...Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems December 2010 (rev June 2011) Copies of publications are available from: Bank for International Settlements Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland E-mail: publications@bis.org Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100 © Bank for International Settlements 2010. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN print: 92-9131-859-0 ISBN web: 92-9197-859-0 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 A. Strengthening the global capital framework ....................................................................2 1. 2. 3. 4. Raising the quality, consistency and transparency of the capital base ..................2 Enhancing risk coverage........................................................................................3 Supplementing the risk-based capital requirement with a leverage ratio ...............4 Reducing procyclicality and promoting countercyclical buffers ..............................5 Cyclicality of the minimum requirement .................................................................5 Forward looking provisioning ....
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...London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2010, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2013-03-11 INTRODUCTION The world’s biggest banks have a combined 1,730 (US$2,287 billion) gap in liquid investments that they must fill within four years, according to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the international banking watchdog. Under the Basel III rule book, finalized by the committee on Thursday, December 16, 2010, 91 of the world’s biggest banks — tested in an impact assessment — also have a 577 billion capital shortfall compared with the new 7 per cent headline number for equity tier one capital, a measure of financial strength. 2 It was expected that the capital target could be achieved over time from retained earnings. For the 91 banks examined by the Basel committee, the combined “tier one capital ratio” was...
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...A conceptual framework for financial reporting A conceptual framework, in the field we are concerned with, is a statement of generally accepted theoretical principles which form the frame of reference for financial reporting. The financial reporting process is concerned with providing information that is useful in the business and economic decision-making process. Therefore a conceptual framework will form the theoretical basis for determining which events should be accounted for, how they should be measured and how they should be communicated to the user. Although it is theoretical in nature, a conceptual framework for financial reporting has highly practical final aims. The danger of not having a conceptual framework is demonstrated in the way some countries' standards have developed over recent years; standards tend to be produced in a haphazard and fire-fighting approach. Where an agreed framework exists, the standard-setting body act as an architect or designer, rather than a fire-fighter, building accounting rules on the foundation of sound, agreed basic principles. The lack of a conceptual framework also means that fundamental principles are tackled more than once in different standards, thereby producing contradictions and inconsistencies in basic concepts, such as those of prudence and matching. This leads to ambiguity and it affects the true and fair concept of financial reporting. Another problem with the lack of a conceptual framework has become apparent in the...
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...INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Basel Capital accord is a capital adequacy framework developed by the Basel committee. In 1988, the Basel Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the Basel Capital Accord. This system provided for the implementation of a credit risk measurement framework with a minimum capital requirement of 8% on banks Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). The 1988 framework is also known as "Basel – I". Since 1988, this framework has been progressively introduced not only in member countries but also virtually in all other countries. The "international convergence on capital measurement and capital standard -2004" is popularly known as Basel-II. It is a capital adequacy related standard framed by Basel committee. After the successful implementation of 1988 accord in more than 100 countries, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision reached an agreement on a number of important issues for promoting best and uniform banking practices as well as setting standards and guidelines for supervisory function. Following extensive interaction with banks, industry groups and supervisory authorities that are not members of the Committee, the revised framework was issued on 26 June 2004, which is being regularly revised and updated. The Basel-II aims to replace Basel I and to make the capital framework more risk sensitive. Basel II has recommended major revision on the international...
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...Email: balacs2001@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Banking operations worldwide have undergone phenomenal changes in the last two decades since 1990s. Financial liberalization and technological innovations have created new and complex financial instruments/products have increased their role and turnover in financial markets and have rendered banking operations vulnerable to a variety of risks. The financial crisis episodes surfaced since 2006 have highlighted this paradox to a number of central banks operating in different countries and RBI and Indian banking sector is no exception to this phenomenon. Basel framework has been drawn by Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in consultation with supervisory authorities of banking sector in fifteen emerging market countries with the basic objective of advocating codes of bank supervision and promoting financial stability amidst economic crises. This research paper is divided in three parts .The opening part attempts to briefly describe the changes in the banking scenario since 1991 reforms and the necessity of introducing Basel III to the Indian Banking sector. Part II presents the Basel standards framework and explains why the transition from Basel II to Basel III norms has become necessary to bring in measures and safety standards which would equip the banks to become more resilient during the financial crises and prevent the banks being subject to liquidations /closures. Part III brings out a discussion on the compliance process by the Indian...
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...sharia-compliant products and a growing interest in the Islamic finance as a viable funding alternative. This development has simultaneously seen a growth in the market infrastructure and the interconnection between institutions that offer Islamic financial services and conventional banks. During the financial crises, the global growth in Islamic finance tended to continue and the whole sector demonstrated a marked resilience, or a remarkable resilience. Islamic finance is projected to continue to expand in response to economic growth in countries with large and relatively unbanked Muslim populations. One of the major Islamic finance located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia had been introducing the regulatory framework called Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) and Financial Services Act (FSA). The introduction of FSA 2013 and IFSA 2013 will place Malaysia’s financial sector, encompassing the banking system, the insurance/takaful sector, the financial market and payment systems and other financial intermediaries, on a platform for advancing forward as sound financial system. The main objectives of both regulatory frameworks are to promote financial stability, strengthen compliancy to Shari’ah and strengthen regulatory framework for Islamic financial institution. Sukuk have been introduced as one of Islamic finance elements. Sukuk is asset securitization based on Syari’ah principle and often called Islamic Bonds. Sukuk grants the investor a share of an asset, along with the commensurate...
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....................... 5 OVERVIEW OF FSB OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 6 FSB Governance Structure.............................................................................................. 6 FSB Operational Structure............................................................................................... 7 Line Departments ............................................................................................................ 8 Line Support Departments ............................................................................................. 12 General Support Departments ....................................................................................... 12 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................. 13 Economic Landscape .................................................................................................... 13...
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...3 The Regulatory System in the United Kingdom This chapter examines the regulatory system currently in place in the United Kingdom. It provides an overview of the structure and objectives of regulation, the role of the regulator and the techniques that are employed in regulating firms and individuals who engage in investment business. 3.1 Background: the financial crisis and regulatory reform 3.1.1 Responding to the financial crisis In the UK, as elsewhere, the onset of the financial crisis exposed deficiencies in financial regulation and led to calls for regulatory reform. The Treasury Select Committee1 led the way, with its hearings into the collapse of Northern Rock exposing serious deficiencies in supervision and risk management.2 In October 2008, the Chancellor of the Exchequer asked Lord Turner, the newly appointed chairman of the FSA, to review the causes of the crisis and to make recommendations on the changes in regulation and supervisory approach needed to create a more robust banking system for the future. The Turner Review3, published in March 2009, made a 1 The Treasury Select Committee is a Parliamentary (House of Commons) committee that scrutinises the activity of the regulatory authorities in the UK. 2 See House of Commons Treasury Committee, The Run on the Rock HC 56-1 (Fifth Report of Session 2007-08). 3 FSA, ‘The Turner Review, A regulatory response to the global banking crisis’ (March 2009) at http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/Library/Corporate/turner/index...
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...of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Findings 5 3.1. Move from Basel II to Basel III 5 3.2.1. The Global Financial Crisis and Basel II Shortcomings 5 3.2. Basel III 6 3.3.2. Main Features 6 3.3.3. Basel II and Basel III Difference 8 3.3. Implications of Basel III 9 3.4.4. Global Banking System 9 3.4.5. Banking System in Australia 9 3.4.6. Banking System in Japan 10 3. Conclusions 11 4. Reference List 12 1. Introduction The financial system is beyond indispensable in the global economy, with commercial banks playing a vital role as the main form of a financial institution. Within the financial system it is crucial to have regulations and guidelines for financial institutions such as commercial banks to abide by and have the expectation that a minimum standard is to be consistently expected. Prescribing prudential...
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...Shari’ah Governance System The existing framework of Islamic finance in various countries shows different practices and models of Shari’ah governance system. Some countries prefer greater involvement of regulatory authorities but some countries prefer little involvement of regulatory authorities. Until now, it is still debatable whether which one will be more appropriate for possible adoption. There are different types of approaches to differentiate the Shari’ah governance system. For United Kingdom, they applied reactive approach which is more popular in non-Islamic countries. Although several Islamic banking licenses have been issued to Islamic Financial Institutions (IFI), the regulatory authority is silent upon the Shari’ah governance framework....
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...Capital and Risk ALESSANDRA TANDA Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Conservatorio, 7, Milan 20122, Italy. E-mail: alessandra.tanda@unimi.it Capital regulation acts as an external force in the determination of bank capital and risk levels. Changes in the regulatory framework can influence banks’ decisions. Starting from the debate of the prudential regulation after the financial crisis, this paper reviews the main empirical contributions on the role of capital regulation in the determination of banks’ capital ratios and risk exposure to evaluate bank behavior. Capital and risk decisions seem to be effectively influenced by regulation, although results may vary according to factors such as time period, country, and the type of capital analyzed. Comparative Economic Studies (2015) 57, 31–54. doi:10.1057/ces.2014.35; published online 22 January 2015 Keywords: bank regulation, capital, Basel, risk, literature review JEL Classification: G2 INTRODUCTION The latest financial crisis has highlighted how bank capital regulation is necessary for the stability of the financial system. But also, it appears that it is not sufficient to ensure that banks’ decisions, in terms of risk and capital, are consistent with the aims of regulation. Regulation acts as an external force in the capital optimization process as banks set simultaneously the level of capital and the amount of risky assets to hold in order...
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...Microfinance - “the provision of financial services to low-income individuals and households, as well as micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), using specially designed methodologies that will ensure sustainability for the lenders, and lead to improvement in the standard of life for the consumers, while ensuring a triple bottom-line of “developing the person; positively impacting lives; and leading to economic development of the region” as it facilitates large numbers of clients with relevant financial services at affordable prices” - provides an enormous potential to support the economic activities of the low income people and thus contributes to poverty alleviation. Widespread experiences and research have shown the importance of savings and credit facilities for the low income people and MSMEs. This puts emphasis on the sound development of MFIs as vital ingredients for investment, employment and economic growth. There is therefore, need for new, innovative, and pro-poor modes of financing low-income households and MSMEs based on sound operating principles. Implying that, an appropriate policy, legal and regulatory framework to promote viable and sustainable systems of microfinance in a country must be developed (Omino, 2005). The existing microfinance regulation in Kenya, (Microfinance Act 2006), while putting regulation and supervision of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions (DTIs) under Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), has, through Section 3(2) of the Act, empowered...
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...BASEL I ACCORD 4 I. SALIENT FEATURES 5 II. ADVANTAGES OF BASEL I 9 III. SHORTCOMINGS OF BASEL I 11 5. baSEL II 13 I. from basel i to basel ii - the journey continues 13 II. OBJECTIVES 15 III. THE ACCORD IN OPERATION 15 IV. IMPACT OF BASEL II ON INDIA 26 a. IMPACT ON THE INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM 26 b. POSITIVE IMPACT 27 c. NEGATIVE IMPACT 29 V. Basel II and the global financial crisis 30 6. BASEL III 32 I. INTRODUCTION 32 II. OBJECTIVES 32 III. CHANGES MADE IN THE BASEL ACCORD 33 IV. COMPARISON OF CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER 39 BASEL II AND BASEL III V. macroeconomic impact of basel iii 40 A. Impact on Individual Banks 40 B. IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 40 C. impact of basel iii on the indian 42 banking system VI. RBI GUIDELINES 44 VII. CONCERNS WITH BASEL III 45 7. CONCLUSION ` 50 Introduction Banks are a vital part of a nation’s economy. In their traditional role as financial intermediaries, they serve to meet the demand of those who need funding. They facilitate spending and investment, which fuel growth in the economy. However, despite their important role in the economy, Banks are susceptible to failure. Banks, like any other business, can go bankrupt. Unlike most other businesses, the...
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...END TERM PROJECT COMMERCIAL BANK MANAGEMENT TOPIC 5 BANK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT- CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK Submitted to: Submitted by: Group 5 Prof. D.N. Panigrahi Abhishek Singh (2014013) Anisha jain (2014042) Bakul Malik (2014072) Gurusha Godwani (2014100) Ketki Chaturvedi (2014133) CHAPTER 1 BANK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT- CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION Bank capital is often defined in tiers or categories that include shareholders' equity, retained earnings, reserves, hybrid capital instruments, and subordinated term debt. Capital ratios are commonly measured as a percent of bank assets or risk-weighted bank assets. Bank capital serves as an important cushion against unexpected losses. It creates a strong incentive to manage a bank in a prudent manner, because the bank owners’ equity is at risk in the event of a failure. Thus, bank capital plays a critical role in the safety and soundness of individual banks and the banking system. Role of bank capital: • Source of funds – Start-up costs – Growth or expansion (mergers and acquisitions) – Modernization costs • Cushion to absorb unexpected operating losses – Insufficient capital to absorb losses will cause insolvency – Long-term debt can only absorb losses in the event of institution failure • Adequate capital – Regulatory requirements to promote bank safety and soundness – Mitigate moral hazard problems of deposit insurance by increasing shareholders’ exposure to bank...
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...Post Crises reforms and regulations The global financial crises displayed various weaknesses in the financial system. Ever since the crises, there have been sincere efforts in trying to eliminate or reduce the chances and impact of a future crisis. Four main areas of reform were identified by the international policy makers and sufficient work has been done to implement them (The Regulatory Response to the Global Financial Crises, 2014). Although Australia has not been affected as much as the north Atlantic countries, it still operates in the global environment. A part of regulatory reforms includes managing and monitoring systemic risk. Australia has been trying to do that through various entities such as the RBA, APRA and ASIC. Australia has also implemented reforms related to derivative trading, which are being traded more and more despite their high level of risk. Even though the reforms and regulations that were and going to be implemented, improved the safety of the financial system, there will never be a one hundred percent guarantee that there will be no future crisis. The G20 summit in 2008 was different from the prior summits in that it constituted of the leaders of the countries instead of Finance Ministers and Bank Governors (RBA, 2012). The leaders agreed on four areas of reforms which are: Strengthening Prudential Regulatory Standards (Basel III), addressing too big to fail institutions, reforms to OTC derivatives market and shadow banking. The entities...
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