...AC571_relational_database_005-019 Male Page 1 of 5 AC571_relational_database_005 Welcome to this refresher on relational database concepts. Understanding relational database concepts is a key to mastering a key theme, REA modeling. As we progress through this refresher, please pay close attention to the objectives being covered as you see on the screen. The objectives are as follows: problems inherent in the flat file approach to data management that gave rise to the relational database concept, relationships among the defining elements of the relational database environment, stages in database design, entity identification, data modeling, constructing the physical database, and preparing user views, features of distributive databases and issues to consider in deciding on a particular database configuration. These objectives will serve as the foundation for understanding relational database concepts and REA modeling. AC571_relational_database_006 Before we can get into the heart of relational database concepts one must understand the differences between two common database environments, flat file and relational databases. As you know, computer systems process data. This processing involves two key components, data and instructions, or programs. This occurs no matter what database environment you have. In order to process the data you need an interface. Conceptually there are two methods for designing the interface between program instructions and data. File oriented processing...
Words: 2046 - Pages: 9
...A relational database is a collection of relations or tables. The rows of a table in a relational database are known as tuples and each column of a table is called an attribute. By definition, a relation becomes a set of tuples having the same attributes. Operations, which can be performed on the relations are select, project and join. The join operation combines the relations. The select queries are used for data retrieval, and the project operation identifies attributes. The information of the organization can be captured, manipulated, managed, and shared using relational database. The value database brings to the organization will be immense. To name few advantages of a relational database it can contribute in a huge manner to sound logical design: it is easy to understand and program, and it is amenable to change as business requirements change. The main earlier systems include file-based systems and Codasyl databases. Both systems are currently used in our company. File-based systems are complex and tended to be inherently restrictive and quickly reached the point where a complete rewrite becomes necessary if business requirements change. It is also very time consuming compare to using database. Codasyl databases are a vast improvement on the old file-based systems, but it requires high level of expertise to design properly, and just like file-based system it will be unable to support changes to business requirements. A properly designed relational database reflects business...
Words: 535 - Pages: 3
...Interactive Logistics ➢ Nomadic Computing (Location Independent) capabilities ➢ Object-Oriented Solutions and Network Agents ➢ Intelligent Devices Assuring Most Basic Services The main differences between each functional view that each includes a different level of sophistication. Page 21 bottom of page 3. Why does the gap between the size of business challenges and the sophistication of technological solutions increase over time? Answer: Because a large majority of senior managers and board members are computer illiterate, they have failed to realize that, as business challenges grow, the sophistication of computers, networks, databases, and software must also increase significantly. Question 2: pg 113 4. What is the difference between an Enterprise Architecture and a Systems Architecture? (Chap 2 p.26) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecture 5. Describe how technology of ERP can benefit and can position an organization in a competitive environment?...
Words: 2453 - Pages: 10
...Sent, 02/17/2015 8:00 AM From: Perry Seibles To: Jason Smith Cc: Madison Akers Subject: Object Relation vs Standard Relational Systems Hello Jason, this email is in regards to your information request on object relational and standard relational systems. First, to better understand either of these systems one must understand how the data models have evolved and how they have become an important part of everyday business. There will always be a need to improve the way data is managed. Since the 1960’s there has been a quest to improve this and since then there has been several models that made an effort to fix or improve the previous models errors. Prior to today’s filing systems companies used a manual filing system. This system was developed to handle and record the core task within a business. Just as the name states this is a manual type system, meaning everything was recorded with paper and pencil. For every file that is created using this type of system, will have to be file in a certain way. For record keepers within a company this task consisted of filing all files in a way that they can be easily retrieved. Generally all files are grouped together by categories or related topics i.e. employee records or accounts payable. As time progressed and demand increased for accuracy a computerized filing system was generated. One of the first models to be used was the hierarchical model. The basic logical structure of this model is portrayed by an upside down tree. In...
Words: 625 - Pages: 3
...Database Design DBM 380 | | Databases Databases are electronic filing systems that consist of objects (Microsoft, para 2.) providing a quicker means to data retrieval than traditional paper and pen models. They have more flexibility than standard spreadsheets and offer the ability to run query searches. A properly designed database can retrieve items in complex searches; a task that might take hours or days manually, in a matter of minutes. Databases are designed to store large amounts of information without redundancy or inconsistencies (Microsoft, para 1.) Database information can be used to generate reports for specific topics, create mailing lists, manage data, share data with other programs, and perform calculations of data. Databases also can provide an area of storage for document retrieval, such as a school digital library. At work we use a complex data system known as an AS/400 system that can store and retrieve data. Database Architecture According to Georgetown University (n.d.,) database architecture is “the collective application and database instances that comprise the complete system.” This means that defined rules and specifications determine how data is stored and accessed. Web-based database architecture can use two-tier architecture or three-tier architecture depending on if the DBMS and Web server are both on the same computer (Kroenke, p. 452.) As a three-tier database architecture system the AS/400 is used to keep track of inventory...
Words: 637 - Pages: 3
...and Technology Industrial and Management Engineering Department Course: IM433 – Industrial Database Systems Management Student Name: | Department: | Student Number: | Sheet #1 Given the following file structure, answer problems 1 through 6. 1. How many records does the file contain, and how many fields are there per record? 2. What problem would you encounter if you wanted to produce a listing by city? How would you solve this problem by altering the file structure? 3. If you wanted to produce a listing of the file contents by last name, are code, city, state, or zip code, how would you later the file structure? 4. What data redundancies do you detect and how could these redundancies lead to anomalies? 5. Using two relational database tables, PROJECT and MANAGER, eliminate the redundancies discovered in problem 4. Make sure you use the naming conventions and connect the two tables through an appropriate link. 6. Create the relational schema to show how the two database tables in problem 5 are linked. Given the following file structure answer problem 7 through 13. 7. Identify and discuss the serious data redundancy problems exhibited by this file structure. 8. How many different data sources are likely to be used by the file you examined in problem 7? 9. Based on your findings in problem 7 and 8, how would a relational database environment help eliminate the data redundancy problems? 10. Given your answer to problem 9...
Words: 503 - Pages: 3
...1. List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product,...
Words: 313 - Pages: 2
...Business Use of Databases Debra Coltey University of Phoenix Introduction to Computer Application and Systems BIS 220 April 30, 2012 Business Use of Databases Party Plates is a company that manufactures decorative paper plates and napkins. The company is undergoing so changes to the information systems that is currently used to more up-to-date technology. Some of the changes are being recommended for implantation to help ensure more accurate tracking and accounting of inventory and other information. With the improvements in technology, the more antiquated systems like Microsoft Excel can be replaced with Access Databases for more efficiency. Microsoft Access is considered to be a relational database. A relational database is a collection of data that is stored or organized in a set to tables that are predefined to certain constraints. The tables will relate to other tables within the database and the information can be reorganized in different manners ("Search Sql Server", n.d.). The data that is stored in access can be retrieved in different layouts which will help with efficiency of the company. Instead of referring to possible two or more Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to find the information required, queries in Access can be set up and modified quickly to retrieve the data needed. Access has features that are user friendly to help manage the data and retrieve user friendly reports. One feature is the radio buttons that can predefined to search within the...
Words: 492 - Pages: 2
...Relational Database: Design This paper evaluates four similar web databases and concludes with an overview of considerations for designing web databases. The web databases reviewed are: (a) the Academy of Motion Pictures and Arts (Academy, 2013), (b) IMDb (IMDb, 2013), (c) Complete Index to World Film (Complete Index, 2013), and (d) Labor Film Database (Labor Film, 2013). Table 1 summarizes each database in terms of purpose, target audience, functions, and usability. Table 1 Summary of Web Database Reviews Academy IMDb CITWF Labor Films Purpose • Digital artifact preservation for movie industry • Movie industry research • Search vast amounts of information on just about any film, game or actor • Search fair amount of information on just about any film in the world • Educate • Research Audience • Journalists • Filmmakers • Students • Hobbyists • General public • Film buffs • Journalists • Hobbyists • Gamers • Students • Researchers • Film buffs • Hobbyists • Researchers • Activists • General public Functions • Basic and advanced searches • Six advanced query functions using: fill-in-the-box, check-a-square, and pre-filled drop-down database values • Collects information in user-defined lists. • Watch lists • Simple Search: user selects film or person from a drop-down box and enters a search phrase • Advanced Search: user builds multiple-condition • One-size-fits-all search via a drop-down box of extensive search categories • On-demand streaming •...
Words: 2130 - Pages: 9
...DATABASE DESIGN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF DESIGNING A FUNCTIONAL PROCESS CIS475 Instructor: IBRAHIM ELHAG, PhD 3/6/2012 DATABASE DESIGN One of the most important if not the most important aspect of a database is the database design process. It is a must that the design is good and functional. A database consists of many different parts of an engineer’s design, which together makes up a complete database system. A database system is designed to manage large bodies of information. Database design is the construction of a database as a subsystem of an information system. Therefore, the database design process is an integral component of the information system design process. ( Chilson and Kudlac, 1983). One of the greatest problems in the application design process is the lack of foresight. During the design process there must be a thorough evaluation of your database, what it should hold, how data relates to each other, and most importantly, whether it is scalable. When it comes to the maintenance of your database it should be easy to maintain, this means storing as limited amount of repetitive data as possible. Let’s say you have a lot of duplicate data, and one instant of that data undergoes a name change, that change has to be made for all occurrences of that data. You can overcome this duplication problem by creating a table of possible values and use a key to refer to the value. That way, if the value changes names, the change occurs only...
Words: 2041 - Pages: 9
...supply pioneer, now again, newly poised to guide the direction of special event markets. The increase of company supply paired with the current high demand for said product presents the need for upgrades to the current information system software. Current software is somewhat out-of-date which could result in regression of company growth. Party Plates must acknowledge the ever-changing status of technology and invest in the implementation of new information systems, or current system upgrades. Team C suggests investing in software which will convert current data from Microsoft Excel into a relational database using Microsoft Access. The usefulness of the conversion software will improve internal communications while assisting to streamline some of the work processes for sales departments. This will also increase efficiency in both communications and sales; thus, creating a solid platform for each resulting smoother communications and an increase in sales. Sales will increase because the department can use Microsoft Access with much more facility, which permits more time to focus primarily in sales, not wasting time on dealing with outdated software issues. Systems often crash leaving employees to return to working manually and on their own until the system is restored; the employees at Party Plates using Microsoft Access, can be sure support will be available to them because Microsoft Access is a new program which is maintained by Microsoft. There are also development consultants...
Words: 848 - Pages: 4
...Party Plates Database Integration Proposal As Party Plates continues to experience unprecedented growth, we realized that we must maximize the efficiency of our operation. In an effort to deliver the highest level of customer service, and remain competitive in the retail market, Party Plates sales and accounting team conducted an efficiency study of the operation and the systems that support it. As a result of this analysis, we found that there was a need to upgrade our current sales and inventory tracking system. We are proposing that we transition from our current Microsoft Excel database to relational database software, Microsoft Access. Additionally, we will need to integrate collaborative software such as Microsoft SharePoint in the near future to best maximize the effectiveness of our new database. As you know, we currently use Microsoft Excel to track our inventory and sales. Excel has been an effective management tool in the past; our current needs demand a management system that can manage multiple tasks with multiple users. Currently, we have many spreadsheets that in general do not merge or allow us to produce appropriate reports and can only be used by one person at a time. As our business grows, so will our staff and we will need to have a system that is multifunctional for many users. Microsoft Access is a relational database system, which is capable of managing customers, suppliers, products and orders. It also will also allow us to create a variety of forms...
Words: 734 - Pages: 3
...Database Design Paper Joseph Schmosef University Of Phoenix (ecampus) DBM/380 Sunday, April 01, 2012 “A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. In order for a database to be truly functional, it must not only store large amounts of records well, but be accessed easily. In addition, new information and changes should also be fairly easy to input.” (tech-faq.com) To ensure usefulness over the long-term, databases should be built with high data integrity and the ability to recover data if the hardware fails. Information that has been corrupted or destroyed serves no purpose within a business structure. Being the Armed Forces is like being a field value in one giant database. Everything from the gear we are issued to how we are identified as an “individual” (ssn#) is a scannable number to be coded, referenced, and utilized by anyone with proper clearance. “The database architecture is the set of specifications, rule, and processes that dictate how data is stored in a database and how data is accessed by components of the system.” (wingenious.com) Database architecture type s can be broken down into three broad categories, each of which can have several subcategories: One Tier, Two Tier- client/server, and “N” Tier- client/server. The One Tier architecture is best suited to the single user and relatively small amounts of data. It runs on the user’s local machine and references a file that is stored on that machine’s...
Words: 668 - Pages: 3
...Part 1: You are given the E-R diagram in following Figure. Add the following relationships to this diagram and mark the cardinalities of each relationship clearly. HAVE-ACCOUNT: people have credit card accounts. Each credit card account has to have one or more people who own that account. One person may have none, one or many credit accounts. SPONSOR-ACCOUNT: stores sponsor credit card account. Each store may have none, one or more accounts. Each credit card may be sponsored by at most one store. PUBLISH: stores publish catalogs. Each catalog has to belong to a store and each store may publish at most one catalog. A store may not publish a catalog at all. Part 2: Convert the E-R diagram you constructed in Part 1 into the corresponding relational schema. List all tables. In each table, underline the primary identifier. If a specific attribute is a foreign key to another relation, write a short note indicating this. Use as few tables as possible. Practice Question -03 You are given the diagram following Figure for storing information about a virtual store containing various items from different stores. Convert this entity relationship diagram to...
Words: 1214 - Pages: 5
...of inevitability. As data grows larger and larger, the weaknesses in the relational data model are exacerbated. NoSQL technologies grew out of the need for fast query speed and real-time analytics from data sources too large for traditional SQL. Introduction A web site running with a large number of users/members will experience the dreaded Big Data Performance Inconsistency. When you need the web site to respond more quickly to a successful, it slackens. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, and others have struggled with this problem for years as they’ve grown from thousands to millions and now hundreds of millions of users. Inundated by huge amounts of user data, they took advantage of data store technologies like Memcached and Redis to make their sites run fast. But for sites without the engineering resources of companies like Facebook, adopting these technologies has been challenging. Big data and NoSQL Big Data company for example Garantia Data addresses above issue. Garantia Data’s cloud-based, in-memory NoSQL solutions make web site run faster. That’s why a number of companies are beta testing Garantia Data’s offering. NoSQL is often used for storing Big Data. This is a new type of database which is becoming more and more popular among web companies today. Proponents of NoSQL solutions state that they provide simpler scalability and improved performance relative to traditional relational databases. These products excel at storing “unstructured data,” and the category includes...
Words: 814 - Pages: 4
