...How valid is the view that the first Crusade succeeded to primarily due to the splits in Islam The first crusade was seen as a miracle that had never been accomplished before with the crusaders managing to stay alive on a numerous number of occasions especially after the siege of Antioch by the Muslims where the crusaders had their motivation utilised after the discovery of the holy lance where this was said to bolster their confidence and defeat the Turks. Also the luck the crusaders had for example on the first crusade the crusaders were able to defeat and surprise Kilij Arslan forces due to the failure of the people crusade where this undermined the Turks opinion on the crusaders forces. And lastly another factor for the success of the crusades was due to the piety of the crusaders such as the monks and the discovery of the holy lance with the crusaders wanting to liberate Jerusalem for the infidel. The splits in Islam can be seen as one of the main reasons why the crusaders managed to achieve the unpresented success in the first crusade. Although not know to the crusaders at the time Islam in the region was divided with the Sunni base in Baghdad with the Abbasid caliphate and a Shiite Fatimid based in Cairo Egypt. Theses splits actually helping the crusaders make alliances with the Fatimid’s however this did not last long. The splits in Islam can be seen as hindering the progress of defence of the crusades especially within the areas such as the crusader states where there...
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...The Crusades were a bloody religious war, they had a goal to have conquest of The Holy Land, but they had failed that goal. They also had left a bad remembrance of hatred behind them. In the Middle East, Christians and Muslims committed an awful violation in the name of religion. In Europe, Crusaders sometimes turned their anger on the Jews, kill the entire communities. The Crusades were fought between 30,000 people from Europe and the Seljuk Turks, who had taken total control of The Holy Land from the Arabs. The main Crusades took over a period of 200 years, they began in 1905 and continued till 1272. The Crusades are more negative, for example relations between Muslims and their Christian and Jewish subjects worsened. Commerce with the...
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...‘The disunity of the Muslims was the main reason for the success of the first crusade’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view Muslim disunity did contribute to the First Crusade success as it allowed the Christian side to fight against the odd numbers and win battles as the Muslims were in disarray. The disunity of the Muslims led to the victory at Dorylaeum in June 1097. Muslim disunity also led to the crusaders gaining Jerusalem and that the capture of Jerusalem was a success because of the conflict between Kilij Arslan and Danishmend in the city of Isfahan. By 1099 Christendom was in control of Jerusalem the ultimate reason for the First Crusade. The Muslim disunity was in leadership and in religion. The Muslim army did not trust the leadership and this made it easier for the crusaders to get them to betray their own people as they did not trust or like them. The Arab empire was too large for the leaders to rule effectively over it and was quickly dissolved; the first dynasty was founded in North Africa 777AD, this led to war lords diverting manpower that could have threatened the Christians invasion against themselves. This allowed the Crusaders to win and claim many areas like; Antioch October 1097 – June 1098. Also, Ridwan of Aleppo brought his army to aid the city when surrounded by the crusaders, only for it to be ambushed by them in February 1098, as the army of his brother Kerbogha of Mosul approached. There was disunity apparent within the siblings themselves...
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...view the Crusades as an honored Christian conquest to reclaim the Holy Land back from the Muslims. Like history, the Crusades cannot be itemized into one set place; there are many different views. Looking at the first Crusade, there are the views of the Franks (Western Christians), Byzantines (Eastern Christians), and the Muslims. Texts giving insight to these views include: Pope Urban at Clermont by Fulcher of Chartres, The Alexiad by Anna Comnena, The Damascus Chroncile by Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders by Raymond of St. Giles, and The Conquest of Jerusalem by Ibn Al-Athir. Even though the idea of the first Crusade is clear, the reason why many ‘crusaded’ has to do with many different reasons and many different people. These texts describe views on Muslim accounts, Byzantine, and Frank accounts of how the Crusade affected them. One of the different people involved was the Franks. Out of the three so-called people of the first Crusade the Franks had the most to win. If they were to gain the Holy Land, that would give them more land to rule which was probably highly favored in the eyes of kings, nobles, and vassals. In Pope Urban II eyes this gives him a chance to extend the church’s power. So when the Byzantine Empire asked for help against Turks, the idea of a crusade was imminent. Urban II stated in Fulcher of Chartres, “Manifold evils were growing in all parts of Europe because of wavering faith” (Reilly 354). This text gives reason for a crusade...
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...Olivia Coolidge’s Tales of the Crusades follows events occuring along seven crusades, spanning over 300 years. It depicts the happenings of the world from 1094-1464, displaying many aspects of life in that time period. The first event in the book follows the soldiers along the First Crusade, with the second scene coming years later, entailing King Baldwin IV’s rule and loss of Jerusalem to Saladin. Next, Coolidge details the planning of the Third Crusade and The execution and failure of the Children’s Crusade. Lastly, the book covers the Knight’s Templar and their doubt in the holiness of the Crusades, along with the final attempt to recapture constantinople, executed by Pius II. Throughout the novel, Coolidge displays many social aspects contained...
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...The crusades were a series of Wars fought over the Holy Land Jerusalem, between Christian Europe and Muslim Asia. Jerusalem held a high significance to Christians because the Church of the Sepulchre was built upon the hill Christ was crucified on top of. The start of the Crusades was influenced by Pope Claremount in 1095. There were about nine crusades in total, the first four were known as the Principal crusades, and the four remaining, Minor crusades. The Holy crusades had many effects on both Europe and Asia. Before the 11th century most Christians were encouraged and even welcomed by the Muslim people of Jerusalem to journey on pilgrimages to experience Christ. Muslims had an open policy for pilgrims seeing them as a source of revenue. In the 1065 the Turkish took over control of Jerusalem and murdered Christians. The Pope Urban II hired a man named Peter the Hermit, a native monk of France, to spread the word and influence people to stand up and fight against the Infidels controlling Jerusalem and attacking Europe. August 15th 1096 marked the start of the crusades into Asia. The most important Crusades are the first four known as the Principle crusades. 3000 Christians were slaughtered in Jerusalem, prompting the first crusade, known as the People’s Crusade, made up of all kinds of classes of people, men, women, and children. Many preachers’ excited people of Europe, swaying them with their words of “Gods Will” to set out on a march to Jerusalem. The first crusade...
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...The Fundamental causes of the Crusades Derek A. Shuman The ancient World had the territorial Peleponesian war between Athens and Sparta. After that, the Persian swept in and conquered much of Greece, along with the rest of the Mediterranean area. Alexander retook possession of Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). Then came the Romans, who also conquered Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). But after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Mediterranean fell into the hands of the Muslims. So, since 638 AD, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims. The Muslim Caliphs were, at heart, capitalists, and they tolerated Christian pilgrims because the tourist money helped the economy. But then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were recent Muslim converts) conquered these Holy Lands and mistreated the Jews and Christians, not realizing how useful their good will (and money) could be. The Byzantine Empire was also threatened by the Turks. Emperor Alexius asked the pope for assistance. Pope Urban II, a skillful orator, seeing an outlet for the violent energy of Christian knights, made an urgent speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade. Dates and Leaders of the Crusades: Urban II made his speech calling for Crusade at the Council of Clermont in November, 1095. He combined the idea of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with waging a war against the infidels. When he also promised complete absolution past present and future...
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...Carta The High Middle Ages The Christian religions rise to supremacy in the middle ages was the result of several factors. Christians had long been persecuted by the Roman Empire because the Romans felt that Christianity challenged and offended the Greco-Roman Gods and the Christians were prone to revolt against Roman rule. Christianity survived because it had many teachings that appealed to the downtrodden in Roman society, these teachings being that even though they were suffering they would gain equality and possibly superiority in the next life, Christianity gave them hope. When Emperor Constantine “converted” to Christianity, this conversion is not fact and often debated, after the Christian God gave him a vision that he would win a battle if he put the sign of Jesus Christ on his soldier’s banners. He did and won the battle decisively giving credit to the Christian God and then proceeded to favor Christianity over all religions in the Empire. Constantine’s favor was the turning point in the Christian religion. Under his rule Roman citizens converted in droves. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed around 476 A.D. all non-religious authority broke down throughout this empire and central Europe. Germanic tribes began to invade and take over these areas and the rule of law became almost non-existent. The Catholic Church maintained its organization giving the Christians a place to look for guidance during this dark time only increasing their power and influence...
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...Crusaders Casey Roden THEO 350-B13 The crusades are something that I love to read about. Not only are they filled with action, but also mystery. As a kid I remember watching things like Indiana Jones or even Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and wanting to know more about the time period. I would love to travel to the areas that the Crusades went through. The crusades were a series of holy wars called by popes with the promise of indulgences for those who fought in them and directed against external and internal enemies of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people. Crusaders would take a vow and granted indulgences. The Crusades are often related to pilgrimages, spreading Christian love and piety that paid for penalties earned by sin. Crusades were a combination of Holy war and pilgrimage to produce the concept of indulgence, “remission of penance and/or sin granted by papacy for participation in sacred activity”. This paper will be looking to answer the question, “Although there were clearly political, intellectual, and technological benefits to Europe as a result of the Crusades, can it be said that the Crusades advanced the cause of Christ?” Scholars argue what is covered as a Crusade and what is not. There are traditionalists that limit the true crusades to expeditions aimed at recovering or protecting Jerusalem. Pluralists, regard any expedition preached as a crusade in which the participants took crusading vows...
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...EVAN 101-B23 LUO 10/10/11 Methods of Evangelism Paper Part ONE - Evangelistic Method #1 The Four Spiritual Laws is an intellectual method of evangelism, which, as it’s title suggests, identifies four spiritual laws that direct an individual’s relationship with God. It was created by Dr. Bill Bright, founder of Campus Crusade for Christ, in 1952. The four laws, as sited on CampusCrusade.com, are: (1) God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life. (2) Man is sinful and separated from God. Therefore, he cannot know and experience God’s love and plan for his life. (3) Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for man’s sin. Through Him you can know and experience God’s love and plan for your life. (4) We must individually receive Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord; then we can know and experience God’s love and plan for our lives. An advantage of this method is that it begins with positive note, “God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life,” which may cause non-Christians to be more receptive to the message. Due to the fall and sin, mankind is at variance with God (Ephesians 2:13-16) and there may be a tendency to reject a message concerning God without ever hearing the message. However, starting with such a positive introduction may cause an individual to “lower his guards” so he can hear the Gospel. Another advantage of this approach is that it can be easily communicated in print form and makes for a useful tract, especially considering the positive...
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...Methods of Evangelism Paper Part ONE - Evangelistic Method #1 The Four Spiritual Laws is an intellectual method of evangelism, which, as it’s title suggests, identifies four spiritual laws that direct an individual’s relationship with God. It was created by Dr. Bill Bright, founder of Campus Crusade for Christ, in 1952. The four laws, as sited on CampusCrusade.com, are: (1) God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life. (2) Man is sinful and separated from God. Therefore, he cannot know and experience God’s love and plan for his life. (3) Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for man’s sin. Through Him you can know and experience God’s love and plan for your life. (4) We must individually receive Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord; then we can know and experience God’s love and plan for our lives. An advantage of this method is that it begins with positive note, “God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life,” which may cause non-Christians to be more receptive to the message. Due to the fall and sin, mankind is at variance with God (Ephesians 2:13-16) and there may be a tendency to reject a message concerning God without ever hearing the message. However, starting with such a positive introduction may cause an individual to “lower his guards” so he can hear the Gospel. Another advantage of this approach is that it can be easily communicated in print form and makes for a useful tract, especially considering the positive opening law. One disadvantage...
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...to look first at where this notion came from, and that was Feudalism. Feudalism was a contrasting system dealing with political and military relationships existing among members of the higher social class, Kings, Lords and other owners of large lands in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. The Feudal system started by the granting of fiefs, chiefly in the form of land and labor, in return the lord would receive political and military services that was usual sealed by oaths of fidelity, instead of a written out contract. The Lord and vassal would be interlocked in a bunch of mutual rights and obligations, to the advantage of both. Where the lord owed his vassal protection and the vassal owed his lord a specified number of days annually in military service and supplies of goods, and the lord were expected to provide a military for his king. With that “feudal warfare” would arise as Kings would try to obtain more land then each other and expand their territory. As mentioned in class the Carolingian Empire was the first great European dynasty, it would unite all the small Frankish kingdoms that had established themselves in Gaul and this is where the early form of feudalism was used to raise the Carolingian armies. One of the major conditions that lead to the emergence of “feudal warfare” was the successive waves of invades that the different kingdom of Europe would face. Over the next three centuries there would be successive waves of attacks. The first of these...
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...ABSTRACT McDonald's is a worldwide fast food eatery. They extended their business in worldwide scale. It is clear that McDonald's surpassed other fast food joints as far as deals and notoriety in global level. The point of this undertaking is to figure out how this organization added to its promoting methodologies distinctively in Indian market. By making a similar investigation of McDonald's distinctive of operation and showcasing systems will be coordinated with their advancement circumstance. Exploration is in light of web sources and speculation of this undertaking is in view of the publicizing methods taken after by McDonald's. The report is begun with general data of McDonald's Presentation, publicizing crusade and report structure....
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...other world was a major contradiction to what life in medieval times was actually like. I have read many articles describing medieval life as being hard, rough, unrelenting, a constant struggle for survival, routinely fighting off invading armies, and those who did live glorious lives were a select few. But when one would read one of these three stories they could visualize King Aurthur’s court which was full of brave knights who had beautiful wives, and one could only hope that somehow he would find himself in this wonderful place and everything would be just fine. This is why these stories were so popular because they could transport the reader from there most likely their miserable life to a place that was far from miserable. Let’s first look at what fighting was going on during the time the time period these Romance poems were written. Urban Figure Holmes in his biography “Chretien de Troyes” estimates that Chretien wrote Erec and Enide sometime around 1170 A.D. During this time period there was a lot of fighting taking place in Europe. I...
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... Southwest Airlines 2 Southwest Airlines: What is Southwest Airlines Doing Right? Time and time again Southwest Airlines has been recognized for its outstanding customer service, employee loyalty and unorthodox leadership methods. Southwest Airlines success can be attributed to the enforced morals and belief system of its leaders; they treat their customers fairly and their employees like family. There are numerous reasons why Southwest Airlines has been so successful; some of the most important being employee and customer satisfaction, keeping costs down and strong future initiatives. These key areas would not be what they are today without the strong leadership behind this great company. Southwest also believes in educating its employees formally and informally, Southwest Airlines Chief Executive Gary Kelly incorporates several policies of his own to keep the company going. These policies are: First question authority and challenge convention, second remove the fear of failure, third make work an adventure, and fourth play to win, don’t play not to lose. Southwest Airlines has one of the lowest absenteeism rates of major companies and almost a complete lack of tardiness on staff, as a reward Southwest Airlines implemented casual Friday’s everyday. The leadership believes that employees will be happier and more productive when they don’t have to worry about what to wear in the morning; therefore dress codes are not enforced in any of the offices Southwest...
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