...Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children and Adolescents in Institutionalized and in Foster Care, and Adoptive Families Lisa W. Marshall Liberty University Abstract It is believed children exposed to early institutional rearing are at risk for developing psychopathology (McGoron, et. al., 2012). Comparisons were made to discover if Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was more prevalent in children raised institutions, foster care or adoptive families. Measurements included the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, Strange Situation Procedure, Disturbances of Attachment Interview, and the Preschool Aged Psychiatric Assessment (Smyke, et. al. 2012), the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Interview (Cone, et. al., 2009) in addition to the Reactive Affective Disorder Checklist (RAD-C) and the Relationships Problem Questionnaire (RPQ), in the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (Thrall, et al., 2009). These measurements were not only utilized to discover the existence of RAD, but to test the validity of the methods. Additionally, treatment studies including holding, narrative therapy, parenting skills training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, psychodrama, and/or neurofeedback (Wimmer, et. al.,2009) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cone, et. al.,2009) are examined. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) lists Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as a serious, directly linked...
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...Analysis of Timothy's Case Study PSYC 2700 Child Development Case Study Analysis Capella University March, 2014 Analysis of Timothy's Case Study Timothy’s story is about a sequence, or timeline of events showing how being in a certain environment can help shape a child’s development. Timothy’s behavior from the beginning was a perfect example of how children model after their parents or caregiver. He was exposed to violence at a very young age from his parents, and therefore that was how he learned how to express himself. With his parents out of work and in low paying jobs, the whole family was under a lot of stress. Timothy was spanked as a result of them not dealing with their stress in a constructive way. Even away from home, at an unauthorized daycare, he was subject to spanking. With the family having a limited income, Timothy continued to go to a daycare that was unclean, unhealthy and detrimental to his development. When Timothy started school at a public school he was not prepared. Having had no structure, healthy social interaction or exposure to learning, he was very behind his peers. He had limited experience controlling his emotions and therefore was subject to angry outbursts and an inability to follow the rules. By the time he was eleven years old; he failed a grade and was not able to continue to 6th grade with his peers and was even suspended for instigating a fight. Secure attachment is the term used to support...
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...Gaddy Liberty University Abstract The foster care system was designed to provide a safe temporary placement for children who can no longer stay in the care of their parents or guardian. The overall goal of foster care is for the children to return home to their caregiver. If the caregiver fails to regain custody the child is placed in other living arrangements, to include foster homes. However there is a controversy over the effectiveness of the foster care system in regards to child development. Foster care has been linked to negative impacts in child development to include; physical and sexual abuse, attachment disorders, and behavioral problems that eventually lead to children being placed in multiple placements and in some cases the juvenile justice system,. Children who are in foster care are a vulnerable group due to the being removed from their home, in some cases abruptly. It has been proven that the longer children living in foster care are subject to negative development more than children who do not live in foster care. Based on these factors the foster care system needs to focus more on the needs of the child so that positive development can occur. Keywords: child welfare, abuse, child development The Negative Impacts of Foster Care on Child Development The foster care system was designed to provide a safety net for children and families and to reunite children with their biological parents if possible (Martin, 2014). It is meant to provide children with a...
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...Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Rhonda Lawson Excelsior College Lifespan Developmental Psychology June 10, 2014 Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory I) Abstract a) A natural inclination b) Strength and stability c) Theory of lifespan development II) Introduction a) Evolution and biology b) Critical periods c) Behavioral study on graylag geese d) Creation of attachment III) Bowlby’s perspectives a) Biological preparation b) Ethological theory c) Adaptive value d) Physical, social as well as cultural e) Lasting relationships IV) Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment a) Survival b) Increases in cortisol levels and heart rates c) Psychotherapy d) Anxiety and avoidance with depression e) Development of a new attachment with a therapist f) Outcomes of a therapy process g) Diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder V) Conclusion a) Begins at birth b) Develop attachments to primary caregivers c) Widespread acceptance d) Diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder VI) References Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the...
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...Infant And Child Development Case Study 1 Physical, emotional and social interaction with contact, and nurtured prenatal care is critically important in neurological, physical, sensory, intellectual, cognitive, social and emotional development (Drubach, 2000). Just as babies are born with the instincts for surviving and orienting to their new environment, most parents are programmed to love and respond to their babies cues. The plasticity of the brain has a positive and negative side. Children who receive positive physical, social and emotional interaction are more open to learning and enriching influences. On the other hand, a baby's brain is more vulnerable to developmental problems when their environment is negative due to impoverished or un-nurturing (Berk, 2012). The child I chose to complete my case study on is Spencer Hanson, the five year old white male in kindergarten who has a hard time expressing emotion and lacks gross and fine motor skills. He is a very bright child that is above average in most subjects, but is very dis-organized. Even though Spencer exceeds in math, science and reading, he struggles with keeping his work organized, poor handwriting and sitting still listening during rug time. Spencer has a hard time sitting without falling over into another child's space. He seems to always be in deep thought that distracts him from good listening skills. Spencer was born prematurely with possible exposure to drug abuse and lack of prenatal care from his...
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...Privation of attachment means failure to form an attachment. Privation usually occurs when children have been kept in extreme isolation and therefoe have never had the opppurtunity to form an attachment. There are 3 main types of evidence regarding privation and those are longitudinal studies of children in instituational care; case studies of children raised in extreme isolation; and studies of reactive attachment disorder which is a category of mental disorder attributed to a lack of early attachments. A longiudinal study of ex-institutional children was done by Hodges and Tizard in 1989, to investigate the effects of privation by following the same children over a long period of time to collect reliable information linking early experiences to later outcomes for the same individual. The participants were 65 children who had been placed in an instituation when they were less than 4 months old. There was an explicit policy in the institution against caregivers forming attachments with the children. This would suggest the children experienced early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the institutionalized children had been adopted, 15 had returned to their natural homes and the rest remained in the institution. Assessment at the age of 8 and 16 years old involved interviewing those children who were adopted and those who had returned to their original homes. Their parents, their teachers and their peers were also interviewed. Data was also collected from a control group...
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...Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explained that many soldiers do not report their symptoms because of the fear of being viewed as weak (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, the incidence of PTSD can be as common among civilians as it is for those in the military. Barlow and Durand (2013) reported recent studies showing that those who are “raped, held captive, tortured, or kidnapped, or badly assaulted” are more at risk for developing PTSD than those who experienced military combat. While the reports conveying “zero” conditional risk of PTSD from exposure to military combat seem to need clarification, PTSD remains to be a debilitating condition for those who have the proclivity to develop the disorder. This paper will discuss the diagnostic criteria, etiology, effective treatment, and outcome research pertaining to PTSD. PTSD: A trauma and stressor-related disorder PTSD now belongs in the group of trauma and stressor-related disorders as published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Other disorders included in this group are: reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. Previously, these disorders were classified under anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (American Psychiatric...
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...If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed. Download the original attachment From this 3 days course on the 7 habits of highly effective people, I had gained knowledge and how to diligently apply these habits in my workplace as well as improving the quality of life. It may take several weeks of concentrated effort to break free from the "gravity" if old habits until new habits "kick in". Once developed, however, habits come naturally with little energy expended. In order to develop the habits, there is the maturity continuum where it shows the relationships among the 7 habits. It illustrates the stages of progression, how to become highly effective through moving from dependence to independence. For instance, we experience the private victory when we learn self-mastery and self-discipline (Habits 1-3). We then experience the public victory when we build deep, lasting, highly effective relationships with other people. (Habits 4 - 6). Habit 1 which is the habit of choice. It also means to be proactive in whatever we do.It results in increased influence, more self awareness, to become more initiative and to become the creative force of my life .The principle behind this habit is that one is free to choose and am responsible for the choices. By using proactive behavior instead of reactive behavior, the respond made will be based on principles and desired results rather then allowing outside influences to control their response. In my workplace, for...
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...events. Such fears can based on events that happened or just imagination and it affects the physical well-being of a person. Different studies have shown that anxiety disorders in different family members overlap. This may be due to the factors experienced while growing up, family factors and genetic transmission. A Childs needs and issues are diverse but a general assessment would indicate that all early experiences can lead to psychological problems. For example, a need to over-achieve, an anxiety disorder of a generalized nature or dysthymic disorder (mood disorder characterized by chronic depression). Such disorders can be traced to a long standing inability to derive satisfaction from one’s life alongside the family issues that worry people, the expectations from the society that leave one apprehensive and a person’s coping strategies which mostly are maladaptive (Corey, 2012). The details do not present a clear diagnosis as to anxiety disorder’s root cause in many cases, hence the need to be cautious when deciding on a therapeutic course of action. Everyone’s unique experiences bring up psychosocial challenges which may become the main focus of the clinical therapies. People may experience phase-of-life issues; present parent-child problems while at the same time having partner problems (Reinders et al, 2006). A great number of cases present spiritual problems and religious identity issues, problems arising from seeking an identity and occupational problems. Children...
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...distribute information has created a huge information management quandary. Our ability to communicate and distribute information “at will” has created potential significant corporate risk associated with failure to adhere to governmental, industrial, or self-imposed corporate compliance metrics. Although much is in place to regulate previous generations of communication and information distribution methods, recent technological advances have seriously taxed the viability of many long-standing regulatory compliance standards. In response, new interpretations and amendments to these standards have been instituted, thus resulting in many of these same corporations having to react to put their “house in order.” Defining the Challenge Recent studies indicate that approximately 80% of all corporate information...
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...inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Trait theory Greeks—4 humors (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic) Allport (student of Freud) Eysenck—unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted Costa & McCrae (Big 5) OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Assessment MMPI (used factor analysis, empirically derived) Cattell’s 16PF Person-situation controversy Walter...
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...time? What happens when these start to interfere with our everyday life? What if the enviorment around us is the major cause of depression? It’s not really hard to believe when you think about it as we are faced with mass unemployment, and a recession which can put heavy strain on even the most balanced of individuals and their interpersonal relationships around them. There are many interpersonal instances that can have the ability to lead to the onset of depression, such as the family environment, the socialization setting, and the discrimination against gender in certain cultures and instances. Depression has many brothers and sisters in the medical world, ranging from disorders such as Dysthymia, postnatal depression and in some extreme cases of depression such as Bio polar, and major depression (Unipolar). But no matter what the diagnosis is or how serious the depression is, depression is not trivial and is a real health condition contrary to what some people believe. It is not something that you can just snap out of and more importantly it is not a sign of weakness. For many people depression can affect them in different ways to other people with the same condition but normally the symptoms are similar. These can range from lack of sleep or too much sleep, weight loss or gain, unpredictable mood swings, thoughts of self-harm or suicidal tendencies, low self-worth, and no interest or motivation. These are just a few of the psychological symptoms but the major question in which...
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...LIFEBUOY CASE STUDY PROPOSAL BY MOHAMMED BALAWAL ARIF MOHAMMED ALI GILL AFIFA SHAMIM LSE Lifebuoy has been a germ killing soap since its inception and a key issue, which needs to be discussed, is its matters relating to Pakistan. In Pakistan, the rate of child mortality due to diarrhea and other diseases is considerably high and almost all of this can be attributed to hygiene. In fact, the hygiene industry owing to these factors has become immensely competitive. The matter in hand focuses on how to develop an engagement platform for children to connect better with the school program. Now the question a person may ask is why target children? It is observed that the people most affected by the diarrhea and other fatal diseases are children. On top of this the awareness level of these diseases in Pakistan especially in the rural areas is quite low. The following plan will focus on the aspect of sustainability whilst ensuring maximum possible consumer exposure and awareness. Our plan is built upon the key premises highlighted in the case study, and the plan will be elaborated on the basis of that. 1). THE IDEA When we were given this case study the first thing that came to mind was to establish a consumer profile. Our target audience would of course be children as well as mothers as a mother would always want to do the best for her child. Our targets would be primarily schools as well as households giving particular focus on rural areas. The basic premise...
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...and Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that result in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb , Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, Arias, 2008). The abuse of children has come to be a major social problem and a main cause of many people suffering and personal problems. Child abuse is a social problem that affects millions of children each year. Not only does child abuse have multiple society effects, but it also effect has individual effects that can create lifelong scars. There are many forms of child abuse, sexual, physical, verbal, and emotional. The most widespread form of child is sexual child abuse also known as incest. A study showed that about 27% of the women in every state of the union, and 16% of the men said they been sexually abuse as children. Child abuse is not always obvious, but the earlier it is caught the better the changes of recovery and appropriate treatment for the child. Knowing some of the warning signs of child abuse and neglect, a person can catch the problem as early as possible and get both the child and the abuser the help they need. Child abuse in the United States is principally the responsibility of state and local government. Each state has enacted laws defining child abuse and maltreatment, determining when outside intention is required, and establishing administrative and judicial structure to deal with child abuse when...
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...transmitted diseases, cancer, and obesity. This factsheet provides an overview of some of the most common physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences of child abuse and neglect, while acknowledging that much crossover among categories exists. Factors Affecting the Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Physical Health Consequences Psychological Consequences Behavioral Consequences Societal Consequences Summary References The Federal Government has made a considerable investment in research regarding the causes and long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. These efforts are ongoing; for more information, visit the websites listed below: LONGSCAN (Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect) is a consortium of longitudinal research studies on the causes and impact of child abuse and neglect, initiated in 1990 with grants from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. The size and...
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