...Government, Health, Internet, Martial-Arts, Mathematics, Other, Programming, Reference, Religious, Science, Sci-Fi, Sex, and Software. This new standard is accepted by Fink Crew (who do most of the conversions from plain text to PDF) and MacWarez (One of the largest groups currently scanning ebooks). It helps people searching for these files to find them more easily. Relativity: The Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity: The Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Relativity The Special and General Theory Written: 1916 (this revised edition: 1924) Source: Relativity: The Special and General Theory © 1920 Publisher: Methuen & Co Ltd First Published: December, 1916 Translated: Robert W. Lawson (Authorised translation) Transcription/Markup: Brian Basgen Convertion to PDF: Sjoerd Langkemper Offline Version: Einstein Reference Archive (marxists.org) 1999 Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity 01. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions 02. The System of Co−ordinates 03. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics 04. The Galileian System of Co−ordinates 05. The Principle of Relativity (in the Restricted Sense) 06. The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities employed in Classical Mechanics 07. The Apparent Incompatability of the Law of Propagation of Light with...
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...SpringerBriefs in Physics Editorial Board Egor Babaev, University of Massachusetts, USA Malcolm Bremer, University of Bristol, UK Xavier Calmet, University of Sussex, UK Francesca Di Lodovico, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Maarten Hoogerland, University of Auckland, New Zealand Eric Le Ru, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand James Overduin, Towson University, USA Vesselin Petkov, Concordia University, Canada Charles H.-T. Wang, The University of Aberdeen, UK Andrew Whitaker, Queen’s University Belfast, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8902 Péter Hraskó Basic Relativity An Introductory Essay ´ Emeritus Professor at University of Pecs, Hungary 123 Péter Hraskó University of Pécs H-7633 Pécs Szántó Kovács János u. 1/b Hungary e-mail: peter@hrasko.com ISSN 2191-5423 ISBN 978-3-642-17809-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17810-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Ó Péter Hraskó 2011 e-ISSN 2191-5431 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17810-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be...
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...Will Einstein's 1905 theory of relativity - one of the most fundamental pillars of physics - that underpins "nothing can travel faster than light-300,000 kms, or 186,000 miles, per second" be proved wrong? The speculations started coming after scientists at the world's largest physics lab CERN claim to have clocked sub-atomic particles or neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light. European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, near Geneva, says a neutrino beam shot off from a particle accelerator near Geneva to a lab 730 km away in Italy, whooshed 60 nanoseconds faster than light, with a speed of 186,282 miles per second. But, how could the fact be ignored that Einstein's theory has been tested thousands of times over the past 106 years? And, only recently have here been just slight hints that the behaviour of some elementary particles of matter might not fit into it. How could the fact be ignored that Einstein's theory has been tested thousands of times over the past 106 years? If the findings by the CERN are correct, it would force an overhaul of the fundamental laws of nature and how the universe works. These particles are 6 km/second faster than light, which is strange because 100 years ago, Einstein suggested nothing can go faster than light. If these scientists are right and Einstein was wrong, whatever we know about our Universe will soon be turned on its head. "The feeling that most people have is this can't be right, this can't be real," reported...
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...Albert Einstein’s relativity theory is a set of two theories in physics: the theory of special relativity and general relativity. The central idea in both theories is that two observers moving relative to each other, usually measuring different ‘time’ and ‘room interval’ for the same events, but the laws of physics apply equally to both. Special relativity, developed in 1905, takes into account only observers in uniform motion relative to one another. The theory postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers. This leads to the redefinition of such fundamental concepts as time, space, mass, energy, and momentum with far reaching consequences. Moving objects seem to be heavier and shorter in the direction of motion relative to the observer, and watches seem correspondingly slower. You can get research paper writing help on Theory of Relativity now! It is often misunderstood that a body at high speed have greater mass, which is not the case. Light (actually photons) have momentum. The speed of light appears as an upper speed limit for matter and information. Mass and energy are considered as equivalent, two sides of the same coin. This can be described by the famous equation E = mc². Two events that an observer believes are concurrent, are perceived as non- concurrent by an observer moving relative to the first observer. The theory does not account for gravitational effects. The mathematical foundation of special relativity is the Lorentz Transformation...
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...Connecting Isaac Newton with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Isaac Newton was perhaps the most influential scientist of all time; Newton (1642-1727) took the current theories on astronomy a step further and formulated an accurate comprehensive model of the workings of the universe based on the law of universal gravitation. Newton explained his theories in the 1687 revolutionary work called simply the Principia. This work also went a long way toward developing calculus as well. Albert Einstein, most famously known as a physicist, was a contributor to the scientific world with his many known researches and humanitarian work. As a Nobel Prize Winner in 1921, his chronicled and more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English Translation, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Isaac Newton’s discoveries paved the way for the creation of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, which eventually lead the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Classical relativity; refined by Sir Isaac Newton, involves a simple transformation between a moving object and an observer in another inertial frame of reference. The application of Newton's mechanics to continuously distributed masses led necessarily to the discovery and application of partial differential equations, which in turn supplied the language in which alone the laws...
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...Relativism and Morality Kawana Waters SOC 120 Tim Carter 01/17/12 In “Some Moral Minima,” Lenn Goodman disputes on certain things that simply wrong. I totally agree with him. Slavery, Polygamy, and Incest are just some of the things that he feels is wrong. It is never acceptable for the amount of killing just to kill, raping to get a good desire, or take advantage of someone’s rights for gain of success, respect or approval of others. Goodman was right about that everyone whether it be man, woman, or child has the right to live and be free from all cold-hearted behavior. No one should be treated like an animal. Goodman just explains himself on judging things that are morally right. I feel that all individuals should be treated equal and able to live their own life. Violators have no right to commit the treacherous acts that the do to innocent people. People should not judge one another. Why should individuals have the right to rape, murder, and take advantage of others rights just to possess, for selfishness, and greed? Some cultures and individuals have to disagree with Goodman’s point of ideas. How can you argue with the fact of someone’s ideas that can help save lives and decent respectful standings? These individuals who disagree with the ideas may go against this due to their culture or because of the way they were taught growing up. Warfare is also an issue at times in our country if we may need to go to war and kill for good reasoning...
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...stated in Spinning Hearts of Darkness “Astronomers are measuring the rotation rates of black holes to determine their rotation and history” (Brenneman, 20). A black holes’ gravity is so strong that light can’t pass through it (20). As stated in the article Black holes are neither let in light or let it come out (Brenneman, 21). Black holes can be up to billions solar masses. Measuring a black holes spin is important because it can tell us about its history (22). Black holes that occur because of mergers with other black holes will grow slower than those that occur by accretion. As stated in Brenneman “Black holes occur at random angles which alter the spin direction and speed of resulting black hole”(22). Einstein’s general theory of relativity the black hole spins in the same direction as its rotation disk. The disks’s "Black Holes First, Galaxies Second." Sky & Telescope 117.5 (2009): 16. MasterFILE Elite. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. BRENNEMAN, LAURA. "Spinning Hearts of Darkness. (cover story)." Sky & Telescope 121.5 (2011): 20-25. MasterFILE Elite. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct....
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...SMEs and the Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues Lettice Rutashobya Issack Allan Faculty of Commerce and Management, University of Dar es salaam P.O Box. 35046 Dar es salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 741 323661, 255 22 2410221 Fax: 255 22 2410510 Email: Lettice@fcm.udsm.ac.tz Jan-Erik Jaensson Umea University school of Business Administration and Economics, Sweden Jan-Erik.Jaensson@fek.umu.se Abstract This paper reviews the networks and the IMP literature to inform research on the network phenomenon in small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. It is noted that while a lot of work in this area has been done in Western Industrialized countries, little by way of serious research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The role of networks in enterprise development and growth in these countries remains unexplored and therefore unclear. It is argued here that research on networks needs to be contextualized if it is to gain currency. Integrating the networks and the IMP perspectives this paper identifies three crucial areas relevant for future research in Tanzania: viz, the network-performance nexus, female versus male networks and social networks. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to provoke research on networks in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania. We integrate the networks, IMP and entrepreneurship literature to justify research in this area. In the entrepreneurship literature networks have been...
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...dense in terms of mass concentration. Just like the name suggests, a black hole, in reality, is indeed black colored. This is due to the fact that neither matter nor light can escape from it, rendering the surface area of the hole being black. Black holes generally form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life time. History Background 19th century: English geologist John Mitchell suggested it would be possible that a gravitational force, extraordinarily large, could in fact bend and pull light. This judgment led other scientists later to relate the Newtonian gravity as they knew it, with time, light, and massive objects. 20th century: It wasn’t until the genius of Albert Einstein came around with his general and special relativity theories that we have had a proper understanding of gravity. Einstein theorized radical justifications on how gravity can bend time, light, mass and space in what is now called the space-time context. This new concept describes gravity as a curvature of the space-time invariable which is caused by the presence of matter. Within this new and radical explanation, black holes could be addressed. 21st century: Micro black hole...
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...and later learned that it’s a bad choice to not prepare for a test. Einstein is a clear example of a person who is listed with learning disabilities in today's schools. If you have the right approach to education than labels can’t stop you from making great accomplishments, which is proven by Einstein and others like Thomas Edison, Leonardo de Vinci, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Winston Churchill, and Walt Disney. Einstein made many contributions to mathematics. The first is the Special Theory of Relativity, which essentially deals with the question of whether rest and motion are relative or absolute, and with the consequences of Einstein’s conjecture that they are relative. The second is the General Theory of Relativity, which primarily applies to particles as they accelerate, particularly due to gravitation, and acts as a radical revision of Newton’s theory, predicting important new results for fast-moving and/or very massive bodies. The General Theory of Relativity correctly reproduces all validated predictions of Newton’s theory, but expands on our understanding of some of the key principles. Newtonian physics had previously hypothesized that gravity operated through empty space, but the theory lacked explanatory power as far as how the distance and mass of a given...
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...experimental evidence for curved space-time The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 equations used in the theory of general relativity and they describe the interaction of gravitation due to the curvature of space-time from matter and energy [1]. The field equations were designed to apply to a static universe, as was believed to be the case at the time. Einstein’s equations and theory of general relativity have helped us to come to an understanding that our universe exists within a curved space-time. What evidence currently exists to substantiate these claims? Earliest Discoveries The earliest evidence for the curvature of space-time lies in light from stars being bent about gravitationally dense objects. In 1922, during a solar eclipse in Western Australia, it was realized that the light from stars in the same general area of the sky as the Sun are visible during the day, and example is shown in fig. 1a. If light from these stars is affected by the curvature of space-time due to the Sun's mass, then this would be measurable as a deflection (or a change in location) of the star's position on the sky. The stars closer to the position of the Sun in the sky would suffer a larger deflection; in general the deflection would be proportion to the stars distance from the Sun's location on the sky [4]. This is due to a prediction of general relativity which predicts that spherical masses can distort space-time, shown in fig. 1b, similar to how a bowling ball can warp the...
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...Sigfried Giedion: The New Space Conception of ‘Space-Time’ Giedion’s conception of history is Hegelian because Hegel say’s ‘Every historical period is unified within itself’ so as Giedion put in his text, developments in art and science show different expressions of simultaneity. Art shows this through Cubism and Science shows this through Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The theory of relativity and cubism both came about in the 20th century so Giedion’s conception is Hegelian because they both fell under the same period in time. Giedion’s idea of history guides his opinions on architecture as he says that Space and time are unified into a 4 dimensional model through his own interpretation of Einstein’s theory of relativity. This is seen in Walter Gropius, The Bauhaus, Dessau (1926) where space and time coincide with one another. Giedion believes that the real role of the artist and architect is to unify thought and feelings. One without the other would lead to a society with too much rationality (if there were no feelings) or a society that is too emotional so cannot make any rational decisions. He says that ‘feeling continues to filters through every activity and situation’ this means that the artist and architect would need to be able to filter the feelings properly so the society is not deemed too emotional but has some rationality to balance it out. The ‘form-giving principals of the new space conception’ of modernism derive from a cubist painting from Paris where...
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...Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency...
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...Running head: NEUTRINO PARTICLES 1 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Andrew Alexander Cuesta Lynn University NEUTRINO PARTICLES 2 Neutrino Particles Found to Break the Speed of Light Recently, a discovery that may revolutionize modern science was made in Europe. Modern age technologies have allowed for scientists to experiment through trial and error their most desired curiosities. Throughout history man has immensely improved his capability of speed and longed to reach the greatest velocity in the universe, the speed of light! Researchers and Scientist working for OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Racking Apparatus) recorded particles traveling faster than the speed of light of 299,792,458 meters per second. These ghostly subatomic particles are what scientist call neutrinos and they were evidently recorded traveling at 299,798,454 meters per second, which is faster than the speed of light by 20 parts per million. These experiments and tests were done in the physics laboratory in central Italy, under the mountain of Gran Sasso, and conducted about 15,000 times all with the same results. The results were neutrinos arriving 60 billionths of a second earlier with an error margin of plus or minus 10 billionths of a second. They experimented for three years before making public this amazing discovery on September 22, 2011. To have a better understanding, one must first be familiar with some basics of physics. Neutrinos are electrically neutral...
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...As previously mentioned, this does not violate the light speed barrier, despite seeming to do so at first glance. Einstein’s special relativity does indeed inhibit objects from moving faster than light in local reference frames, where curved spacetime can be treated as flat and unchanging (much like how Earth’s horizon can appear flat, since it is curved on an immense scale). However, for instances where spacetime curvature is large enough to be relevant, special relativity ceases to apply and instead general relativity comes into play. This allows object separation to increase faster than the speed of light. Relative to inflation theory, metric cosmic expansion is postulated to have been caused by a quantum field. A field having triggered cosmic inflation would solve the problem of how, in order for our universe to exist as it does at present, the initial conditions during the Big Bang would have had to be very fine-tuned and contrived- this is wholly unrealistic, and not very scientific. Conversely, this theorised quantum field would be what is known as a scalar...
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