...Observation Becky woke up from her morning nap. She cries and slowly crawls down her bed to find her mom. “Mommy”, then cried again. “Aunty, where mommy go?” she asked. I replied, “mommy go work. She come back later okay?” She replied, “okay aunty”. She went to play in the playroom. Becky grabs her teapot and cups. She sat down on the picnic table. She sat a teddy bear in one chair, and a doll on another. She drinks the cup. Put the cup down and poured the tea around the table. As her younger sister woke up; she asked “Bella, you play with me?” Bella smiled and sat down. Becky poured tea around the table and said, “everybody drink”. Becky handed Bella a cup and a plate with toy vegetables. Bella ate it. Becky stopped Bella and pushes Bella’s hand, and said “Bella that ew. You no eat it.” “Are you guys hungry, you two?” I asked, “If you two are, come here.” Becky replied, “Yes aunty. I coming”. Becky grabbed all the toys and put it in the toy box. Becky ran to me and Bella followed. Becky sat down on the floor. Bella followed along with Becky and sat down too. I handed them both a plate of food. Becky said, “Aunty I don’t like it. I don’t like green. I don’t like orange.” “What do you like them?” I replied. “Rice and juice only”. “If you eat the green and orange one, you’ll be big and beautiful like a princess.” I said. “Um… okay then. I like it more now. I want big house and mommy and daddy and Bella and aunty and uncle and grandma and grandpa live here” and smile back at me...
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...and intentions that notably differ from that of our own. This understanding is highly significant to human functioning according to Baren-Cohen (1995). Premack & Woodruff (1978) stated that theory of mind is particularly important for social cognition and that being able to comprehend the world through another’s eyes and to appreciate their emotions and points of view will make it possible to predict what their behaviour and actions may be in certain situations. It has also been researched how deficits and impairments in the development of theory of mind can relate to autistic spectrum conditions. Research into cognitive development mainly begins with Piaget (1962) who claimed that children usually begin development by being cognitively egocentric. However despite Piaget’s (1962) early understanding of the mind, which looked at young children’s play and cognitive development most theorists agree that children in fact acquire many of the abilities at an earlier age than Piaget (1962) originally supposed. Research into theory of mind has found that children aged 4-5 have a relatively...
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...To what extent is Theory of Mind innate? Critically discuss with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. Theory of mind refers to an individual’s ability to understand the mental states of others (Baron-Cohen, 1989b). According to Buttelmann et al. (2008) over the years; psychological practice has seen an increase in research, debating whether theory of mind is innate. This apparent increase stems from controversial standard false-belief tasks and its influence on a person’s ability to have an operative theory of mind (Chandler, Fritz & Hala 1989). The connotations of these standard false-belief tasks act as an indicator for specific age boundaries, in which children are meant to start attributing mental states to others, through their understanding of false belief (Perner and Ruffman, 2005; Fodor, 1992; Mitchell,1996). The implications of these standard false-belief tasks will steer this discussion to focus on the extent at which theory of mind can be considered as innate with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. According to Whiten, (1993 pg. 3) “a theory of mind remains one of the quintessential abilities that makes us human” .Yet prior to Baron-Cohen’s (1989a) study, the traditional view held by most child developmental psychologists, (Piaget, 1983) was based on the idea that, any understanding of what goes on in another person’s mind has to be a calculated and difficult thing (Appleton and Reddy, 1996). Hence, in order to work...
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...Cognitive scientists connected pretend play with the false belief task. Both require the use of metarepresentations. However, Cognitive scientists have realized that although children are able to pretend play, they are unable to pass the false belief task. The false belief task goes like this: A child is seated in front of an experimenter, who has two puppets, Sally and Anne. There is a basket and a box on the table between the child and the experimenter. Sally places a marble in the basket and then leaves the room, and while she’s away, Anne transfers the marble from the basket to the box. Sally then returns, and at this point, the experimenter asks the child: Where will Sally look for her marble? The child passing the task would be realizing...
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...Number: 42852471 ECH113 Early Childhood Play and Inquiry Assignment 5: Learning Potential Scenario Analysis Play is linked to the intellectual development of children (Degotardi, 2014a). It provides an active construction of understanding in a variety of areas, nurturing creative, academic and social dispositions from its beginnings in the life of a child (Myck-Wayne, 2010, pp. 3). Play exists in many forms, and is assessed by a number of measures. The play scenario between four-year-olds Sophie, Isaac and Matthew will be examined in light of their narrative development and social play. An understanding of the importance of narrative development and the complexity of social play in early childhood will unmask the centrality of play in nurturing children’s cognitive and emotional development. It will also provide an insight into the potential methods for adult support and enhancement in play to maximize its benefits in early childhood. Narrative development in early childhood play is a result of creative thought and expression. Narrative development is rooted in symbolic thought, which refers to representational thinking (Degotardi, 2014a). Symbolic thought is a construct of abstraction, whereby something is transformed in the child’s mind into something else, creating meaning beyond its original context (Van Hoorn, Nourot, Scales, & Alward, 2013, pp. 213). Sophie and Isaac’s symbolic play begins by utilizing the given materials beyond...
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...Critically Evaluate Theoretical Accounts Of How Knowledge Is Represented At A Cognitive Level. At birth we are known as a ‘tabula rasa’ meaning a blank slate; in which nurture influences our mental content (J. Locke, 1895). The famous empiricist Locke also theorised simple ideas gained through our senses were developed into complex mechanisms. Thinking alone, cannot supply us with the ability to interact with the environment therefore we perceive and make predictions about the world through internal cognitive representations regardless of it being a scientific fact or a self believed fact. Consequently we built up knowledge from prior events, memories, perception, culture and socialisation. These cognitions convey knowledge to be represented as a mind state. Knowledge is the familiarity one has with worldly information. The theoretical accounts of knowledge processes must be carefully analysed and critiqued. The fundamental base of this arguement relies on cognitive understanding, in which the mind plays a key role in knowledge acquisition, contemplation and retention. The arguement will be to explore the most valid line of reasoning in how knowledge of the representing world is conceptualised into abstract cognitive ideas. References made to key research with in-depth analysis will create understanding into how the cognitive paradigm views knowledge representation. Analogical and propositional representations of knowledge have been derived...
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...behavioral contour, and unconscious verbal/nonverbal patterns in order to understand the way information is being perceived, processed and acted upon by the individual and how he interact with his environment including the human factor. It is continuously being probed for its impact over successful human interactions and relationship. Usage of NLP in business world is still unexplored in certain aspects. This research paper is meant to study the impact of appropriate NLP techniques over the relationships that typically exist between managers and subordinates. Using a survey questionnaire, data is being collected from employees of a variety of organizations and found out that though mostly, NLP is unconsciously applied in managerial sector, it does play its role in improving the perceived manager-subordinate relationship, through improving the trustworthiness of the managers and the social bonding that exist between the managers and their subordinates. NLP also impacts to a lesser degree upon the feedback process and participative management style of the manager. Currently managers give more credit to importance of NLP techniques in better relationship building than the subordinates. Therefore, the awareness regarding NLP must be increased and other significant aspects of the concept should be explored to be able to judges its true compatibility in business world. Further, the ethical aspects of NLP application should also be pondered about to avoid any ethical concern to exist at the receiving...
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...IMAGES IN ADVERTISING: THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF VISUAL RHETORIC In this article, we are dealing with a meaning and representative reality of pictures. In todays world there are many pictures, shown and done in many different ways. We have various kinds of pictures in rich colours and textures. The objective of this article is to reorient the study of advertising images by advocating the development of a theory of visual rhetoric. When we are taking about rhetorical theory, we say that it is an interpretative theory that frames a message as an interested party’s attempt to influence an audience. The sender’s message must be send as obvious one. It is also important how the message is sent – style of delivery. It is important that audience understand the message, therefore he uses shared knowledge of various vocabularies and conventions. Receiver/s use this same body of cultural knowledge to read the message, infer it, evaluate the argument and formulate a response. If we want to explain advertising images as a rhetoric one, we need to understand that visuals must have certain capabilities and characteristics. Visual elements are for representing concepts, abstractions, actions, etc. There must be an ability to guide the order of argumentation and visual elements need to carry meaningful variation in manner of delivery. To explain a visual communication complex we would need a symbol theory of pictures: one in which visuals signify by convention and not by resemblance to...
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...television both immediately and after a delay. Children were tested in two very controlled manners for this study that only deviated in one way. Some children were shown a demonstration in person (3D) and the others were shown the exact same demonstration via television (2D). This was the only difference in the two demonstrations and therefore created no bias. The study found that imitation from television can occur in infants as early as 6 months of age. The findings of this study also suggest that imitation from television continues to be challenging throughout the second year of life, but repetition may be the key. The results of this study raise several questions and further research is required to disentangle perceptual and representational/cognitive load explanations. This source would be very useful in my research and provides information from an unwavering study that produced very clear and concise results. Barr, R., Shuck, L., Salerno, K., Atkinson , E., & Linebarger , D. (2010). Music interferes with learning from television during infancy. Infant and Child Development , 19, 313-331. Retrieved from www.interscience.wiley.com doi: 10.1002/ icd.666 This study was conducted to expand on previous studies regarding learning from television and imitating the target actions that took place. Prior to this study experimental research regarding learning from television failed to incorporate the usual attention grabbing formal features into their experimental stimuli, mainly...
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...tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer’s actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating Interfaces. HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases: computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces), psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior), sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization), and industrial design (interactive products). -3- Human...
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...Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand @ Leda Cosmides; John Tooby The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1994), 327-332. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28 199405%2984%3A2%3C327%3ABTREPA%3E2.O.CO%3B2-9 The American Economic Review is currently published by American Economic Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.j stor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org/ Fri Sep 10 17:38:04 2004 Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible...
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...as in the contemporary times Boredom researcher Orin Klapp has documented an enormous increase in the use of the word “boredom” between 1931 and 1961.a study of west Germany found, that between 1952 and 1978, the percentage of the population who considered boredom “a great problem” in filling leisure time showed a jump of almost 50%. The past half-century, particularly the last decade, has seen an expanding chronicling of the power of boredom in impelling and shaping behaviour. Newspaper stories and magazine articles regularly trumpet boredom’s more dramatic effects-homicides and suicides. Boredom is the answer to a lot of complex questions and shapes many things in today’s world; a few of them are listed below boredom has a major part to play Entertainment and infotainment enterprises must offer interesting, entertaining programs, services, and products, or risk seeing their clientele...
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...Theoretical models of decision-making, and their neuroscientific underpinnings Introduction In this essay I would like to focus the theoretical models of decision making that have come from psychology, cognitive and ecological alike, and review relevant literature from cognitive neuroscience that may or may not provide neural foundation for the claims that they have formulated. The reason for which I find it interesting to contrast these two approaches is there different outlook on the concept of “bias”. Traditional – closed systems - approaches to decision-making The investigation of decision-making is a multidisciplinary endeavor with researchers approaching the area from different fields and applying numerous different models (Hastie, 2001). The normative model of decision-making originates from mathematics and economics and the most prominent normative model is perhaps Subjectively Expected Utility (SEU; Savage, 1954). This model of rational behavior implies that people act as if they are calculating the "expected utility" of each option, choosing the one that they believe has the highest value. It has been criticized however, as some researchers doubted whether humans actually perform the mental multiplications and additions suggested by SEU. Simon (1955) was the first to challenge the assumptions of optimizing decision theories (such as SEU) making strong arguments concerning the limited capacity of the decision maker, for which he introduced the term “bounded rationality”...
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...O’Reilly Business Information Systems, University College Cork. Ireland. niamhmoriordan@yahoo.com | philip.oreilly@ucc.ie The significance of the earliest phase of decision making stems from the fact that decision makers 'frame' problems during this phase. These frames shape all subsequent decision making phases (Beach, 1997), fundamentally conditioning decision making outcomes (Daly et al., 2008). Avenues not considered at this stage are unlikely to be considered in the future (Adam, 2008). Further, decision making is most creative at these stages: there is a great deal of uncertainty at play but there are fewer constraints and there is less at stake. This paper argues that virtual worlds offer a potent combination of social, sensory and simulational capabilities that can stimulate creativity in decision making; and it also reports the findings of an investigation of the behavioural and cognitive aspects of creative decision making in Second Life®. The findings illustrate that Second Life users are faced with a kind of "tyranny of freedom": if anything is possible, where does one start? The answer appears to lie in a kind of "retrospective foresight" whereby decision makers draw upon prior experiences and use analogical reasoning to articulate metaphorical systems of thought. ABSTRACT. KEYWORDS: problem definition; framing; creative decision making; virtual worlds Journal of Décision Systems. Volume x – No. y/20xx, pages 1 to n 2 Journal of Décision Systems. Volume...
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...management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance. Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present are: * Inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts), * Comparative sales figures between one period and the next, * Projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions. Making decisions concerning complex systems (e.g., the management of organizational operations, industrial processes, or investment portfolios; the command and control of military units; or the control of nuclear power plants) often strains our cognitive capabilities. Even though individual interactions among a system's variables may be well understood, predicting how the system will react to an external manipulation such as a policy decision is often difficult. What will be, for example, the effect of introducing the third shift on a factory floor? One might expect that this will increase the plant's output by roughly 50 percent. Factors such as additional wages, machine weardown, maintenance breaks, raw material usage, supply logistics, and future demand need also be considered; however, as they all will impact the total financial outcome of this decision. Many variables are involved in complex and often subtle interdependencies and predicting the total outcome may be daunting. There...
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