...Review of the Related Literature and Studies A researcher needs to review the write-ups, readings, and studies related to the present study in order to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and present studies Related Literature * Literature maybe defined as written works collectively, especially those enduring importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artist skill which are written in a particular period, language, and subject. * In other words, any written matter such as book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, and encyclopedia are considered as literature. Guidelines on Effective writing of Literature 1. Research paper must be written in a formal style, which is in the third person, not the first person. 2. Avoid highly descriptive writing style, not appropriate for a scholarly research. 3. Language should be neutral gender, no sexy language like his. 4. Make the conclusion and contradictions found in the literature clear in the report. 5. Use proper grammar and proofread the work. 6. Never plagiarized, give credit to the original author of ideas. 7. Pay attention to the structure and form of published articles, which are good examples of how literature reviews can be written. Example 1. Peters (1993) claims that job-related stress can enhance productivity up to a certain point. There is, however, a threshold point beyond which stress becomes a harmful factor in one’s productivity. On...
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...Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature This part of the study includes reading in literature and studies which have bearings on the present study. This covers the discussion on the sex, age, program and the financial literacy of STA in terms of savings, budgeting and spending. Financial literacy is mainly used in connection with personal finance matters. The majority of college students do not budget their money. Researchers, educators, and policy makers would generally agree that lack of financial knowledge and skills have contributed to the latest economic and financial crisis (Klapper & Panos, 2011). Hogarth (2002) described the consistencies in behavioral terms, stating that individuals who are financially literate are: 1) knowledgeable,...
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...Related Literature The proponents gathered some information that is related in the proposed study entitled, “Payroll System for United Auctioneers Incorporated” to have a guide and background in developing a system. Local. According to Ramon Faloran (2008), in the article “The Computer Edge of the New Employment and Opportunities” that he wrote in the Philippine Daily Inquirer. He stated that: “Computer gives you a different feeling about what is happening in the company. Business will be highly competitive and innovative because the computer provides instant information.” According to Ms. Stephanie Manalaysay (2010), in the essay she wrote in www.studymode.com. She stated that: “Payroll processes are the perfect place to begin when looking to control costs. New developments in software, such as allowing the integration of payroll system info into existing HR systems, mean you can look beyond traditional ERP options.” Junald Astronomo Lagod (2010) stated that: “Any small business owner can tell you that paying employees involves a lot more than writing a check every two week. There are dozens of laws governing employee compensation. If you don’t want to run afoul of various government agencies, you have to be well organized and stay up to date on federal and state guideline.” Gabriel Esteban (May, 2012) stated that: “Payroll systems are simple to use, easily affordable and compliant with all new tax laws. These systems can be programmed to calculate taxes and deductions...
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...10 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction Presented in chapter 2 is a synthesis of research that supports the evaluation of the attendance policy and attendance program of Newport News Public Schools. Included in the chapter is a historical overview of attendance, the importance of attendance, overview of Newport News Public Schools, theoretical framework, causes or predictors of student absenteeism, descriptions of related attendance policies/ programs, and a review of perceptions and attitudes about attendance policies/programs as indicated by literature review. Historical Overview Early homesteading laws allowed the settlers free land on which to build schools. Schooling was perceived as the key to success for individuals and to the excellence of society (Mitchell, 1993). Free and compulsory education came to England and Wales following the Elementary Education Acts of 11 1870 and 1876, although not always on a full time basis. The Education Act of 1918 finally abolished half time schooling, and made elementary education entirely free and compulsory until the end of the term after the child's fourteenth birthday. Nevertheless, in most parts of the United States the problem of illegal absence dates from 1876 (Galloway, 1985). In the 1850s urban schools suffered from an extremely high turnover of students. Many students were needed at home to do many of the chores, especially if they lived on a farm. Other students worked outside of...
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...ABSTRACT This report attempted to describe and explain the relationship between parents’ socioeconomic status and pupils’ educational attainment using a case study approach. The objectives of the study were: to estimate the relationship between parents’ educational level, income level and occupations; with pupils’ educational performance in their mock examinations leading to PLE in St Jude Malaba primary school in the year 2010. Data for the study was collected through the use of questionnaires for pupils, interview with teachers and head teachers, documentary analysis of the school records and observation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of study were used. The researcher used Tables, charts and Pearson’s correlation to describe and analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed on the basis of themes. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the parents’ level of education, income and occupation with pupil’s educational performance. Fathers’ education was significant at 0.804 while mothers’ educational level was significant at 0.641. Parent’s level of income was significant at 0.875 and Parents’ occupation was significant at 0.757. These findings are consistent with the concept of social reproduction by Pierre Bourdieu (1986), Annet Lareau (2003) and Randall Collins. The researcher concluded that parent’ low socioeconomic status impacted negatively on pupils’ performance, through denying the children access to resources...
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...Why do parents become involved in their children’s education? We begin our review of non-economic literature by presenting theories of why parents of school-aged children become involved in their child’s education. What are the relevant process variables according to research in psychology, sociology, and education, that motivate the decision by parents to become involved, and why does this involvement positively influence educational outcomes? According to the psychological model proposed by Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler [1995], three (dynamic) constructs primarily influence parents’ involvement decisions: 1. The parents’ understanding of their role in the child’s life: what they believe that parents are supposed to do in relation to their children’s education and educational progress. Parents become involved in schools if they hold the belief that they should be involved. 2. The parents’ sense of efficacy for helping their child succeed in school: do parents believe that their involvement can exert a positive influence on children’s educational outcomes? 3. The general invitations, demands, and opportunities for parental involvement by both the child and the child’s school: do parents perceive that the child and the school want them to be involved? Scholars in this field have constructed scales, rooted in psychologic role and efficacy theories and assessed for reliability, that allow scholars to rank parents with respect to their role construction and their sense of efficacy; ...
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...Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1(3): 94-96, 2009 ISSN: 2040-8773 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2009 Submitted Date: August 14, 2009 Acceptance Date: September 02, 2009 Published Date: November 25, 2009 Corresponding Author: A. Abubakar, Department of Human Physiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 94 Relation of Body Mass Index with Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure in Healthy Female of Lower Socioeconomic Group, in Kaduna Northern Nigeria 1A. Abubakar, 1M.A. M abruok, 2A.B. Gerie, 3A.A. Dikko, 4S. Aliyu, 1T. Yusuf, 3R.A. Magaji, 1M.A. Kabir and 1U.W. Adama 1Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria, Nigeria 3Department of Human Physiology, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Abstracts: In Nigeria 30 million people suffer from this hypertension which is the main risk factor for stroke, and renal failure. Elevated levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-C are documented as risk factors for atherogenesis. LDL-C in its oxidized or acetylated form has been identified as a major atherogenic particle. Fifty two women between 19-32 years of age attending Primary Health Care center (PH C) in Kaduna and its environment were use in this study. Their height, weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by using their...
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...System software such as an operating system controls the execution of programs. System software supports all application programs. For example, a user using an application program such as Microsoft Word clicks on the save icon to tell Word to save a document. In this process, Word does not communicate with the printer, but rather request the operating system to print the document. A block diagram of this process is illustrated in the figure. Examples of system software: operating systems, communication control programs, interpreters, compilers, debuggers, text editors, linkers, loaders. 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE – these programs are used to accomplish specialized tasks for computer users. These tasks are related to professional and personal needs of the user such as creating documents, sending e-mail,...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Readiness refers to the child’s attainment of a certain set of social/emotional, language, psychomotor and cognitive skills needed to learn, work, and function successfully in school. A more constructive way to consider readiness is to remove the expectations from the child and place those expectations onto the schools and the families. Young children have wide ranging needs and require support in preparing them for the high standards of learning they will face in elementary school. Kindergarten readiness is an often discussed topic for preschool parents while academic concepts and skills are certainly a part of it, there’s much more to preparing for kindergarten. There are things that can be done now to prepare the child’s to be emotionally, socially, behaviorally, and academically successful in kindergarten, Sherwin Gesey. Parents struggle every year to decide whether their child is ready to take that first big step into formal education or not even in this day and age, when many children get their feet wet in preschool, not all kids are prepared for kindergarten. True, they may be able to do some basic reading and writing, but kindergarten is about much more than academics. Some of the things would like kids to know coming into kindergarten are their letters and some sounds, recognition of numbers 1-10, be able to write and recognize their name and be able to cut with scissors, says kindergarten teacher. It is also important for them to be able to follow...
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...CHAPTER - II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.0. Introduction The review of related studies is an essential part of any investigation. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect of the planning of the study. A literature review is an account of previously published material by experts and researchers in a particular area of interest. It gives the author an opportunity to reference previous research publications to provide strengths and weaknesses of the research. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, does not report...
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...The Review of Related Literature The review of related literature for this study focuses on college romantic relationships of college students. An article written by Allan Reifman discusses about a book that talks about the transition of college relationships way back before 1920’s and from 1920’s onwards. Prior to 1920’s, it was common that the gentleman would ask the lady’s parents for their permission if they would allow him to court her. The gentleman would also ask for their consent if he could take her out on a date. It was also common then that before two people get into a relationship, they would get to know each other first. Couples back then often know each other already or they come from the same school/college before they get into a romantic relationship. Up until around 1920’s, "calling" was the dominant mode of young people establishing romantic relationships. A man would seek to "call upon" a woman in her home, with her mother's permission, and with the family at home during the visit. A variety of factors, such as the increasing availability of the automobile to facilitate two people going out by themselves, then made "dating" the primary form of seeking romance and relationships from the 1920s through the 1960s. “Hooking-up” also became popular especially for college students. Essentially, then, a system has been evolving for roughly the last 40 years, in which unattached college students would begin their weekend evenings going out with a group of buddies to...
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...III. Review of Related Literature This paper reviews the related studies that discuss the predictive ability of the theory of planned behavior, issues and anomalies of the theory, and the applicability of the theory in the different field of studies. TPB covers the non-volitional behavior of individuals which cannot be explained by the previous theory of reasoned action. Several studies were conducted to prove the predictive capacity of TPB, particularly in health-related behaviors. TBP has also been applied to the study related to leisure choice, psychology, sociology, business, and information technology. This review would look at the gap in the literature that needs to be focused which will be important part in the proposed framework....
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...Review of Related Literature and Studies Joints and its Major Points Joint is located between two connected bones that allow a body part to move. A joint is made up of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage. Joints are also clustered based on their kind of motion: ball-and-socket joint; hinge joint; condyloid joint; pivot joint; gliding joint; and saddle joint. Joints can also move on four different ways: gliding; angular; circumduction; and rotation. (MedicineNet.com) Joints are found on different body parts and has different common joint name. As stated in ptdirect.com, Joints are located on the neck, intervertebral, shoulder, elbow, sacroiliac, hip, knee, and ankle. Noise made by Cracking Joints According to Dr. Campos (2007), from...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (FOREIGN) I. Introjection in GESTALT THERAPY In Gestalt therapy the concept of "introjection" is not identical with the psychoanalytical concept. Central to Fritz and Laura Perls' modifications was the concept of "dental or oral aggression", when the infant develops teeth and is able to chew. They set "introjection" against "assimilation". In Ego, Hunger and Aggression Fritz and Laura Perls suggested that when the infant develops teeth, he or she has the capacity to chew, to break apart food, and assimilate it, in contrast to swallowing before; and by analogy to experience, to taste, accept, reject or assimilate. Laura Perls explains: "I think Freud said that development takes place through introjection, but if it remains inrojection and goes no further, then it becomes a block; it becomes identification. Introjection is to a great extent unawares.” Thus Fritz and Laura Perls made "assimilation", as opposed to "introjection", a focal theme in Gestalt therapy and in their work, and the prime means by which growth occurs in therapy. In contrast to the psychoanalytic stance, in which the "patient" introjects the (presumably more healthy) interpretations of the analyst, in Gestalt therapy the client must "taste" with awareness his or her experience, and either accept or reject it, but not introject or "swallow whole". Hence, the emphasis is on avoiding interpretation, and instead encouraging discovery. This is the key point in the divergance...
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...Bulletin of Education and Research December 2012, Vol. 34, No. 2 pp.19-28 Pattern of Facebook usage and its Impact on Academic Performance of University Students: A Gender Based Comparison Ahsan ul Haq & Sohail Chand _______________________________________________________________ Abstract This paper explores the popularity and usage pattern of the Facebook among the University students. A self-administered questionnaire is used for collecting data from a sample of 384 students. The study reveals that 87.5% of the students have account on the Facebook and no gender differences found. Male and female on the average spend equal time on internet. Though female users spend more time on Facebook than their counterparts but male users have more Facebook friends. Facebook use, in general, adversely affecting the academic performance of students but this adverse effect is observed greater for male students. The social interaction with the existing friends is found the most common use of the Facebook among students. Keywords: Facebook; Academic performance; Social networking. * Corresponding Author Pattern of Facebook Usage and its Impact on Academic Performance 20 Introduction Among the vast variety of online tools which are available for communication, social networking sites have become the most modern and attractive tools for connecting people throughout the world (Aghazamani, 2010). The first social networking site was created in 1997 in the name of Sixdegree.com, and now there...
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