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Realisme - French

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Cette époque est marque par la révolution technique et industrielle qui donne l’économie française une grande phase de croissance économique rapide et de grande prospérité. La bourgeoisie remplace l’ancien régime, l’aristocratie, et se méfie des libertés accordées au peuple, qu’elle perçoit comme une mass menaçante. Les paysans, par contre, quittent en grande nombre les campagnes pour venir former les nouvelles masses ouvrières des villes. C’est la naissance d’une nouvelle class sociale, le prolétariat, qui fait enrichir la bourgeoisie. Quand les années 1840 fut arrivées, les écrivains romantiques sont devenus moins populaires et les écrivains réalistes ont commencé à dominer. La littérature, pendant cette époque, a beaucoup changé à cause de l’économie et l’avancement dans la technologie. La littérature adoptera des approches tout à fait opposées les unes aux autres par contre. D’un cote, il y a des personnes qui veulent témoigner ce qu’ils voient et faire une connexion avec des expériences réalistes. Ce sont des idées du réalisme. D’un autre cote, il y a des personnes qui sont influencés par les récentes découvertes scientifiques et avec ça, ils feront des thèses avec un souci d’objectivité scientifique. Ce sont des idées du naturaliste. Enfin, il y a ceux, surtout des poètes, qui veulent dénoncer de manière diffèrent l’idéologie bourgeoisie de l’époque. Cette idée représente le Parnasse.
Le réalisme concentre plutôt sur la bourgeoisie et à la réalité intérieure, qui veut dire la psychologique de l’individu. Les réalistes, comme les naturalistes, essaient de présenter leur interprétation de la réalité, en essayant d’attirer notre attention sur les aspects négatifs de l’époque. A cause de le progrès scientifique et le matérialisme, les peintres devient de plus en plus populaires et ils se répartissent selon deux courants idéologiques : certaines de la class ouvrière veulent reproduire le plus objectivement possible les évènements de leur vie. Ces personnes sont des peintres réalistes. D’autres refusent cette réalité et se tournent vers l’imaginaire. Ce sont des peintres naturalistes. Alors, les premiers ouvrent la voie à l’impressionnisme et les seconds, à l’expressionnisme. L’expressionnisme Un mouvement cherchant à exprimer les sentiments et les émotions plutôt qu’à décrire la réalité ou la nature de façon objective. L’impressionnisme est une tendance artistique caractérisée par une vision émotionnelle et subjective du monde. A partir de l’impressionnisme, la peinture devient une perception de la réalité et non plus de l’imaginaire contre l’expressionnisme, quand la peintre crée l’art à partir de ses sentiments et émotions.

Et maintenant, la littérature réaliste. Enfin, c’est quoi la littérature réaliste? C’est une histoire qui a la prétention de montrer la réalité telle quelle, sans embellissement. Mais, l’œuvre du réaliste n’est jamais la vérité parce que les personnes ont toujours une interprétation différente. Cette nouvelle façon à penser est en fait, l’opposée de la vision d’un écrivain romanesque. L’imagination n’est plus la qualité maitresse du roman et ils utilisent comme nouvelle inspiration le réel et le présent pour mieux convaincre le lecteur de la justesse et de leur étude morale ou sociale. De plus, les écrivains créent des personnages et des situations qui n’étaient pas considérés très « artistique » : des ouvriers, des prostituées, des alcooliques, etc. Le romancier privilège le détail qui « fait vrai » et qui relevé souvent une interaction entre le personnage et le milieu. Avec tout ça, il y a deux types de héros qui habitent ces romans : un jeune homme de classe inferieure avec peu de ressource, mais avec des grands rêves qui battent contre des obstacles commun, comme la pauvreté ou un bourgeois défini dans et par sa médiocrité. Alors, le roman se rapproche donc du document humain parce que beaucoup de travailleur pendant cette époque était du côté plus pauvre. Les principales caractéristiques de l’écriture réaliste sont la narration, habituellement à la troisième personne, de l’évolution d’un milieu social ou d’un personnage, les descriptions très détaillées et le recours à un vocabulaire concret.
Un des romanciers réaliste le plus célèbre c’est Marie-Henri Beyle, aussi connu comme Stendhal. Il est né le 23 janvier 1783 à Grenoble. Orphelin a l’âge de sept ans, il passe la plupart de sa vie à travailler fort, mais rencontre beaucoup de problèmes financiers. C’est seulement après sont mort, qu’il connait le succès. Ses œuvres représentent le romantisme ainsi que le réalisme. Même s’il n’est pas tout à fait d’accord avec les idées du romantisme, la plupart de ses romans contiennent des thèmes romantiques. Le plus fameux de ses œuvres doit être « Le Rouge et le Noir ». C’est à la fois un roman psychologique, une étude de mœurs et une analyse sociale et politique. Le roman est divisé en deux parties : la première partie retrace le parcours de Julien Sorel en province à Verrières puis à Besançon et plus précisément son entré chez les Rênals. La deuxième partie porte sur la vie du héros à Paris comme secrétaire du Marquis de La Mole. L’écriture de Stendhal est à la fois simple et plaisant, claire et logique. Son lyrisme contenu qui refuse les trop longues phrases n’a rien à voir avec le style emphatique et contrasté des romantiques. Pour lui, le réalisme psychologique domine : il s’agit moins de viser la réalité objective que celle perçue par les personnages. A cette fin, Stendhal accumules les petits détails vrais qui révèlent un personnage et expriment sa perception de la réalité. De plus, il utilise aussi la satire pour dénoncer la médiocrité et l’hypocrisie de la société contemporaine.

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