...Skepticism, Rationalism, Empiricism, and Realism Skepticism well known as skepticism involves generally facts on the questions that articulate attitude, facts, beliefs, as well as opinions generated from claims granted elsewhere. Skeptical is a philosophical term and the anticipation of it is supposed to be supported by evidence. Many philosophers around the world, believes that skepticism is a pyrrhonist that refrains and position itself through claiming and making truth. Through various researches, skepticism is believed does not claim truth terming it as an impossible perception however, recommending suspension as belief. On the other hand, empiricism is closely related but not identical as far as academic skepticism is concerned. Through the study, we find that skepticism is comprised of two pragmatic type involving philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science, which is also known as radical empiricism (Greco, 2011). Meanwhile, rationalism is commonly an epistemology discipline that attests knowledge at large. This is a role as well as a source of knowledge that works and articulates justification. However, rationalism is defined as a theory based on the criterion of truth that lacks sensory not but with intellectual deductive. Reality plays a bigger role in refraining rationalism in that it asserts intrinsic and logic structure hence claiming that truth exist and through this intellect can directly grasp these truths at hand. Basing on this fact, as far as the...
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...Meaning, and Metaphysics DALILE, Boushra Rationalism vs. Empiricism: A Deficient Distinction Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It explores how knowledge can be acquired and considers its limits and validity. Rationalism and empiricism are distinct epistemological schools of thought. Among others, they differ significantly regarding the source of concepts and ideas. Prominent rationalists, including Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, argue that one must rely on reason as a purely deductive process to attain justified truths about reality (Cottingham 1988). In contrast, empiricists, including Locke, Berkeley and Hume, argue that knowledge is derived from the role of experience and sense data to formulate ideas. The question of what is the ideal foundation of knowledge is still debatable to date. I will argue that the rationalist vs. empiricist distinction is not exhaustive, and that carefully considering the approach-discipline relationship is crucial. In order to support this claim, this essay will discuss differences between rationalism and empiricism. Next, it will closely examine the advantages of each, drawing on the works of René Descartes and David Hume. Finally, this essay will identify problems with both theories and argue that reason and experience can together generate factual knowledge with respect to the subject matter. The major difference between rationalism and empiricism concerns their knowledge basis. Francis...
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...– Everything – Newton's Rules (see attached) In your book – Chemistry – Medicine 1 Age of Reason WH 2 Unit II 2 Age of Reason WH 2 Unit II Use of Reason (look it up) • Solves all problems (look at Kant “What is Enlightenment) • Provided new approaches to learning • Rationalism Two major schools of thought (at the time) • Inductive ◦ Roger Bacon • Deductive ◦ Rene Descartes 3 Age of Reason WH 2 Unit II Kinds of philosophies • Dualism ◦ Mind and Body are different ◦ Binary oppositions- Two fundamental principals for everything ▪ Not monism • Pantheism ◦ Promoted by Spinoza ▪ 'Deus sive Natura' (God or Nature) We are part of Nature as a whole whose order we follow... A substance cannot be produced from anything else : it will therefore be its own cause, that is, its essence necessarily involves existence, or existence appertains to the nature of it. (Spinoza, 1673) 4 Age of Reason WH 2 Unit II ▪ who also promoted the inferiority of women (see text or handout) • Empiricism ◦ I need to see it 5 Age of Reason WH 2 Unit II Major Philosophical Movements 1. Rationalism • Getting knowledge with thought primarily • Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and Leibniz “I cannot forgive...
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...Rationalism vs. Empiricism Both Rene Descartes and John Locke were philosophers who focus their attention on knowledge and reality. Rene Descartes was a rationalist, while John Locke was an Empiricist. In order to compare and contrast their views one must take a few steps. Firstly, one will need to identify what rationalism is and how Rene Descartes interpreted it. Then, one will look at John Locke’s position and define empiricism as well. Finally, one will compare both of their positions finding similarities and differences that liken and distinguish each. The Archetypes of Wisdom textbook define rationalism as “an epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge, superior to sense evidence” (Soccio, n.d.). To rationalists, people who practice the idea of rationalism, reason is the greatest factor one can rely on. Reason is something that is superior to the sense. Descartes believe that you can have what is know as priori knowledge. Priori knowledge, according to the textbook is “Truths that are not derived from observation or experiment, characterized as being certain, deductive, universally true, and independent of all experience.” (Soccio, n.d.) These ideas are sometimes called innate ideas. One example of an innate idea is music taste....
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...Epistemology PHL 215: Philosophy Methods and Applications November 21, 2011 Epistemology is a branch of study in philosophy that studies knowledge. “The broad definition accords the derivation of the term empiricism from the ancient Greek work empeira, “experience”.” (Empiricism, 2011) Epistemology consist of many elements surrounding justified belief such as what constitutes a justified belief; a belief could be justified because certain factors are present, or “what we experience through clusters of sensory impressions” (Moore, Bruder, 2011 pg.129) or a belief could be justified due to someone mental state. Epistemology distinguishes between adequate knowledge and inadequate knowledge. Copernicus during the 1600’s believed that theoretical knowledge was determined based on past events. Galileo fought with him in separating science from the church. Galileo claimed that individuals should be able to question and investigate matters which may be false in experience or reason. Galileo did not question the Church to rule in their domain, but matters which could be shown to be true or false in life’s observations should not be subject to scripture or justified only by scripture. “It is the separation of ethics from knowledge (of nature, history, etc), of the separation of science from the legitimate domain of the Church; he claimed the right of the people to investigate profane matters, questions which were capable of falsification in experience or reason...
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...The theory of knowledge, or Epistemology, is an important area in philosophy. Many great philosophical debates have developed because of the different views and principle issues dealing with epistemology. Although there are several principle issues in epistemology, my areas of focus are, empiricism, rationalism, Skepticism, and Justification. Empiricism is the theory that experience is the main focus in giving us knowledge of the world. Empiricists believe that knowledge without personal experience is impossible. Some empiricist believe that a new born baby come into the world knowing nothing and everything that they learn is only by experience. The mind is furnished with information from experience. The concept that all knowledge is arrived from the senses, leads me to believe that empiricist think that it is unreasonable to talk about things we have not experienced. Most radical empiricists believe that religions have no concrete evidence and consequently religious beliefs are insignificant. In essence, empiricism requires solid physical evidence to be considered knowledge. In contrast to empiricism, rationalism is the belief that reasoning is the most important aspect of acquiring knowledge. Rationalists believe that we have some instinctive knowledge. Certain things we just know with having personal experience directly disputes the theory that empiricists believe about newborn babies. Rationalists also believe that some truths can be worked out without having...
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...takes on a completely skeptical approach to the matter, not allowing any space for discussion. He, in basic terms, states that the relationship between cause and effect does not exist. On the other hand, Kant is more flexible, stating that, in some way, Hume is right, but in many ways, he is not. Second is the fact that, in his argument, Hume uses his understanding of empiricism and solely that to form a conclusion, while Kant uses traces of both empiricism and rationalism to explain his theory. Lastly, it is clear that Hume limits the mind. He gives no importance to the tool that is responsible for the progress of humanity, by solely talking about the importance of experience and the senses. Kant, again, is not biased, and uses both experience and reason as a basis to his argument, thus giving both these elements strength. These are three of the reasons why Immanuel Kant´s ideas on the relationship between cause and effect are more acceptable than that on David Hume. Kant is less skeptical, has a broader range and variety of arguments, and does not limit his understanding to one aspect of...
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...The source of knowledge comes from innate ideas and deduction, there is no posteriori knowledge. On the contrary, empiricism regards experience is the primary source of knowledge. Descartes’ universal skepticism and rationalism The key of Descartes’ epistemology is ‘universal skepticism’, unlike tradition skepticism, universal skepticism aims to find a first principle, which in Descartes’ epistemology is ‘The Cogito’. In order to look for a solid ground for knowledge, Descartes has to eliminate any unreliable knowledge, or source of knowledge, which the first will be sensory representations. In the first of the Meditations, Descartes questioned the reliability on delivery of senses: What I have so far accepted as true par excellence, I have got either from the senses or by means of the senses. Now I have sometime caught the senses deceiving me; and a wise man never entirely trusts those who have once cheated...
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...There is a distinct difference between rationalism and empiricism. In fact, they are very plainly the direct opposite of each other. Rationalism is the belief in innate ideas, reason, and deduction. Empiricism is the belief in sense perception, induction, and that there are no innate ideas. With rationalism, believing in innate ideas means to have ideas before we are born.-for example, through reincarnation. Plato best explains this through his theory of the forms, which is the place where everyone goes and attains knowledge before they are taken back to the “visible world”. Innate ideas can explain why some people are just naturally better at some things than other people are- even if they have had the same experiences. Believing that reason is the main source of knowledge is another clear distinction of rationalism. Rationalists believe that the 5 senses only give you opinions, not reasons. For example, in Descartes’ wax argument, he explains how a candle has one shape to begin with- but once the candle is lit, it begins to melt, lose its fragrance, and take on a completely different shape than it had started with. This argument proves that our senses can be deceiving and that they should not be trusted. Deduction is the third characteristic of rationalism, which is to prove something with certainty rather than reason. For example, Descartes attempted to prove the existence of God through deductive reasoning in his third meditation. It went something like this: “I have an...
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...Philosophers sometimes view the idea of human freedom of action as the real problem of free will, but this classification is one of the main misunderstandings in both subject matters. The misunderstanding between freedom and free will may have begun as early as the time when Thomas Hobbes and David Hume, argued their cases to support the theory of the modern concept of compatibilism. From both Hobbes’ and Hume’s perspective, to be free to act on one's will is basically to be free of external restrictions, limitations, constraints, and controls. From their perspective, the absence any external constraint gives makes the agent freedom to do as he or she wills, even if the person’s will itself is determined (or predetermined) by causal laws of nature. Factors That Affect Personal Development Take a moment to consider all of the genetic and environmental factors that have shaped who you are today, and you will quickly become overwhelmed. From gender, race, and socioeconomic background—to family dynamics, education, and genetics—there are millions of factors that have converged to make you who you are. Most people believe that humans are responsible for their own actions and that they all have the opportunity to make the right choices. But when you consider how large a role race, gender, wealth, and family upbringing all play in shaping an individual, can you truly believe that everyone has the same opportunities? Furthermore, are there some conditions under which people cannot...
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...Universe are two examples of conflicting texts that demonstrate opposing ways of viewing the world around us. The Matrix follows the views of an empiricist, set in a mental prison where people rely on their senses to an extent where they are completely oblivious to what is real. Chapter 28 of the Restaurant at the End of the Universe however focuses on a rationalist view through the character the Ruler of the Universe emphasising his day-to-day lifestyle and how he responds to what he conceives to be real. Although these texts present conflicting views upon the world, they are similar in the way they represent their ideas, and it is through these similarities that rationalism and empiricism maintain a conflicting existence. In the Matrix the director intentionally depicts Neo as being the embodiment of empiricism. The directors use of imagery through sombre lighting and choice of plain character costumes, lacking in brightness, colour and their ability to stand out portrays the world Neo is living in and by extension how he views it. This is also present in Lewis Carroll’s ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’ at the beginning of chapter one where Alice feels bored and drowsy whilst sitting at the river-bank with her elder sister. In one scene Morpheus directly references Carroll by offering Neo the chance to discover what is real. “… You take the blue pill the story ends, you wake up in your bed and you believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill, you stay in...
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...Question #1: What does Hume’s empiricism consist of? Hume’s empiricism consists of the theory that all of our thoughts begin, in some form, with our memory of something our senses have directly experienced. He points out “…that there is a considerable distinction between the perceptions of the mind, when a man feels the pain of excessive heat…and when he afterwards recalls to his memory this sensation or anticipates it by his imagination.” (p 388A) Hume breaks down “the perceptions of mind” into two parts: ideas or thoughts and impressions. Impressions are what have been left on our memory after having experienced something through our senses and thoughts are derived from these impressions. He claims that even when we imagine something completely wild and fantastical, that we are just blending our impressions. . Question #2: How does it compare to Descartes’ rationalism? Both, Hume’s empiricism and Descartes’ rationalism, theories revolve around our ability to think or to have thoughts and ideas different from our reality. They both break the mind’s perceptions into two parts; descartes’ being – “he believes that mental categories are what shape knowledge” the knowledge that we possess in our minds that actually perceive any distinctions about anything through are senses are what Hume would call these Impressions. The wax showed Descartes that even though he can perceive in different ways the same object, the object still exists. And Hume similarly claims that we only know...
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...of social science description and its relationships. Philosophy of social science deals with the generalized meaning of the thing & centered on the sharing of experience about the social world in which people’s perspective differs from one another. The various approaches analyze the social research on the basis of three grounds: Thematic analysis, meta-narratives and mini-narratives and lastly, cause-effect analysis. The changing pattern of the philosophical foundations continuously enriches itself with new dimensions and views about social world. Approaches of philosophy of science in social research There are certain approaches of philosophy of science in social research- * Realism * Empiricism * Positivism * Post positivism * Idealism * Rationalism * Functionalism * Structuralism * Utilitarianism * Instrumentalism * Feminism * Materialism * Skepticism * Nomothetic and Ideographic * Solipsism * Atomism * Holism * Perspectivism * Relativism These are described below- * Realism: Realism is a perspective of social research which represents itself as a dominant indicator on International politics. Context makes the situation. * Ontology: Social reality is stratified into three domains: * the empirical observations are made up of experiences and events through observations; * the real events whether observed or not and the reality consists of the existing processes, powers ...
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...important to understand his contributions to rationalism and his perception of human knowing. It is also essential to know and appreciate how his Allegory of the Cave depicts rationalism and human knowing, and parallels Christian thought. Finally, comparing and contrasting Plato’s worldview with that of his students Aristotle will provide a broader understanding of rationalism and human knowing, and Plato’s allegory. Plato made many important contributions to philosophy as well as to the rationalist tradition. Rationalism is the philosophy that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience (Princeton, n.d.). The first thing Plato taught was that our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience (Stanford, 2004). This teaching does not resonate with me, and I believe that while this may apply to some people, it does not apply to everyone—including myself. The second element he argued is that reason is superior to sense perception because sensation is incapable of providing the necessary elements which are present in knowledge (Nash, 1999). I partially agree with the reasoning of this element; however, I do believe that intuition—a sensory experience—can trump knowledge at times. Sometimes you may not have the knowledge to understand a situation, but you have the feeling that something is awry. In my opinion, this is an example of sense experience providing knowledge. Plato’s philosophy of rationalism led him to think in terms of hierarchy--putting...
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...Chapter 1-3 Question Assignment 1. Explain some of the benefits a student may gain by studying philosophy. Knowing philosophy can be very beneficial. It can help a student develop knowledge between knowing how and understanding how. Knowing helps comprehend questions, from different perspectives. Someone learning philosophy can improve their critical thinking skills and create their own thoughts, not just the thoughts of others. Reaching from within and providing your own ideas can help create and understand your own personality. Students will be able to improve their analytical, reasoning and evaluation skills. Overall any student studying philosophy can benefit greatly from it. 2. Explain the Socratic Method of Teaching. Is this a useful way for students to learn? The Socratic Method of Teaching dates back to ancient Athenian times. Socrates was the wisest man states the Oracle. Socrates replied saying “he was wise because he admitted his ignorance.” Sadly Socrates never wrote down any of his thoughts however, Pluto wrote dialogue that reflected his views. His method is a good way for students to learn because it helps them develop critical thinking skills. It helps students improve their skills in analysis and opening up to thoughts and ideas. This method helps provide a foundation for answers we are looking for and puts those answers into perspective. 3. Explain how critical thinking can be used to analyze a philosophical issue. Critical...
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