...astro-ph/0301505 UMN–TH–2127/03 TPI–MINN–03/02 January 2003 arXiv:astro-ph/0301505v2 25 Jan 2003 TASI LECTURES ON DARK MATTER∗ KEITH A. OLIVE† William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA E-mail: olive@umn.edu Observational evidence and theoretical motivation for dark matter are presented and connections to the CMB and BBN are made. Problems for baryonic and neutrino dark matter are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for supersymmetric dark matter. 1. Lecture 1 The nature and identity of the dark matter of the Universe is one of the most challenging problems facing modern cosmology. The problem is a long-standing one, going back to early observations of mass-to-light ratios by Zwicky1 . Given the distribution (by number) of galaxies with total luminosity L, φ(L), one can compute the mean luminosity density of galaxies L= which is determined to be2 L ≃ 2 ± 0.2 × 108 ho L⊙ M pc−3 (2) Lφ(L)dL (1) where L⊙ = 3.8 × 1033 erg s−1 is the solar luminosity. In the absence of a cosmological constant, one can define a critical energy density, ρc = 3H 2 /8πGN = 1.88 × 10−29 ho 2 g cm−3 , such that ρ = ρc for three-space curvature k = 0, where the present value of the Hubble parameter has been defined by Ho = 100ho km Mpc−1 s−1 . We can now define a critical mass-to-light ratio is given by (M/L)c = ρc /L ≃ 1390ho(M⊙ /L⊙ ) (3) ∗ Summary of lectures given at the Theoretical Advanced...
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...City THE BUSINESS PLAN Submitted to: ENRICO YEE JR, CPA, MBA, PhD Professor Submitted by: MARK ANGELO S. GREGANA, RN MBA Student Octobernmj7, 2015 Business Name :PH Distributors. (Professional Healthcare Distributors) Office Location: Davao City Business Type: Partnership Picture 1. Company Logo Picture 1. Company Logo Company Background: PH Distributors specializes in marketing and distribution of healthcare products in the Southern Mindanao region. The company extends marketing services support, promotions and distribution of a growing portfolio of specialty pharmaceutical products including vaccines, biologicals and hospital supplies, mostly from international manufacturers and many of which are leaders in their respective therapeutic areas. PH Distributors is building a strong presence in the healthcare distribution sector by continuously seeking opportunities to provide access to quality and trusted products that will enhance the quality of human life and promote healthy living. With the increasing modernization of the healthcare sector, evolving needs of key stakeholders and customers and the growing concern of quality delivery in the Mindanao region, it is necessary to customize the service offerings so they see the value and impact of these offerings in improving the quality of life of the patients. PH Distributors intends to keep growing as a medical services and healthcare distribution company through the following: (a) Expand our portfolio of innovative products...
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...the mediterranean region production Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) Mediterranean Action Plan Ministry of the Environment Spain Autonomous Government of Catalonia Ministry of the Environment Centre for Cleaner Production Initiatives Pollution Prevention Opportunities in the Tanning Sector Industry within the Mediterranean Region Note: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form of educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP), provided acknowledgement of the source is made. RAC/CP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever without prior permission in writing from RAC/CP. If you consider that some part of this study could be improved or there is any lack of precision, we would appreciate if you could notify it to us. Study finished on January 2000 Study published on October 2000 Additional copies or information could be requested to: Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) C/ París, 184 – 3ª planta 08036 Barcelona (Spain) Tf. (+34) 93 415 11 12 - Fax (+34) 93 237 02 86 e-mail: cleanpro@cema-sa.org Web page: http://www.cema-sa.org Page 1 of 162 Pollution Prevention Opportunities in the Tanning Sector Industry within the Mediterranean Region TABLE OF CONTENTS ...
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...29 EXPERIMENT 3. ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND Carbonate Equilibria In this experiment a solution of hydrochloric acid is prepared, standardized against pure sodium carbonate, and used to determine the percentage of carbonate in a sample. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is almost completely dissociated into hydrated protons and chloride ions. Therefore, in a titration with hydrochloric acid the active titrant species is the hydrated proton. This species is often written H3O+, although the actual form in solution is more correctly (H2O)nH+. For convenience we designate it simply H+. Carbonate in aqueous solution acts as a base; that is, it is able to accept a proton to form bicarbonate ion. 2CO3 + H+ HCO3 (1) Bicarbonate is able to combine with another proton to form carbonic acid: HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 (2) Equilibrium expressions for the dissociation of bicarbonate and carbonic acid may be written 2[H+] [CO3 ] K2 = (3) [HCO3] [H+] [HCO3] [H2CO3] and K1 = (4) 30 where K1 and K2 are the first and second acid dissociation constants for H2CO3; the experimentally determined values are K1 = 3.5 x 10-7 and K2 = 5 x 10-11. When successive protonation reactions such as (1) and (2) occur, the extent to which the first reaction proceeds before the second begins depends on the difference between the two acid dissociation constants. By combination of Equations (3) and (4) with those for charge and...
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...gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products. Pepsin was first recognized in 1836 by the German physiologist Theodor Schwann. In 1930 it was crystallized and its protein nature established by John H. Northrop of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Glands in the mucous-membrane lining of the stomach make and store an inactive protein called pepsinogen. Impulses from the vagus nerve and the hormonal secretions of gastrin and secretin stimulate the release of pepsinogen into the stomach, where it is mixed with hydrochloric acid and rapidly converted to the active enzyme pepsin. The digestive power of pepsin is greatest at the acidity of normal gastric juice (pH 1.5–2.5). In the intestine the gastric acids are neutralized (pH 7), and pepsin is no longer effective. In the digestive tract pepsin effects only partial degradation of proteins into smaller units called peptides, which then either are absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream or are broken down further by pancreatic enzymes. Small amounts of pepsin pass from the stomach into the bloodstream, where it breaks down some of the larger, or still partially undigested, fragments of protein that may have been absorbed by the small intestine. Pepsin is prepared commercially from swine stomachs. Crude pepsin is used in the leather industry to remove hair and residual tissue from animal hides prior to their being tanned. It is also used in the recovery of silver from discarded...
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...Title: For: Schedule: Course Credit: Pre-requisite: Course Description: SSCI 125 Work Ethics and Attitude Development BSTM 4th Year TM 4A TTh 9:30-11:00 Rm. 301 TM 4B TTh 11:00-12:30 Rm. 301 3 units None This course is an applied ethics in relation to the practice of human labor and management. This is designed to introduce the key elements of ethics, ethical practice, and professionalism to students as they prepare to enter the professional world as first class workers or managers. It is planned to ensure that upon successful completion, each student will have the capacity to engage in ethical work practice, as well as evaluate various kinds of work practice from an ethical standpoint. The general aim of this course is to develop the moral and ethical professionalism among students as preparation for their future roles as employees or managers. At the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. Identify their strengths and weaknesses as man; 2. Utilize their assets and values more effectively; 3. Gain the knowledge regarding one’s values and use it positively in relating to others; 4. Acquire and develop the necessary attitudes expected from a professional and competent person. General Objective: Specific Objectives: Course Outline: * University’s Vision and Mission I. Background on the Study of Work Ethics II. The Nature and Philosophical Views of Man III. Nature of Work A. The Meaning of Work B. Classification of Work C. Elements of Work D. Dimensions of Work IV...
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...An experiment to show effect of the temperature on the action of an enzyme Abstract The experiment was to analyse what reaction temperature would have on Amylase enzyme. We heated alpha amylase solution to set temperatures then tested for the presents starch with iodine solution. Any starch would turn the iodine black. Once the starch had broken down the iodine would remain brown to suggest the presents of maltose. Usually I would expect to find that the reactions would increase as the temperature increased. After it reached its optimum temperature then the reaction would slow down rapidly or stop all together. However throughout the experiment we uncovered a number of flaws, the flaws would have contributed to the failure of this experiment and the rejection of my hypothesis. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that were made during protein synthesis. They are globular in shape and of a tertiary structure that has an active site. The protein molecules act as a catalyse biochemical reaction in living organisms. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). A catalyse is something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed. This means that enzymes can be re-used. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy necessary to start a reaction. As less energy is necessary, biochemical reactions can take place at the temperatures and pressures found in living cells. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). ...
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...Module 9 : Experiments in Chemistry Lecture 38 : Titrations : Acid-Base, Redox and Complexometric Objectives In this lecture you will learn the techniques to do following Determination of the amount of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide in a mixture by titration. Carrying out acid-base titration using a pH meter. Carrying out acid-base titration by conductometric measurement. Determination of the composition of a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid by conductometric titration. Determination of ferrous ion using potassium dichromate by internal indicator. Determination of hardness (Ca2+ ) of water using EDTA – complexometry method. In this lecture, you will be introduced to a few experiments in chemistry. These experiments complement the theory you have learned in chemical equilibrium and kinetics. 38.1 Acid-Base Titrations: Acid-base reactions are of great practical importance in analysis, not only because of their use in titrating a large number of inorganic and organic substances, but also because the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution often is of great importance in controlling reactions. Titration : The process of determining the volume of a given solution of a reagent equivalent to the amount of another reactant present in a standard solution is known as titration. Equivalent Weight of Acids and Bases : The equivalent weight of an acid is that weight which yields one mole of hydrogen ions in the reaction employed whereas the equivalent weight of...
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...Research Proposal for the Ph. D. Admissions: 2015-16 A Geographical Study of Natural Disasters and their Management in Uttarakhand Submitted By SANJAY KUMAR M. A. (GEOGRAPHY) Introduction: Disasters are not new to mankind. They have been the constant, though inconvenient, companions of the human beings since time immemorial. Disasters continue to occur without warning and are perceived to be on an increase in their magnitude, complexity, frequency and economic impact. It may be noticed that the number of disaster events which was 73 in 1900-09 have increased to 4494 disaster events during 2000-09. Source: Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) The economic cost associated with disasters has increased more than ten-fold during 2006 to 2011 i.e. from 34.5 billion US $ in 2006 to 366 billion US $ in 2011 (Source: Annual Disaster Statistical Review, 2012). Scenario in India is no different from the global context. India is losing about 2% of GDP on an average due to the disasters. The country is prone to disasters due to its unique geophysical setting and socio-economic conditions. On account of its multi-layered vulnerability, the country has witnessed an increase in the occurrence of disasters resulting in widespread devastation. Disasters disrupt progress and destroy the outcome of developmental efforts over several years, often pushing nations in quest for progress back by several decades. "Disasters are sudden adverse unfortunate extreme...
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...review for you. If need be, focus on those areas which may seem less familiar. After reviewing this material independently during the summer, it is expected that you have a solid understanding of these basic concepts for the start of this course. Prepare any specific questions that you may have. Again, this is an independent review and you will be expected to know these concepts for future use and assessment. This introductory material will not be covered in detail during class time. Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1. Explain the importance of a biological hierarchy in terms of biological organization. 2. Why must scientists study the interactions of organisms with each other and the environment? 3. Comment on the relationship between structure and function in biology. 4. How specifically is the cell life’s basic unit of structure and function? 5. What is the significance of DNA to organisms? 6. Explain the basic concept of a biological feedback system. How does it work? 7. Explain briefly how life’s vast organisms are classified. Give the basic ideas. Make sure to include domains in your discussion. 8. Explain Darwin’s mechanism of evolutionary adaptation called natural selection. 9. Explain why “editing” is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a population’s heritable variations. 10. Why do “science” and “inquiry” fit so...
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...calcium to brine shrimp eggs will affect their hatch rates. I was drawn to this area because I have an interest in how several outside factors can affect the nature of a process. My hypothesis for this lab is that the larger amount of calcium added into a petri dish will result with a faster hatching rate due to the extra nutrients. The independent variable of this lab is the concentrations of calcium, while the dependent variable is the brine shrimp eggs hatch rate. The constant is petri dish A that will have no calcium added. I plan on measuring this rate through observing the individual petri dishes every twelve hours under a magnifying glass and counting the number of eggs that hatch. The science of this lab can be traced back to the background...
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...threats and occurrences of a pandemic or just any other outbreak that may become a global epidemic. Pandemic means a widespread outbreak of communicable ailments, passing as multiple waves of illness in human population globally (Fagel, 2013). It is also illness with impact to the smaller geographical region. In the case of occurrence of a pandemic, then it shall have higher education among industries that are severely affected due to risks resultants from open and campus accessible and traveling by faculties, students, as well as the staff (PHS COF, 2014). The impacts may include lengthy closure periods of the learning institutions, unprecedented demands on students counseling and heath related services, evacuation and relocation of the students in the residence halls and significant revenue losses. In the case of a pandemic, the greatest challenges experienced in the university include the following: 1. Maintenance of students' progress to degree and research on faculties while in compliance with orders to campus closure. 2. Managing staff, faculty and exposure by the students to infection both on the campus and while engaging in learning activities based on the University. 3. Complying and coordinating with the state, local and the federal mandates and their agencies. 4. Loss of revenue/income due to inability in the continuum to offering courses and students ailments. The above is a plan that has not yet seen mandate since it is not...
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...Charalampopoulos1* Abstract Background: The surface properties of probiotic bacteria influence to a large extent their interactions within the gut ecosystem. There is limited amount of information on the effect of the production process on the surface properties of probiotic lactobacilli in relation to the mechanisms of their adhesion to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fermentation pH and temperature on the surface properties and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Results: The cells were grown at pH 5, 5.5, 6 (temperature 37°C) and at pH 6.5 (temperature 25°C, 30°C and 37°C), and their surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel-based proteomics. The results indicated that for all the fermentation conditions, with the exception of pH 5, a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio and a lower phosphate content was observed at the surface of the bacteria, which resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion levels to Caco-2 cells as compared to the control fermentation (pH 6.5, 37°C). A number of adhesive proteins, which have been suggested in previous published works to take part in the adhesion of bacteria to the human gastrointestinal tract, were identified by proteomic analysis, with no significant differences between samples however. Conclusions: The temperature and the pH of the fermentation influenced...
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...Cosmic Reionization Ultra-deep imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope has now uncovered galaxies within the first billion years of cosmic history. These galaxies represent some of the first objects ever formed, yet in terms of early galaxy formation they are only the tip of the iceberg. Most of the galaxies at this early epoch are too faint to study directly, even with Hubble. Galaxies, moreover, represent only a small fraction of all the matter in the Universe. Most of the matter instead resides in a vast network of dark matter and baryons known as the intergalactic medium (IGM). One of the primary aims of extragalactic astronomy is therefore to understand how galaxies form out of this network, and how galaxies, in turn, affect their environments. Of particular interest is how some of the very first galaxies took shape, and how they changed the properties of the large-scale IGM. One of the key features of the IGM in the present day Universe is that the gas is highly ionized. This would not always have been the case, however. After the Big Bang, the gas would have cooled and become neutral as the Universe expanded. Only after the first luminous sources appeared and began to emit ionizing photons would hydrogen in the IGM have been re-ionized. We believe that this process occurred within the first billion years, and represents one of the most dramatic impacts that early galaxies had on the properties of the baryons in deep space. In addition to direct searches for distant...
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...Cabot/Koppers Superfund Remediation Site Overview and Investigation Site history and background: The Cabot Carbon-Koppers Superfund location is a past industrial place in Gainesville, FL. It legitimately stopped its processing and wood-treating actions in 2010. The site initially opened in 1912 and the approximately 90 acre site was utilized as a wood-treating facility for about 90 years. In fact, wood-treating process initiated with the usage of creosote in 1916 that basically was phased out of use in 1992. Throughout the 1960’s, two extra chemical treatments were also used which comprised chromated copper arsenate and pentachlorophenol. Throughout the functioning period, the chemical wastes were discharged and trickled onto the soil during processing as well of disposed of in unlined lagoons on Cabot/Koppers location. These particular wastewater lagoons have been roofed, and graded; although, for several years, they performed as major source zones for contamination to the top soil, surficial aquifer, subsurface soil matrix, as well as the Upper and Lower Hawthorne clay layers into that contaminants have entered. The Hawthorne Clay layers have also proceeded as a comparative barrier to the Upper Transmissive Region of the Floridian Aquifer, where there is also some indication of trace constituents of concern. The facility was proposed as a National Priorities List (NPL) in August of 1983. Ultimately, it was added to the list in September of 1984, therefore formally making...
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