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探讨北京垃圾分类的民众意识的成效
作者:王博然、陈奕勳

学校:新加坡华侨中学

责任编辑:刘俊师
[内容摘要]
中国为了达到可持续发展,自 2000 年就在北京展开了垃圾分类工作。
本论文研究的是北京居民对于垃圾分类的意识,以推导出北京垃圾分类
13 年来的成效。本论文调查发现,北京居民缺乏足够的垃圾分类意识,
垃圾分类的政策也不够全面、成熟,无法达到其它发达国家在垃圾分类上
所获取的成绩。
关键词定义
固体垃圾分类回收:简称垃圾分类,指的是从固体垃圾产生的材料与源头
开始,按照不同材料处置方式的要求,将固体垃圾分别集中与收集送往相
应的待处理场所;是固体垃圾资源化、减量化与无害化的基础和前提。
[一、引言]
20 世纪以来,经济的飞速发展和城市化的不断推进导致城市固体垃
圾的排放急剧增加。由于传统处理固体垃圾的填埋法会占用大量有限土地,
还会造成二次污染,多数发达国家自上世纪 70 年代起,就开始实行城市
固体垃圾分类收集处理,不仅回收了大量资源,而且还减少了固体垃圾增
多所带来的环境污染,在很大幅度上降低了城市固体垃圾的处理费用。
随着 21 世纪中国经济的兴起、城市的不断扩大,中国迈向了成为发
达国家的道路上,也不得不转向可持续发展的目标,创立循环性经济。为
此,中国中央开始关注城市固体垃圾的处理,实行垃圾分类政策。不过,
无论是在垃圾分类设施的普遍性,还是在人民对于垃圾分类的积极性,或
是垃圾分类政策的全面性,中国国内的垃圾分类状况都远远不如日本、德
国、美国等发达国家。
2013 年 11 月,北京市人大代表宣布要将“垃圾分类”这一门课纳
入北京市中小学教材。同时,中国网民对于国家垃圾分类政策的讨论也如

火如茶地在互联网上展开了。从而可见,垃圾分类已经成为了中国社会上
的一项热题。
[二、研究问题]
2.1 研究目的
首先,本论文将会研究北京垃圾分类的一些措施,了解北京垃圾分
类的基本状况。其次,本论文会探讨北京市民对于垃圾分类的意识,并从
此推导出北京垃圾分类的成效。
笔者作研究之前预测,北京市民对于垃圾分类的意识将会不足,而
北京的垃圾分类因此将无法达到所需的成效。
2.2 研究方法
首先,本论文将会通过互联网网络资料和新闻报道了解中国以及其
它发达国家的垃圾分类状况。本论文也会参考一些有关书籍做研究。其次,
本论文会使用调查问卷的方式,采访北京市居民并从中了解北京市民对于
垃圾分类的意识。
[三、研究结果]
3.1 背景介绍
中国 2000 年开始在北京等 8 个主要城市实施垃圾分类投放和处理的
试点工作, 要求社区居民按分类垃圾桶标准进行垃圾分类投放。对于北京,
垃圾分类处理也是 2008 年北京奥运会的一项重要承诺。
2010 年,北京市的垃圾分类试点小区仅有 600 个。到了 2011 年,
北京市增加 1200 个垃圾分类试点小区,2012 年再增加 600 个。截止到
2012 年底,北京共有 2400 个垃圾分类试点小区,占全市居住小区的 50%
以上。北京市表示,到了 2013 年年底,北京将会再增加 600 个垃圾分类
试点小区,让垃圾分类试点小区占北京市总居住小区的 75%。2013 年,
北京市也将分类垃圾桶分发到 7000 户居民家里。
在北京,垃圾分类主要是在垃圾处理中心通过一次人工粗选,将垃
圾普遍分类为四类:

1)
2)
3)
4)

可回收垃圾:再生利用价值较高,能进入废品回收渠道的
垃圾。
厨余垃圾:厨房产生的食物类垃圾以及果皮等。
有害垃圾:含有有毒有害化学物质的垃圾。
其他垃圾:除去可回收垃圾、有害垃圾、厨房垃圾之外的
所有垃圾的总称。

按照首环委和首都文明办的指导意见,北京市的垃圾分类试点小区
要组建垃圾减量垃圾分类指导员,即“绿袖标”指导员队伍,通过“绿袖
标”指导员普及垃圾减量垃圾分类知识,提高居民垃圾分类方法知晓率和
正确投放率。按照规划,北京市的垃圾分类试点小区都要分别成立 1 支
“绿袖标”指导员队伍,人数按每 80 至 120 户设置两名指导员配置。
同时,北京市也建立相应的管理制度和激励机制。北京市为了加强
垃圾分类工作的信息公开与监管:在垃圾分类试点小区安装信息公开提示
牌,并也建立了“北京生活垃圾分类网”,定期公示垃圾分类工作的信息。
《北京市生活垃圾管理条例》也于 2012 年 3 月正式实施。

3.2 调查结果
为了探讨北京居民垃圾分类的意识,本次论文在北京访问了 76 名北
京居民,调查地点主要为北京的一些公园(如紫竹院公园、地坛公园、森
林公园等)。此外,本论文也访问了北京师大二附中的一些师生们。
3.2.1 调查对象的成分
调查对象中,47%是男性,51%是女性,2%没注释性别;男女比例
相当平等。
[图表一] 调查对象的性别

2%



47%



51%



调查对象最高年龄为 76 岁,最低年龄为 15 岁,平均年龄为 33 岁。
其次,57%的调查对象在于 1029 的年龄段。因此,本论文的调查对象一
大部分都是北京的青少年。
[图表二] 调查对象的年龄
1%

3%
10~19

9%

24%

9%

20~29
30~39
40~49

8%
13%

50~59
60~69
33%

70~79


3.2.2 调查内容
据[图表三]显示,100%的北京居民认为垃圾分类非常重要或重要,
而认为垃圾分类非常重要的人是认为垃圾分类重要的人的两到三倍。这说
明了,北京居民的基本垃圾分类意识还是蛮强的;而垃圾分类的问题与全
球暖化的问题有所不同,基本上没有任何人认为垃圾分类无关紧要。
[图表三] 北京居民对垃圾分类的观点

非常重要

28%

重要
不重要
72%

非常不重要

据[图表四]显示,只有少于一半人数的北京居民总是或经常认真使用
分类垃圾箱,而总是认真使用垃圾分类箱的人比经常使用垃圾分类箱的人
少 8%。如果把有时认真使用分类垃圾箱的中间人数画出图外,偶尔与从
不认真使用分类垃圾箱的北京居民人数只占总北京居民人数的 15%而远少
于总是或经常认真使用分类垃圾箱的人数。虽然如此,有时认真使用垃圾
分类箱的人数占北京居民的最多成分(37%)意味着多数居民会依个人情
绪以及当天各种因素来决定自己是否会认真对待分类垃圾箱,垃圾分类并
非深入人心。
[图表四]也与[图表三]的调查结果形成了鲜明的对比,说明了北京居
民虽然在意识形态上对垃圾分类有了基本的了解,他们还未把这种意识转
移为行动。
[图表四] 北京居民认真使用分类垃圾箱的次数
2%
13%

20%

总是
经常
有时
偶尔

37%

28%

从不

从垃圾分类意识的角度来探讨的话,[图表五]的调查结果要比[图表
四]更为差劲一些。与[图表四]相比,总是垃圾分类的人数降低了 15%,经
常垃圾分类的人数降低了 4%,偶尔垃圾分类的人数增长了 11%,而从不
垃圾分类的人增长了 12%。有时垃圾分类的人数仍然占北京居民的最大成
分(33%),对垃圾分类的态度犹豫不决。不过,偶尔或从不在家中垃圾
分类的人数已比总是或经常在家中垃圾分类的人数高出一截(9%),而总
是在家中垃圾分类北京居民只占经常在家中垃圾分类人数的 1/5 左右。
显然的,北京居民在家中垃圾分类要比认真使用公共分类垃圾箱还
要不情愿。笔者认为这是因为如果是公共分类垃圾箱的话,居民将垃圾进
行分类也不需费太多精力;但如果在家中进行垃圾分类,那么需要自己设
定分类垃圾箱,就显得有些太麻烦了。可见,北京居民的垃圾分类意识还
远远不足够。
[图表五] 北京居民在家中垃圾分类的次数

14%

5%
24%

24%

总是
经常
有时
偶尔
从不

33%

[图表六]显示,50%的北京居民少次或没有接受过垃圾分类的宣传教
育。只有 20%的北京居民很多次或多次接受过垃圾分类的宣传教育,而很
多次接受过垃圾分类宣传教育的北京居民是多次接受过垃圾分类宣传教育
的北京居民的 1/3。值得注意的是,这次调查结果显示,少次受垃圾分类
宣传教育的北京居民要比有时候受垃圾分类宣传教育的北京居民多出 2%。
这与之前的两个图表的调查结果都有所不同(是“少次”而不是
“有时候”形成多数),显示着北京官方所做出的垃圾分类宣传教育实在
不足够,需要改进。
[图表六] 北京居民受垃圾分类宣传教育的次数

18%

5%
15%

很多次
多次
有时侯
少次

32%

没有

30%

据[图表七],多达 53%的北京居民表示自己缺乏垃圾分类习惯的原因
是因为自己时间匆忙。问题在于正确使用公共分类垃圾桶只会多花几秒钟
的时间,而在家中进行垃圾分类时根本不存在时间上的问题。因此,“时
间匆忙”的原因其实是个伪原因,是北京居民缺乏足够垃圾分类意识的一
个外壳。
33%的北京居民表示,他们没有垃圾分类习惯是因为他们不知道如
何进行垃圾分类,而 17%的北京居民表示他们的环保意识较差。这显然是
北京官方在垃圾分类宣传教育上的一个失败,也符合[图表六]的调查结果。
30%的北京居民表示自己没有垃圾分类习惯是因为国家监管力度不
够,说明了北京官方现在所有的垃圾分类政策并不足够而有待改进。7%的
北京居民表示自己没有垃圾分类习惯是因为垃圾分类与自身利益无关。这
说明只有少数的北京居民没有垃圾分类习惯是因为个人的自私。
[图表七] 北京居民不进行垃圾分类的原因
60%

53%

50%
40%

33%

30%

30%
20%
10%
0%

17%
7%

北京居民进行垃圾分类时有平均 62%的正确率。据[图表八]显示,口
香糖残余物与烟头的垃圾分类正确率最高,高达 97%。易拉罐、果皮、广
告纸片的垃圾分类正确率也相当得高。垃圾分类正确率最低的为旧衣服与
废电池,分别是 28%和 33%。
笔者认为,如口香糖残余物、烟头、易拉罐、果皮以及广告纸片等
垃圾多数人可以通过生活常识来学习如何进行正确的垃圾分类,这五种垃
圾的平均垃圾分类正确率为 91%。不过,对于剩余的其它七种垃圾(平均
垃圾分类正确率为 42%),基本的生活常识就不足以让北京居民对于它们
进行正确的垃圾分类了。这也进一步证明了北京官方的垃圾宣传教育实行
得不足够。
[图表八] 北京居民对可回收垃圾的认识度
120%
100%

97% 95%

97%

92%
75%

80%
60%
40%

54%
28%

37%

53%

45%
33%

41%

20%
0%

据[图表九]显示,有 18%的北京居民对“如何进一步推广垃圾分类?”
这道题没有建议,而只有 15%的人提出了意义较强的建设性建议。由此可
见,北京居民对垃圾分类的关注与重视还不足够。
[图表九] 垃圾分类建议的成分

15%

18%

建设性建议
基本建议
没有建议
67%

据[图表十]显示,大多数北京居民(60%)建议增加官方对于垃圾分
类的宣传教育。其次,北京居民建议官方改善分类垃圾箱、增强监管力度、
以及在学校教育学生们垃圾分类的知识(都少于 25%)。其它建议都占少
数。
调查结果可以说明增加宣传教育重要性;但笔者也认为,建议的简
单与一致性表示北京民众并没有对垃圾分类的问题作出深入思考,而不太
重视垃圾分类。这也符合[图表九]的调查结果。
[图表十] 垃圾分类的建议
70%

60%

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%

23%
10%

13%

19%

15%
3%

13%

8%

0%

[四、结论]
综上所述,北京居民虽然对垃圾分类有了初步的了解,大部分的北
京居民还没有积极地参与垃圾分类。北京居民也缺乏足够的垃圾分类知识,
并也不太重视垃圾分类。其次,北京官方的垃圾分类宣传教育做得不足够,
需要增加;垃圾分类的整体措施与行动方针也有待改进。

由此可见,北京从 2000 年开始的 13 年垃圾分类只能算在极少部分
上成功了,而大部分垃圾分类政策不够全面与成熟,无法在垃圾分类成绩
上与发达国家进行比较。
笔者认为,北京垃圾分类的民众意识与成效的失败主要在于北京官
方还没有对垃圾分类有足够的重视。这也可以理解,一个正在发展中的国
家必定会认为垃圾分类是无关紧要的事情。不过,大约十年后,当中国的
经济达到一定程度的时候,中国中央就会意识到垃圾分类对于一个国家经
济增长的必要性了。到时候再重视垃圾分类,就有可能为时已晚了。因此,
增加垃圾分类宣传也好,在学校里教育学生们垃圾分类的知识也好,对于
垃圾分类的问题最重要的还是中国中央政府对于垃圾分类的立场。若中央
政府的立场无所改变,那么地方政府再努力地推广垃圾分类也是徒劳无功。
本研究的局限是调查访问的北京居民不足够,而且北京居民主要都
是青少年。
[参考文献]
廖如珺、黄建忠、杨丹蓉《中国城市生活垃圾分类处理现状与对策》
(2012 年 9 月 14 日)[ 2013 年 11 月 23 日],http://www.cnhw.net/html/31/201209/35515.html
刘静玲、贾峰 等《环境科学案例研究》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,
2006。
文静〈"垃圾分类"将纳入北京中小学教材〉,《京华时报》,2013 年 11
月 13 日(第一版)。
无作者〈北京分类垃圾桶将入 7000 户居民家〉,《北京日报》,2013 年
3 月 12 日(第一版)。

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