...Historically very few professions were given the status of being a professional. Those who were in the profession of law and medicine were perceived to be ‘elite’, receiving professional status. This was given due to the structure and depth of their specialised training and high level qualification. The knowledge gained and the ethical standards of those professionals in their practice. They were governed by professional bodies, adhering to high values and having professional autonomy. These professionals were held in high esteem by society as possessing specialised knowledge and skills, who were equipped to apply this knowledge and implement their skills in the interest of others. The concept of professionalism and having status of being a professional within the early year’s workforce has been a contentious issue. Early year workers were one of the many professions not recognised by society as being professional. Some say it is due to the lack of value society in general placed on the quality and standard of qualification they held in comparison to that of other professions working within early year’s settings; such as teachers or speech and language therapists who held degree led qualifications. Early year workers skills and knowledge were also undervalued which reflected in lower levels of pay with no prospect of moving up the career ladder. It could be said that low pay relates to poor quality of service, while others say it indicates the status of the job. Society portrayed...
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...There are a number of theories on how personality develops; however, none have pinned the development of personality to any one definition. With this in mind, this paper encompasses a discussion surrounding some definitions of personality, examines research methodology that help explain personality development, and the factors that influence personality development. Personality Perspectives For many years people studied personality and theorized about where this behavior came from. Personality is a unique aspect to each individual and is "…a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior" (Feist & Feist, 2009, p. 4). In addition, speculation of personality development centers on genetics and the environment. However, there are challenges in the interpretation of personality development test data, as there are a number of perspectives trying to define personality and each theory is unique to the perspective of the theorist. If one looks toward psychoanalyses for an answer, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, or Carl Jung would contend that personality is a result of early childhood experiences and "…ongoing compromise among numerous independently operating mental subsystems" (Funder, 2001, p. 199). Thus, expressing that the key to personality lies in the realm of the unconscious, an area many in the psychological community do not agree with. The one reason this theory draws such pessimism lies...
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...1: Two Different Worldviews The Framework of Individual Psychology The Framework of Systemic Family Therapy Basic Concepts of Systems Theory and Cybernetics Family Therapy or Relationship Therapy? Summary Chapter 2: The Historical Perspective Planting the Seeds: The 1940s Cybernetics Development of Interdisciplinary Approaches Gregory Bateson Putting Down Roots: The 1950s Bateson (Continued) The Double-Bind Hypothesis Nathan Ackerman Murray Bowen Carl Whitaker Theodore Lidz Lyman Wynne Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy John Elderkin Bell Christian F. Midelfort Overview of the 1950s The Plant Begins to Bud: The 1960s Paradigm Shift The MRI Salvador Minuchin Other Developments Blossom Time: The 1970s Psychodynamic Approaches Natural Systems Theory Experiential Approaches Structural Approaches Strategic Approaches Communication Approaches Behavioral Approaches Gregory Bateson Connecting and Integrating: The 1980s Other Voices The Limits of History Controversy, Conflict, and Beyond: The 1990s The Feminist Critique Family Therapy and Family Medicine Integration and Metaframeworks Managed Care The Twenty-First Century: Continuing Concerns and Emerging Trends Summary Chapter 3: The Paradigmatic Shift of Systems Theory A Cybernetic Epistemology Recursion Feedback Morphostasis/Morphogenesis Rules and Boundaries Openness/Closedness Entropy/Negentropy ...
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..."There is ample evidence that high quality early education and childcare services can improve children's development, learning and behaviour. We also know that a well qualified professional workforce is by far the most important factor in delivering the best quality of services that give children the best possible start in life" Scottish executive (2006, p1) The national review of the early years and childcare workforce has brought about positive change within the early years sector. Focus was given to develop leadership within the profession. The Scottish executive collaborated with the Scottish social services council to amend the registration requirements for lead practitioners and managers from 2011. This was to ensure a new degree level qualification was attained by staff working in a lead practitioner/management position. "Research has indicated that the best outcomes and experiences for children come from the best qualified and best led services" Scottish government (2007, p12) It was hoped that by creating a genuine career structure for the workforce that this would allow practitioners to develop their professional skills and knowledge needed to progress in their career. Thus increasing qualification and pay within the sector. "These actions will improve the status and recognition of the workforce and support improved recruitment, retention and progression within the sector" Scottish executive (2006, p4) When practitioners work collaboratively with outside agencies...
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...undergoes through the typical coming of age story as she attempts to accept the dissatisfaction of her birthday, while understanding this important milestone in her life. Although the movie provides brief insight into the protagonist’s life, Samantha Baker’s development throughout the movie reveal emotional and social regularities during adolescence. Foremost, Sam’s primary issue centers from her family forgetting her birthday, as she was overshadowed by her older sister’s wedding plans. Moreover, she struggles to accept her low social status as virtually...
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...outdoor play allows children to develop rules and try out multiple scenarios, formal, organized sports allows children to learn rules, appreciate their personal skills, and develop their position on a team. Both types of rule-oriented games are important for developing social competencies and enhanced cognitive capabilities. This milestone develops as children begin to develop more improved motor coordination, a better capacity for information processing, and a heightened social maturity (Berk, 2007, p. 294). The physical skills at play in rule-oriented games include flexibility, balance, agility, and force, reflective of increased muscle strength. All four of these are basic motor capacities which become more refined with the gross motor development of middle childhood. Additionally, children’s enhanced capacity for information processing and gains in reaction time and perspective taking—the ability to understand the motivations and roles of others—enable more sophisticated game play. At this critical juncture school age children’s ability to react to relevant information increases tremendously, i.e. their attention becomes more selective (Kail, 2003). However, it is important to note that these...
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...98 of 1978 section 12 (1) (a)(b) (3), for private study only by students. STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE: COUNSELLING METHODS 1 2 Table of contents How this guide works ........................................................................................................................ 10 Module Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prescribed text book ......................................................................................................................... 11 Prescribed and recommended readings ........................................................................................... 11 Session One: An Overview of Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling ..................................... 14 Reading for the session ................................................................................................................. 14 Prescribed ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Recommended .............................................................................................................................. 14 Description of the session...
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...of practitioners in recognising the socio-cultural influences on the development of children In the development of provision for children, traditional developmental theory has been highly influential: Over the years I have become frustrated by the strident emphasis on developmental theory in early childhood education (Walsh 2005:40) Particular relevance has been held concerning constructivist theory and the work of Piaget (1977) and Vygotsky (1978): The academic understanding of learning that underpins current trends in early childhood education are most significantly based upon principles of social constructivism that are drawn from both Vygotsky and Piaget (Anning et al 2008:153) Typically, traditional child development theory is thought to give order and meaning to a child’s progression in terms of physical, social, emotional, cognitive and language development and provides practitioners with a set of normative descriptors from which a child’s development can be measured. However, more recently these notions have been questioned and there has been a growth of theory from a socio-cultural perspective: recent challenges to ways of understanding and living in the world have included issues of difference, identity, culture, intellect, and economy…Early Childhood Educators have responded in various ways to such diversity. Many continue to support the developmentalist notion of the universal child…still others merge a variety of perspectives in efforts to meet the challenges...
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...Developmental psychology is the study of how and why humans change over the course of their lives. It studies the changes in human growth during their lifetime. Developmental psychology has significantly changed with many theorists who influenced it greatly since the early 1900s. Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, social, perceptual, personal, and emotional growth. Jean Piaget studied cognitive development. Piaget focused on how a child developed and how cognitive development was a process which takes place as a result of biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory includes four stages, the Sensorimotor Stage, the Preoperational Stage, the Concrete Stage, and the...
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...Development Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic...
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...Grace Moore Psychodynamic Theories Brochure PSY / 405 Theories of Personality Robert Irizarry 09/21/2015 There have been many theories over time. All of them consists of their strong points as well as there week points in the way of explaining individual’s behavior. This brochure will show the way psychodynamic theories affects personality and behavior, also how it apply to strength an limitation. Theorists such as Freud, Jung, Adler, Fromm, Erickson, Sullivan, Klein and Horney. All of them have a different personalities, and experiences in life that manifested in their psychodynamic theories. All theories are a reflection of their author’s personal background, childhood experiences, and philosophy of life, the way that they looked at the world (2013). What is Personality? Personality is a patterned body of habits, traits, attitude and ideas. Of an induvial as these are organized externally into roles and statuses and they relate internally to motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood. Freud’s Theory According to Freud, The personality has three sections the ID, the ego, and the super ego. All three of them has a connection that enable then to work together...
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...devise ways to enhance his or her ability to assimilate learning. There are many factors that influence the learner’s learning and how we can become nurses that are effective educators. Objectives: By the end of the report, the students will be able to: • Describe the learner. • Enumerate the characteristics of a learner. • Identify the elements of the learner • Differentiate the Types of learners. Nature of the Learner The learner is an embodied spirit. He is the union of sentient body and a rational soul. His body experiences sensations and feels pleasure and pain. His soul is the principle of spiritual acts, the source of intellectual abstraction, self-reflection, and free rational volition. Body and soul exist in mutual dependence. (Kelly, 1965) The Learner n 1: someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs [syn: scholar, assimilator] 2: works for an expert to learn a trade [syn: apprentice, prentice] Fundamental Equipment of the Learner The learner has the power to see, hear, touch, smell, taste, perceive, imagine, retain, recall, recognize past mental acts, conceive ideas, make judgment, reason out, feel and choose. • Five Elements of the Learner 1. Ability The students’ native ability dictates the prospects of success in purposeful activity. It determines their capacity to understand and assimilate information...
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...role of social experiences in child development. It is important to consider and define what social experience is when taking it into account in the terms of social development. For the purpose of exploring the ideas in Book 1, Chapter 2; social experiences is physical and mental interaction between other children and adults either directly or through observation by watching social interaction and feeling socially involved. So, with that in mind, for a child’s environment to not contain some sort of social experience, they would have to be socially isolated by either being alone or by ignoring their surroundings. Throughout this essay I will be assessing the role of social experience in each theory and evaluating the extent it has played in a child’s development. ‘Behavourism’ is a conditioning theory, which involves consequences for behaviour. Depending on the desired behaviour, the child is either rewarded or punished for how they behave according to the particular behaviour. The ‘Constructivism’ theory is a school of though that children build their own learning depending and through their own experiences and activities. In the ‘constructivism’ theory, children follow a set of stages in development. The ‘Social Learning Theory’ teaches that children learn by example, by observing others they understand and learn how to behave. The last theory I will be exploring is ‘Social Constructivism’ theory believes that children build their development with cultural tools such as language...
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...Psychodynamic Theories Brochure PSY/405 There have been several theories throughout the years, and they all have their strengths and also their limitations with explaining an individual’s behavior. Theorists like Freud, Adler, Jung, Klein, and Horney, all have unique personalities and life experiences that integrate into the various psychodynamic theories. According to Feist and Feist (2009), “All theories are a reflection of their authors’ personal backgrounds, childhood experiences, philosophy of life, interpersonal relationships, and unique manner of looking at the world” (p. 7). Freud’s Theory According to Freud, the personality includes three parts, known as the id, the ego, and the superego. The desire driven id places demands on the ego for wants, needs, sex, and immediate satisfaction. There are certain needs that drive people, for example, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sex, and others. When looking at the ego, it operates on the reality principle, which means it will help any individual interact and socialize with the real world. Then there is the superego that holds a person’s morality based on what the person takes in from his or her parents and from others in society. Adler’s Theory Adler’s theory is based that a person’s need to be successful or superior derives and or comes from the person’s internal drives (Feist & Feist, 2009). Adler’s theory also states that a person’s personality and behavior is how the person will see and or perceive the physical...
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...immediate environment. This system includes influences from parents, siblings, immediate family, caregivers, close family friends, and the limited exposure outside the home environment. As a child progresses from infancy to young childhood, his or her environment expands to include the child’s ecosystem (community, schools, church, and neighbors). Slowly through life, new influences add to the child’s history, but the most influential during these two stages are the family and early education. The main contextual influences in infancy and early childhood include parents, siblings, grandparents, and often surrogates (nannies, foster parents, adopted parents, and routine caretakers). These individual’s influence language, socialization, emotional development, temperament, attachments, and they provide the first cultural context. The family is the foundation for psychosocial, cognitive, and biosocial development. An infant is completely dependent on the parent, caretaker, or surrogate. Early experiences that mold psychosocial and cognitive development are dependent on socialization within the child’s family. A newborn quickly learns to associate a mother’s smell to comfort and nourishment. A few months later, a child delights in the faces of his or her family. Gradually, the child will begin to sort through the speech stream and learn the language spoken by his or her parents. Arranz, Oliva, De Miguel, Olabarrieta, and Richards (2010) propose that the continuation of...
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