schools

...Five minutes left with fifteen questions remaining. The heart rate increases by twenty beats per minute. “A, C, B, B, B, B, B---” five of the same answer choices in a row, and the heart rate increases by ten more beats per minute. Realization that this test score could cause numerous desirable colleges to decide denial of an application occurs, which causes the heart to race as if the body is running twenty miles per an hour on a treadmill. Having to resort to filling the remaining answer choices with the infamous “Letter of the Day” follows with only thirty seconds left until potential self-destruction. Congratulations, a full-blown panic attack has been incited. Fortunately, not everyone experiences the dread associated with taking the outrageously...

Words: 1123 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Operating Budget

...Introduction The city of Kyle, Texas is on it’s way to becoming a full service community with targets to continue to grow their quality healthcare, higher education, and retail industries for the benefit of the local residents. According to the City Kyle website, Kyle is home to over 60,000 persons with a projected growth rate of 6.9% between 2010 and 2015 (www.cityofkyle.com). This total conflicts with the US Census website, which reports the City of Kyle was home to 29,293 residents in 2011, and had a projection growth of 4.6% (www.census.gov). Following the US Census calculation the population rate for the City of Kyle would project the 2012 population rate to be 30,640. The two totals conflict sufficiently and will evidently cause some confusion with the projected outcomes. The City of Kyle is considered a Home Rule City, a city with an adopted home rule charter for its local self-governance. In addition to being a Home Rule City, the City of Kyle also operates with a City Manager form of Government. The City Council is comprised of a Mayor and six Council Members. The resident voters choose the Mayor and three Council Members at large and the other three Council Members are elected from their prospective districts. The goal of the proposed budget for the City of Kyle is to maintain the current service levels for all necessary city services. The goals and objectives of the City is the guideline for forming the City’s yearly budget. The budget projection is slated...

Words: 1407 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Space Utilization

...Space Utilization Definition of space utilization: a measure of whether or not and how space is being used Measurements of Space Utilization Utilization Rate: * a function of a frequency rate and an occupancy rate Frequency Rate: * measures the proportion of time that space is used compared to its availability Occupancy Rate: * measures how full the space is compared to its capacity Utilization rates can be assessed in terms of both actual use and individual use. Note that a low frequency rate doesn’t mean that a room is not being utilized efficiently or effectively, nor whether any processes need to change. A low frequency rate only means that demand for that space was low during the period of time that was measured. However, when frequency rate is coupled with an occupancy rate, how often and how many occupants are occupying a space during the times the space is populated becomes visible. A low utilization rate may mean that processes need to change. Strategic Importance of Space Utilization Strategic Goals of Measuring Space Utilization: * Identification of the balance between space needs and space provision * Establishment of a basis for space allocation * Identification of best practices; standardization of processes * Observation of space utilization efficiency * Identification and highlighting of areas of under-use and over-use * Identification of the gaps between timetabled use and actual use * Recognition...

Words: 275 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

English 216

...This is a two part question. I need an outline created then a final draft for a project on turnover rates. The two files that are attached show the requirements and the second one is the outline template that HAS to be used. The two items are based off the following question: Employee turnover rates are high for many organizations, and you have noticed that the company you work for is no different. Research what other organizations are doing to hire and retain good employees in order to combat the high employee turnover rate. Use this research to make recommendations to the management of your organization. ENGL 216 Formal Report/Proposal Outline Template Your name: Directions: Refer to your textbook (Chapter 2, page 48 and Chapter 10, page 311) and the Week 4 Lecture to complete this outline. Write in complete sentences, not single words or short phrases. Be as detailed as possible, adding in-text citations for all references noted on your References page from Week 3, which should also be included here. The more information you place in this final outline, the less work you will have to do for the report drafts. Introduction: This section sets the stage and purpose of the report. See page 320 in the text for help in completing this section. (Minimum of one sentence per point) Purpose: Description/Background: Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace...

Words: 263 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Ethics of Accounting

... 2015 Ethics of Accounting 4350-01 Bennie and the Jets Jet Energy Company is a company that provides electricity to about 7 million customers in the southern states. Bennie Gordon is one of the accounting managers at the division level who reports to Sarah Higgins; she is the controller of the division where Gordon works at. Higgins reports to Sam Thornton; Chief financial officer, who he then reports to Vannessa Jones, CEO of Jet Energy Co. The company is only allowed a rate of return on operating income of 12.5 % on sales of electricity, if the company exceeds these rates they would have to give customers cut on the rate they pay. Bennie Gordon has recognized some of accounting entries have not been journalized correctly, causing the company not to cut rates. The case gives an example of how some insures give Jet Energy rebates all the way up to $30.5 million dollars and these rebates have been journalized incorrectly these account entries kept the company from reducing the rates for the customer. Bennie Gordon had known about the situation for about two years and kept quite, now he has decided to speak out and fix the issue. In the first question it ask what steps should Gordon take to make sure the accounting matter is addressed and what steps we suggest to be taken, as well as what are the obligations of Gordon, Higgins, and Thornton. We suggested that Gordon should report what he recognized as incorrect journal entries to the boss Higgins. After reporting...

Words: 496 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Acc 260 Week 6 Presentation of the Ceos Position

...http://homeworklance.com/downloads/acc-260-week-6-presentation-of-the-ceos-position/ ACC 260 Week 6 Presentation of the CEOs Position As the CEO of Kardell I must examine each of the views of the stakeholders and form a course of action concerning the sonox issue.  This course of action in which I choose will be solely based on facts and should be in the best interest of the company not on personal feelings of the concerned parties. The proposed plan would involve shutting the plant down for approximately a year and then only partially running for the next year in order to make the necessary upgrades to keep the contamination from happening.  The first group’s concerns I will examine will be the investors.  Their primary concern is the rate of return they get on their investment.  They have come up with an alternative plan to keep from shutting down the plant for the two years.  Their argument is that there is no evidence that the Sonox chemical have a negative impact on the environment or the health of the people in the community and because of these facts, the plant should not close for any period of time and loose profits.  The next group is the citizens of Riverside.  The citizen’s primary concern is the health of the people in their community and the affects of the environment of the contamination of the Sonox chemical that might be going into their water supply.  They understand that if the plant must be closed for a period it would hurt their economy in the community but...

Words: 392 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Kinetics

...15: Kinetics          15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 Week 15 Reaction Rates Rate Laws Forms of Rate Laws Integrated Rate Law Rate Laws: A Summary Reaction Mechanisms Steady-State Approximation A Model for Chemical Kinetics Catalysis CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 1 Reaction Rates: Example  Recap:  Avg. Reaction rate = +∆[Product]/∆t  Avg. Reaction rate = -∆[Reactant]/∆t Butane, C4 H 10, burns in oxygen to give CO2 and H2 O vapor. If the butane concentration is decreasing at a rate of 0.20 M/s, what is the rate at which the oxygen is decreasing? What is the rate at which the products are increasing? 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) Week 15 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) 2 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M Reaction Rates: Example Butane, C4 H 10, burns in oxygen to give CO2 and H2 O vapor. If the butane concentration is decreasing at a rate of 0.20 M/s, what is the rate at which the oxygen is decreasing? What is the rate at which the products are increasing? 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 0.20 M/s For oxygen: 0.20 mol C4 H 10 Ls Week 15 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) ? ? ? x 13 mol O2 2 mol C4 H 10 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M = 1.3 M O2 /s 3 1 Reaction Rates: Example Butane, C4 H 10, burns in oxygen to give CO2 and H2 O vapor. If the butane concentration is decreasing at a rate of 0.20 M/s, what is the rate at which the oxygen is decreasing? What is the rate at which the products are increasing? 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 0.20 M/s For CO2: 0.20 mol C4 H 10...

Words: 954 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

The Secret History of the Credit Card

...Credit Card 1. What is the main purpose of a usury law? Be specific. The purpose of usury laws was to regulate the maximum interest rates of loans. This law was created to protect borrowers from excessively high interest rates. It insured that lenders could not put the borrower in a situation where they were not able to fully pay off their debt. However, as said on investopedia.com, “In the United States, individual states are responsible for setting their own usury laws.” 2. Why did South Dakota decide to eliminate its cap on interest rates? South Dakota use to have very strict laws on the amount a lender could charge a borrower. Interest rate charges were highly regulated and because of this banks did not want to loan out any money. For example, an illustration from the article said “you could charge 9 percent, but money cost 11 percent”, so they would not issue a loan. This lead to South Dakota removing there cap on interest rates (usury laws). 3. Why were the usury laws strangling the banking industry? Be specific. Usury Laws were causing banks to be broke. As stated in the frontline video, “If you are lending money at 12 percent and paying 20 percent, you don't have to be Einstein to realize you're out of business.” Banks were losing billions in the credit card business. The rate of inflation surpassed the amount of interest banks were allowed to charge credit card borrowers. The usury laws were literally strangling the banking industry. Banks were...

Words: 629 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Determinants of Exchange Rates

...Determinants of Exchange Rates * The Purchasing Power Parity or PPP happens to be one of the most significant approaches to determine exchange rate. PPP is primarily based on the “Law of One Price”. However, this law is based on the assumption that identical goods are sold at equal prices. It is a flow model of the balance of payment. This law lays down that exchange rate of currencies have to compensate for the differences in prices of goods. The Relative PPP approach continues to be applied till date. This approach lays down the fact the exchange rate has to compensate for the difference in inflation rate. PPP is not a very reliable determinant since changes in technology, commercial policies, labor force and tastes change the national productivity, which in turn changes the real exchange rate. * The Balance of Payment Approach depends on the assumption that there exists an exchange rate and there exists internal and external equilibrium. The internal equilibrium is based on the assumption that there is full employment. The external equilibrium is the equilibrium in the balance of payments. This theory is more dependable as it can explain permanent deviations in PPP. This approach offers guidance on short term ups and downs. There are certain disadvantages of this approach. The model does not inform about the exact rate of unemployment. Next, the exchange rate does not maintain its consistency in accordance with the external accounts. * Monetary and Portfolio Approach...

Words: 307 - Pages: 2